sociology exam 2

racism without racists

color-blind racism

fixed and inflexible category

stereotype

Upward and Downward movement of individuals or groups among different social positions

social mobility

It outlawed the racial segregation of lunch counters and other public places.

civil rights act of 1964

Socioeconomic variations among groups of individuals that create variations in their material prosperity and power

class

two people living together in a sexual relationship of some permanence without being married to each other

cohabition

The forbidding of marriage or sexual relations outside one's social group

endogamy

whose members share a distinct awareness of a common cultural identity, separating them from other groups.

ethnic group

cultural values and norms that distinguish the members of a given group from others

ethnicity

A family group consisting of more than two generations of relatives

extended family

A version of market-oriented development theory that argues that low-income societies develop economically only if they give up their traditional ways and adopt modern economic institutions, technologies, and cultural values that emphasize savings and productive investment

modernization theory

form of marriage in which each married partner is allowed only one spouse at any given time

monogamy

those who cohabit are ___________ to divorce than those who do not

more likely

A gender identity that does not fit squarely into the male-female gender binary classification

nonbinary

family group consisting of an adult or adult couple and their dependent children

nuclear family

The dominance of men over women u

patriarchy

a measure of country's output of goods and services produce by its total population then divided by the total number of people in the country.

gross national income

when did divorce rates peak

1970

People who sell their labor for wages

Proletariat

median Hispanic household income reached _____ and is _____

$47,675, increasing

__________- percent of the U.S. population was in poverty

13

poverty line as of 2017

24,400

socially and legally approved sexual relationship between two individuals.

marriage

ratio of women to men median weekly earnings increased from 62% to ________

82%

People who own companies, land, and stocks and use them to generate economic returns

Bourgeoisie:

two stratification of middle class

The upper middle (Dean of College) & The lower middle class (School Teachers)

.The 1964 Civil Rights Act accomplished what? a. It outlawed the racial segregation of lunch counters and other public places. b. De facto segregation, or segregation "in fact," was completely eliminated. c. It outlawed discriminatory voting practices. d. It outlawed discrimination in the rental or purchase of homes

a

1.Which statement is an accurate characterization of the concept of race? a. The concept of race plays an important role in the reproduction of patterns of power and inequality. b. The concept of race is primarily based on cultural differences between groups. c. The genetic diversity between races is greater than the genetic diversity within them. d. The concept of race is no longer important.

a

Andrew is a twenty-something, currently unemployed Jewish male from a wealthy background. Louis is a thirty-year-old Puerto Rican man who currently works in retail. In addition to class, which other difference might Max Weber point to in attempting to understand their respective social positions a. status distinctions b. functionalist distinctions c. ethnic distinctions d. age distinctions

a

Prejudice based on socially significant physical distinctions is known as a. racism.. b. antiracism. c. relativism d. nativism

a

Which of the following is a factor in explaining why divorce rates increased so steeply in the 1960s and 1970s? a. Changes in the law made getting a divorce easier. b. Personal satisfaction became less important. c. Adults became less concerned about the welfare of their children. d. The stigma of divorce increased.

a

Which sociological perspective sees the family as performing important tasks that contribute to society's basic needs and helping to perpetuate the existence of major social institutions and practices? a. functionalism b. Marxism c. symbolic interactionism d. Feminism

a

As described in the introduction to this chapter, Haiti ranks near the bottom on the 2015 United Nations Human Development Index. If a sociologist suggests that Haiti's lack of economic development and world status is due to historic exploitation by France and Spain, with which theory is this thinking most closely aligned? a. dependency theory b. modernization theory c. market-oriented theory d. neoliberalist theory

a. dependency theory

Since the early 1970s, inequality in the United States has a. increased. b. decreased. c. remained approximately the same. d. become more difficult to measure.

