Sociology Exam 2 Reading Questions (text)

What would be an example of what Bruce Western calls "deterrence"?

A person who refrains from stealing a designer dress when she realizes she would end up paying more in legal fines than the cost of the dress if she got caught.

Why might immigrant women be more prone to become the repeated victims of intimate partner violence than native-born American women?

A woman's risk of partner abuse increases the more isolated she is from the wider society, and immigrant women are perhaps the most isolated in America; many abuse programs and shelters are located in nonimmigrant neighborhoods.

Stand Your Ground law

It gave people the right to defend themselves against someone they perceived as a threat.

Which of the following was a success of black nationalism?

It made many black people feel more proud of their African American identity.

When an individual is the victim of a hate crime, how does that crime typically impact the larger racial and ethnic community of which he or she is a part?

It puts community members on notice by making them aware that there are people out there who want to hurt them.

Jasper, a young black man in Chicago, gets by as a low-level drug dealer. Given studies cited in the textbook, what can we likely conclude about his income and hours worked doing so?

Jasper probably makes close-to or less-than minimum wage, with hours that add up to only part-time work.

Monica is a twenty-two-year-old woman, who, like other women, has a one in five chance of being raped in her lifetime. Who is most likely to perpetrate sexual violence against her?

a boyfriend

In the early twentieth century, Marcus Garvey advocated a black nationalism movement that can be described as:

a movement seeking power for blacks in the form of black-owned businesses and a black-run government and military

According to sociologist Kenneth Clark, for some inner-city African American and Latina women, an out-of-wedlock birth is:

a symbol of their womanhood

Because many American Indians are married to non-American Indians, they often find themselves looking through the cultural lens of their partners and expanding their perspective. This type of emotional work is called:

cultural labor

Although the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) was largely a white Protestant movement, formed with the explicit purpose of promoting racial and ethnic conflict, it wasn't the only one. Another example the textbook gives is ____ associations established to wage battle with _____ ones.

irish; Italian

African Americans have grown so used to being pulled over by the police that many speak of being stopped on account of DWB. What does "DWB" stand for?

driving while black

Marcus Garvey's ethnic chauvinism is best described as:

excessive loyalty toward and belief in the superiority of one's racial or ethnic group

Sheila is a black executive at a company that is almost entirely all-white. She jokes with her mother that when she goes to work she "checks her blackness at the door." Erving Goffman might say that at work she is her _________ self.

front stage

Equality arises _______ in human history

late

Contrary to popular belief, social scientific evidence has shown that immigrants:

make America safer

By 2050 whites will make up ___________ of the population but will still _________________________

minority, own majority of the wealth and power

Each successive generation is _____________________ than the last

more racially tolerant

African American fraternal lodges and federations (such as the Masons):

nurtured African American solidarity and supported many instances of civil rights advocacy

When people argue that race is marked, or socially constructed, what are they referring to?

he way that race "imposes itself on you" through America's racial taxonomy

On one hand, racial tourism can denaturalize racial categories and provide people with a kind of racial freedom that offline life does not permit. On the other hand, too often racial tourism:

reinforces racial divides through stereotypes

In the 1960s, when politicians mentioned cleaning up "violence in the streets," to what were they primarily referring?

riots and civil disobedience by civil rights protestors

One claim about the phenomenon referred to as the "new black nativism," a practice of limiting entry into the legitimate ranks of being black in America primarily to those descendent from American slavery, is:

that it is responsible for a tendency to define blackness in mostly negative terms (for example, as opposed to being white)

Sandy, a 19-year-old college student, was initially drawn into and became a member of the white nationalist movement through its Internet site, a professional-looking page that seemed to contain accurate historical summaries of the Civil Rights Movement. Sandy's story demonstrates:

that while white nationalist groups attempt to appeal to a broad white audience, their Internet presence aims to draw in young, college-aged men and women.

A form of black communication style involves indirect questioning and acknowledgement of information. For example, Sharon offhandedly and jokingly comments about her sister Dee's weight gain rather than asking Dee outright if she is pregnant. This communication style is called:

signifying

The influence of race and economic class in predicting the probability of serving time in prison is best illustrated by:

the increased probability that a black man born after the Civil Rights Movement who later dropped out of high school would end up incarcerated at some point in his lifetime

Kathleen Blee conducted research on women who were involved in white supremacist groups and found that most:

were middle class, had college educations, and were gainfully employed

Most people arrested in the United States are of what racial-ethnic background?

white

Their has been a rise in _______ and _________

white nationalism, and hate crimes

When comparing white-collar and violent street crime, we might conclude that:

white-collar crimes potentially damage society as much or more than violent street crimes because they cost society billions of dollars per year and even result in more deaths and injuries

Because we often don't know a person's racial identity online, many Internet users have come to regard _______ as the virtual norm.

whiteness

Sociologist Daniel Bell argues the digital divide is rapidly creating a gulf between the technical class, composed predominantly of _____, and the digital underclass, composed primarily of _____.

whites and Asians; African Americans and Hispanics

The biggest increase in specific prison populations occurred between 1980 and 2011, a jump from 15,118 to 111,387. This represented a 587 percent increase in the number of _____ imprisoned.

women

white collar crime

crime committed by people of high social position in the course of their occupations

Black Power movements

-African American movement that focused on gaining control of economic and political power -wanted to be separate -"create our own society"

White Power movements

-feel like victims -try to preserve their culture -immigration seen as threatening

How can we change in regards to race/ethnicity?

