Sociology exam 2

___________ is an objective measure of poverty that is defined by the inability to meet minimal standards for food, shelter, clothing, or health care.

Absolute deprivation

A collection of people who share a physical location but do not have lasting social relations is called ________.

Aggregates.

What are some examples of McDonaldization?

Automated phone calls, ATMs, scripted customer interactions

________ is a system of stratification based on heredity.

Caste

________ is primarily an element of capitalism and ranks groups by wealth, property, power, and prestige (SES)

Class

__________ believe gender is a social construct and the meanings of masculinity and femininity, which are responsible for gender inequality, can vary widely across cultures and across time.

Constructionists

_________ are offenses committed by large corporations in society, including pollution, false advertising, and violations of health and safety regulations.

Corporate crime

___________ is a behavior, trait, or belief that departs from a norm, generating a negative reaction.

Deviance

________ believe gender roles have a genetic or biological origin and therefore cannot be changed - they are unambiguous

Essentialists

____________ leadership is concerned with maintaining emotional and relational harmony within the group

Expressive leadership

________ is the belief in the social, political, and economic equality of the sexes and the social movements organized around that belief

Feminism

___________ generally takes the form of patriarchy and goes back to hunter/gatherer societies

Gender inequality

Who coined the term McDonaldization?

George Ritzer

What was Milgram's obedience experiment?

Teachers conforming to the "man in the white coats" instructions and inflicting harm.

____________ comes from a combination of social forces

The feminization of poverty

___________ is the movement between social classes and is called either upward mobility or downward mobility

vertical social mobility

Money and material possessions held by an individual or group is known as:

wealth

a _________ committed by high status individuals in the course of their occupation

white collar crime

What are some examples of Aggregates?

airport, theme park ride, gawking at the scene of an accident.

____________ is the movement between social classes that occurs from generation to the next

intergenerational mobility

__________ is the movement between social classes that occurs over the course of an individuals lifetime

intragenerational mobility

__________ is the economic trend that shows that women are more likely than men to live in poverty

feminization of poverty

________ reflects our notions about what is appropriately "masculine" and "feminine"

gender

How a person defines gender for themselves is known as:

gender identity

the subtle, pervasive process of becoming masculine or feminine is known as:

gender role socialization

The tendency of very cohesive groups to enforce a high degree of conformity among members is ________

groupthink

____________ is the movement of individuals or groups within a social class

horizontal social mobility

An ______ is a group that a person identifies with and feels loyalty towards

in-group

payment, usually derived from wages, salaries, or investments is known as:

income

_________ use unconventional means to achieve the goals (drug dealers)

innovators

the four types of people in Merton's strain theory are:

innovators, ritualists, retreatists, and rebels

an ____________ is one with ample opportunities to move from one class to another

open system

an _______ is a group that a person feels opposition, rivalry, and hostility toward.

out-group

Gender is based on traits like:

physical, behavioral, and personality traits.

The culture of ________ refers to learned attitudes that can develop among ______ communities and lead the ______ to accept their fate rather than attempt to improve their situation.

poverty; poor; poor

The people who are most important to our sense of self is our _________.

primary group.

__________ go through the motions but abandon all hope of succeeding.

ritualists

_____ is an individuals membership in one of two biologically distinct categories: male or female.

sex

______ is the most extreme system of social stratification

slavery

The process of learning behaviors and meanings through social interaction is known as _______

social learning

_____________ is the movement of individuals or groups within the hierarchical system of social classes

social mobility

When members of society are categorized and divided into groups which are placed into a social heirarchy, it is called:

social stratification

Group cohesion is the sense of __________ or _________ that individuals feel toward a group to which they belong.

solidarity or loyalty

Robert Merton's strain theory acknowledges that:

some deviance is inevitable in society but it also argues that a person's position within the social structure will determine the way he/she experiences the deviance and conformity.

______________ refers to changes in the social status of large numbers of people due to structural changes in society

structural mobility

Expressive leadership leads to:

a positive work environment and improved productivity.

____________ leadership is task or goal oriented and less concerned with peoples feelings than with getting the job done.

Instrumental leadership

The spread of bureaucratic rationalization and the resulting increase in both efficiency and dehumanization is known as:

McDonaldization

__________ reject cultural definitions of success advocating radical alternatives

Rebels

a group that provides a standard of comparison against which people evaluate themselves is called ________.

Reference groups.

__________ is a relative measure of poverty based on the standards of living.

Relative deprivation

________ renounce the goals of the culture living outside of conventional norms (dropouts, hermits)

Retreatists

The social class ladder in order (highest to lowest)

Upper Class upper-middle middle class working (lower middle) class working poor underclass

What is a group?

a collection of people who share some attribute, identify with one another, and interact with each other (fan club, sports team, fraternity, bowling league)

__________ is a theory proposing that even small acts of crime, disorder, and vandalism can threaten a neighborhood and render it unsafe

broken windows theory

the 3 types of stratification are:

caste, slavery, and class

_____________ rates are by far the highest in the industrial world

child poverty

sex is based on biological factors like:

chromosomes, hormones, and reproductive organs

a _____________ is one with very little opportunity to move from one class to another

closed system

a group is more ______ when the individual members feel strongly tied to the group.

cohesive

violation of a norm (laws) that can get you arrested is known as a:

crime

Each generation aquires _______ which helps us gain advantages in society (or can be a hindrance).

cultural capital

With __________ we learn to be deviant through our interactions with others who are deviant or who break the rules.

differential association theory

When does gender role socialization begin?

early, sometimes before birth

the relationships in primary groups are typically characterized by:

face to face interactions.

Secondary groups are:

larger and less intimate; members relationships are usually organized around specific goals and are often temporary.

Gender role socialization is a ______ and is primarily done through _____, _____, _______, and ______.

lifelong process family, peers, school, and the media

What is cultural capital?

tastes, habits, expectations, skills, knowledge, etc

how we perceive ourselves depends partly on how others see us is __________

the looking glass self