a. increased

_______ refers to physical differences of the body between males and females. a. Sex b. Gender c. Gender binary d. Intersex

a. sex

The World Bank classifies nations as low income, lower middle income, upper middle income, or high income based on gross national income (GNI) a.True b.False

a. true

The minimal requirements necessary to sustain a healthy existence

absolute poverty

A socially and legally acknowledged and approved sexual union between two adult individuals is called a. cohabitation. b. a marriage. c. kinship. d. a family.

b

Vincent lives with his parents and both sets of grandparents in the same house. His uncle's family lives next door. The members of his house and his uncle's family have a close and continuous relationship with one another. This type of arrangement is an example of a(n) a. nuclear family.. b. extended family. c. nonfamily household d. conventional family.

b

Which of the following systems of stratification permit the least amount of mobility? a. caste b. class c. slavery d. Clan

b

Theorists who believe in the social construction of gender a. argue that only gender is socially constructed; sex is clearly biological. b. argue that both gender and sex are socially constructed. c. argue that neither gender nor sex is socially constructed. d. accept that there are some gender differences that are biological.

b. argue that both gender and sex are socially constructed

Jobs that typically pay low wages and often involve manual or low -skilled labor

blue collar jobs

the emergence of the new family model in 1950 is _____

breadwinner-homemaker

1.Members of the Native American Standing Rock Sioux tribe share history and bonds based on a common lineage of blood relatives. This form of relationship is also known as a. cohabitation. b. a household. c. kinship. d. a village.

c

A disadvantaged group that is separated from the dominant group by their distinct physical or cultural characteristics is known as a. an ethnic group. b. a racial group. c. a minority group. d. scapegoats.

c

Systematic differences in wealth and power that have resulted from globalization are known as a. global transitivity. b. transnational inequality. c. global inequality. d. cosmopolitanism.

c. global inequality

Which of the following individuals is most likely to identify as a member of the lower middle class? a. professor b. doctor c. school teacher d. upper-level manager

c. school teacher

According to the textbook, high-income countries are generally those countries that a. were colonized by other nations. b. skipped the feudal stage of development. c. were the first to industrialize. d. are largely based on socialist economic policies.

c. were the first to industrialize

People in blue-collar occupations, such as plumbers, and pink-collar occupations, such as hotel workers, make up the a. upper middle class. b. lower middle class. c. working class. d. lower class.

c. working class

social system in which one's social status is determined at birth and set for life

caste

A white man places a rental property he owns on Craigslist to rent it out for the next year. He receives two very promising applications from individuals who both are college educated and hold well-paying jobs. He decides not to rent his house to the first applicant simply because he is Arab American and rents it to the second applicant, who is white. What is this scenario an example of? a. racism b. prejudice c. antimiscegenation d. discrimination

d

According to your textbook, in 2017 the ratio of women's to men's earnings among full-time, year-round workers was a. 52 percent.. b. 62 percent. c. 72 percent d. 82 percent.

d. 82

Of the majors listed below, which major has the lowest proportion of women? a. early childhood education b. school counseling c. library science d. Engineering

d. engineering

. In the United States, men generally have more status, power, and prestige than women. This is an example of a. gender conformity. b. matriarchy. c. gender binary. d. gender inequality.

d. gender inequality

Jennifer lives in a country that consumes a large percentage of the world's resources, despite having a relatively small population. Her home is, probably, in which type of country? a. socialist b. low-income c. middle-income d. high-income

d. high income

Marxist theories of economic development that maintain that the poverty of low-income countries stems directly from their exploitation by wealthy countries and the multinational corporations that are based in wealthy countries

dependency theories

behavior that denies resources or rewards to a particular group

discrimination

Developing countries that, over the past two or three decades, have begun to develop a strong industrial base, such as Singapore and Hong Kong

emerging economies

A group of individuals related to one another by blood ties, marriage, or adoption, who form an economic unit, the adult members of which are often responsible for the upbringing of children