1. Multiculturalism and colorblindness 2. Individual change - practice self awareness, seek out interactions 3.Institutional change - hidden agenda policies

One study analyzed more than 900 films and found that, with few exceptions, which group was represented as "Public Enemy Number One"?

Arabs

How did the Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA) change during the twentieth century?

Black women organized and helped transform the YWCA from a racially segregated organization into one that prioritized racial justice.

Black protectionism

Blacks "sticking together"

When Eric Garner, a black man, was killed by the police in 2014, his only official crime was selling loose cigarettes. What might be another reason that the police attacked him?

Both whites and nonwhites believe that black men are more prone to violence than white men.

Which of the following is a reason that black marriages are twice as likely to end in divorce as whites?

High levels of poverty and high incarceration rates can strain marriages, causing conflicts over time.

When we say that interactions operate at the "mezzanine level of social structure," what does that mean?

Interactions between people and the styles of interactions others observe of people in groups are patterned, reflect social structure, and are sometimes generalized into racial assumptions.

The mastermind and primary spokesperson for the United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) was:

Marcus Garvey

Black women are the least likely group in American society to marry. Some analysts even estimate rates as low as what?

One in three black women will marry in her lifetime.

In the 1960s, politicians began what has come to be known as the "war on drugs," a product of which includes increased imprisonments for nonviolent drug offenses. Which of the following was one result of the war on drugs during the 1970s?

Potential race rioters were arrested.

Because of how out-of-wedlock birthrates are calculated, what would the impact be on out-of-wedlock birthrates if the number of children born to unmarried black women stayed the same but the number of children born to marriedblack women increased?

Rates of out-of-wedlock births would decrease.

According to the textbook, what is the relationship between societal attitudes about interracial marriage and raising the question, "What about the children?"

The question is often positioned as a rationalization for being opposed to interracial marriages and comes frequently as a way to package that disapproval without being forthright.

What is one reason why sociologists believe immigrants may commit less crime?

Their neighborhoods often have codes of informal social control.

Andi, a twenty-three-year old white woman, hesitated to introduce her African American boyfriend to her parents, who are both white. All of her friends from college have already met her boyfriend. According to the textbook, what might this decision say about attitudes toward interracial dating?

Younger people tend to be more accepting of interracial dating than older people are.

White nationalism:

borrows much of its rhetoric from black nationalism and from the Civil Rights Movement

Which of the following is an accurate explanation for why homosexuality is viewed by some African Americans as a predominantly "white" phenomenon?

because the social construction of black sexuality precludes the possibility of homosexuality

Hidden agenda policies

benefit everyone but also expand opportunities and resources for the most disadvantaged among us

According to opinion polls, what was one of the primary concerns of U.S. voters during the mid-1960s?

civil rights

During the early-to-mid-twentieth century, labor unions largely remained racially homogenous, white-dominated, and exclusionary. When they did promote integration, as early as the late 1800s through the Civil Rights Movement, an advantage of this integration was that:

integrated labor unions helped challenge the dominant stereotype of blacks, Hispanics, and other people of color as "strikebreakers"

According to sociologist Anne Rawls, whites and blacks may occupy the same geographic space, but not the same ________________ space.

interactional space

When an Indian American father tells his teenage daughter to be chaste and traditional and not promiscuous and weak like white American women, he is alluding to the way in which:

racial identity is defined through certain sexual practices and performances

Online, an Arab American man can pass as a white woman, just as a white woman can pass as a Native American teenager. These virtual associations encourage a form of:

racial tourism

What were the two important institutions that arose to control and confine nonwhites—African Americans in particular?

the Lynch mob and the prison

The process of immigration can be a great stressor for families coming to the United States. For example, in the United States, Hmong kinship networks of extended family relationships are limited as Hmong people are expected to adopt the nuclear family model. This pressure demonstrates that:

the definition of family is not the same across racial-ethnic groups, and the expectation to conform can take a toll on families

Allison, a young African American mother of three, wants to move out of her predominantly black neighborhood because, as she tells people, "It is safer to raise my children in the suburbs." Allison's notions about her neighborhood safety are not matched by arrest rates for her current neighborhood versus the suburb where she desires to move, where violent crime is 30 percent more likely. Allison's reactions demonstrate:

the fear of crime stemming from racial stereotypes does not just impact whites, it effects other racial groups as well

Couples who are dissimilar from one another may have a lower probability of staying married; black couples show greater spousal dissimilarity than nonblack couples. One reason for this may be that:

the relatively small size of the marriage pool for blacks limits choices for potential mates, increasing the chance of incompatibility

When a native-born, third-generation Chinese American woman encounters repeated interactions with others where she is asked, "Where are you originally from?," what aspects of her identity are being highlighted?

the way that many native-born Asian American citizens remain in a position symbolically tied to an assumed immigrant status