Sociology Exam 4 (Final Exam)
Labeling theory
"Deviance depends on whether people notice it." This statement is most closely associated with which theory of deviance?
No findings can be taken seriously unless others can repeat the process and obtain the same results
"Duplication is the heart of good research." This means that _________.
Karl Marx
"The workers have nothing to lose but their chains; they have a whole world to gain. Workers of all countries unite." These famous lines were expressed by _____.
China
A Harvard Law School study identified _________ as the country with the most extensive internet censorship in the world.
Ethnic group
A _______ consists of people within a larger society who possess a group consciousness because they share or believe they share a common ancestry, place of birth, history, key experience, or some other distinctive social traits.
Cohort
A ________ is a group of people who share common experiences and perspectives by virtue of the time they were born.
society
A ____________ is a group of interacting people who share, perpetuate, and create culture.
Impairment
A ____________ is a physical or mental condition that interferes with someone's ability to perform an activity that the average person can perform without technical or human assistance.
Status group
A ____________ is an amorphous group of persons held together by virtue of a lifestyle and the level of social esteem and honor others accord them.
Symbol
A ____________ is any kind of physical phenomenon- a word, object, color, or sound- to which people assign a name, meaning, or value.
Role set
A ____________ is the array of roles associated with a given social status.
This-worldly asceticism
A belief that people are instruments of divine will and that God determines and directs their activities
Increases differences
A complex division of labor ____________ among people.
Self-fulfilling Prophecy
A concept that begins with a false definition of a situation. Despite its falsity, people assume it to be accurate and behave accordingly. The misguided behavior produces responses that confirm the false definition.
Sacred
A domain of experience that includes everything regarded as extraordinary and that inspires in believers deep and absorbing sentiments of awe, respect, mystery, and reverence
a norm that applies to routine and everyday matters
A folkway is ___________.
Cohort
A group of people born around the same time who share common experiences and perspectives by virtue of the time they were born
Church
A group whose members hold the same beliefs about the sacred and the profane, who behave in the same way in the presence of the sacred, and who gather in body or spirit at agreed-on times to reaffirm their commitment to those beliefs and practices
Denomination
A hierarchical religious organization, led by a professionally trained clergy, in a society in which church and state are usually separate
acting as an agent of socialization
A parent who gets his daughter's ears pierced shortly after her birth because he believes it gives her a feminine identity and appearance is _________.
Social location
A person's _________ is the product of categories related to nationality, race, gender, age, sexual orientation, social class, occupation, education, and other categories that humans have created and defined as significant.
Primary sex characteristics
A person's sex is determined first and foremost on the basis of _____________.
The tyranny of the normal
A point of view that assumes those who are impaired with regard to some activity, such as walking, are also impaired in other areas is called ____________.
Stationary pyramid
A population pyramid in which all cohorts (except the oldest) are roughly the same size
Constrictive pyramid
A population pyramid that is narrower at the base than in the middle. It shows that the population consists disproportionately of middle-aged and older people.
Population Pyramid
A population's age and sex composition is commonly depicted as a _____.
Secularization
A process by which religious influences on thought and behavior are reduced
Modernization
A process of economic, social, and cultural transformation in which a country "evolves" from a preindustrial or underdeveloped status to a modern society is known as ____________.
Ecclesia
A professionally trained religious organization, governed by a hierarchy of leaders, that claims everyone in a society as a member
Planned Obsolescence
A profit making strategy that involves producing goods that are disposable after a single use, have a shorter life cycle than the industry is capable of producing, or go out of style quickly even though the goods can still serve their purpose
Schooling
A program of formal and systematic instruction that takes place primarily in classrooms is
Schooling
A program of formal, systematic instruction that takes place primarily in classrooms but also includes extracurricular activities and out-of-classroom assignments
Formal education
A purposeful, planned effort aimed at imparting specific skills and information
Migration Rate
A rate based on the difference between the number of people entering and the number of people leaving a designated geographic area in a year. We divide that difference by the size of the relevant population and then multiply the result by 1,000
Liberation Theology
A religious movement based on the idea that organized religions have a responsibility to demand social justice for the marginalized peoples of the world, especially landless peasants and the urban poor, and to take an active role at the grassroots level to bring about political and economic justice
a new paradigm changes a discipline's elementary theoretical generalizations
A scientific revolution occurs when ______________.
Population Pyramid
A series of horizontal bar graphs, each representing a different five-year age cohort, that allows us to compare the sizes of the cohorts.