family

The family into which an individual is born or adopted

family of orientation

family an individual initiates through marriage or by having children

family of procreation

largely focused on the experiences of women in the domestic sphere

feminist

focus on the dynamics within the family and the relationship between those dynamics and other social institutions

feminist approach

focus on the family as a social institution that has a role to play in modern society

functionalist theory

Social expectations about behavior regarded as appropriate for the members of each sex

gender

The classification of sex and gender into two discrete, opposite, and nonoverlapping forms of masculine and feminine

gender binary

The inequality between men and women in terms of wealth, income, and status

gender inequality

The learning of gender roles through social factors, such as schooling, peers, the media, and family

gender socialization

the systematic differences in wealth and power among countries

global inequality

The increased economic, political, and social interconnectedness of the world

globalization

generally those that were the first to industrialize (England, the United States, Canada, etc.)

high income countries

unequal distribution of income across the population, or the gap between a country's richest and poorest citizens.

income inequality

Patterns of discrimination based on ethnicity and race that have become structured into social institutions

institutional racism

A relation that links individuals through blood ties, marriage, or adoption

kinship

max weber introduced this term to signify a person's opportunities for achieving economic prosperity

life chances

accounted for less than 10 percent of the world's population (732 million people) yet produced only 0.7 percent of the world's yearly output.

low income countries

A social class composed of people who work part-time or not at all, and whose household income is typically low

lower class

Theories about economic development that assume that the best possible economic consequences will result if individuals are free to make their own economic decisions, uninhibited by governmental constraint

market oriented theories

means whereby the production of material goods is carried on in a society, including not just technology but also the social relations of production

means of production

a social class broadly composed of people working in white- collar and highly skilled blue-collar jobs

middle class

According to the theory of functionalism, the role families play in assisting adult members emotionally

personality stabilization

A form of marriage in which a person may have two or more spouses simultaneously

polygamy

An official government measure to define those living in poverty in the United States

poverty line

the holding of preconceived ideas about a group

prejudice

The process by which children learn the cultural norms of the society into which they are born

primary socialization

differences in human physical characteristics used to categorize large numbers of individuals

race

not biological but a historical and social construct

race

attribution of characteristics of superiority or inferiority to a population sharing certain physically inherited characteristics

racism

Poverty defined according to the living standards of the majority in any given society

relative poverty

black men and women unemployment rate has __________________________________

remained around 2 times that of white men and women

individuals or groups blamed for wrongs that were not of their doing

scapegoat

The hours are typically spent on domestic chores following the end of a day or work outside the home.

second shift

The biological and anatomical differences distinguishing females from males

sex

A form of social stratification in which some people are owned by others as their property.

slavery

how are people ranked?

social categories

reference to income, wealth, educational attainment, and occupation

social class

A perspective holding that gender differences are a product of social and cultural norms rather than biology

social construction of gender

The existence of structural inequalities among groups in society in terms of their access to material or symbolic awards

social stratification

is the particular way children learn what kinds of behaviors, activities, and ways of presenting themselves are acceptable and the way they learn gender

socialization

The social honor or prestige that a particular group is accorded by other members of a society

status

the value of a worker's labor power left over when the employer has repaid the cost of hiring the worker

surplus value

a promotion barrier that prevents a woman's upward mobility within an organization

the glass ceiling

the process by which social, economic, and political forces determine the content and importance of racial categories

theory of racial formation

A class of individuals situated at the bottom of the class system, which is often composed of people from ethnic-minority backgrounds

underclass

a social class broadly composed of the more affluent members of society, especially those who have inherited wealth, own businesses, or hold large quantities of stocks

upper class

five percent of all american households

upper class

A social class broadly composed of people working in blue-collar, or manual, occupations

working class

lending international organization provides loans for projects in developing countries use this measure to classify them in: High Income, Upper-Middle Income, Lower Middle, and Lower Income

world bank

The economy is made up of core countries, peripheral countries, and semi-peripheral countries.

world systems theory