Resource mobilization
A situation in which a core group of sophisticated strategists works to harness a disaffected group's energies, attract money and supporters, capture the news media's attention, forge alliances with those in power, and develop an organizational structure
Social Movement
A situation in which a substantial number of people organize to make a change, resist a change, or undo a change in some are of society
Cultural lag
A situation in which adaptive culture fails to adjust in necessary ways to material innovation
Overurbanization
A situation in which poverty, unemployment, and other problems associated with urbanization are made worse by an influx of unskilled, poverty-stricken rural immigrants who have been pushed into the cities out of desperation is called______________.
Overurbanization
A situation in which urban misery-poverty, unemployment, housing shortages, insufficient infrastructure- is exacerbated by an influx of unskilled, illiterate, and poverty-stricken rural migrants who have been pushed into cities out of desperation
Social inequality
A situation in which valued resources and desired outcomes are distributed in such a way that people have unequal amounts and/or access to them is known as ____________.
Sect
A small community of believers led by a lay ministry, with no formal hierarchy or official governing body to oversee its various religious gatherings and activities. are typically composed of people who broke away from a denomination because they came to view it as corrupt
Disciplinary Society
A social arrangement that normalizes surveillance, making it expected and routine is known as a _____________.
Carceral Culture
A social arrangement under which the society largely abandons physical and public punishment and replaces it with surveillance to control people's activities and thoughts is known as a ______________.
family
A social institution that binds people together through blood, marriage, law, and/or social norms is known as ______.
Credential Society
A society in which employers use educational credentials as screening devices for sorting through a pool of largely anonymous applicants
hydrocarbon
A society in which the use of fossil fuels shapes virtually every aspect of people's personal and social lives is a _________ society.
it overshadows all other attributes that a person might possess
A stigma is considered discrediting because __________.
Demography
A subspecialty within sociology that focuses on the study of human population is ______.
Demography
A subspecialty within sociology that focuses on the study of human populations and their characteristics, including size and rate of growth
Invention
A synthesis of existing innovations
Profane
A term describing everything that is not sacred, including things opposed to the sacred and things that stand apart form the sacred, albeit not in opposition to it.
Attribution theory
A theoretical approach that helps us understand how we arrive at our everyday explanations of behavior is _______________.
Expansive Pyramid
A triangular population pyramid that is broadest at the base, with each successive cohort smaller than the one below it. This pyramid shows that the population consists disproportionately of young people.
Caused by character flaws
A trouble is___________.
self-awareness
According to George Herbert Mead, the key to role-taking is ___________.
It contributes in some way to the stability of the overall society.
According to functionalists, poverty exists because ____________.
the habitus
According to sociologist Pierre Bourdieu, high school dropouts come to know and internalize what is objectively possible for someone with their educational credentials, and as a result, are not likely to expect a high income. This internalized reality is known as ______.
credential Society
According to sociologist Randall Collins, the steady increase in educational requirements for employment throughout the last century in the United States has created a
at least one million
Agglomerations are urban areas with populations of ______________.
acquire through some combination of choice, effort, and ability
An achieved status is an attribute that people _________.
Megacity
An agglomeration of at least 8 million or 10 million people
Modern capitalism
An economic system that involves careful calculation of costs of production relative to profits, borrowing and lending money, accumulating all forms of capital, and drawing labor from an unrestricted global labor pool
Urbanization
An increase in the number of cities in a designated geographic area and growth in the proportion of the area's population living in cities
Civil Religion
An institutionalized set of beliefs about a nation's past, present, and future and a corresponding set of rituals. Both the beliefs and the rituals take on a sacred quality and elicit feelings of patriotism.
Anomoly
An observation that a paradigm cannot explain
Information explosion
An unprecedented increase in the amount of stored and transmitted data and messages in all media
with some mixture of male and female anatomy
Anatomical sex is not a clear-cut category because the intersexed exist. The intersexed are people _____________.
Social Change
Any significant alteration, modification, or transformation in the organization and operation of social life
26
Approximately ____ percent of ninth graders enrolled in U.S. public schools do not graduate from high school four years later
12
Approximately _____________ percent of the U.S. workforce have memberships in unions.
Chance
Ascribed statuses result from __________.
Endogamy
At one time (before 1967), the United States had laws prohibiting marriages between people classified as white and black. Those laws enforced _________.
Jerusalem
Both Israelis and Palestinians claim _________ as their capital.
secondary sex characteristics
Breast development, quality of voice, and skeletal form are considered _______.
Racial Desegregation
Brown vs. Board of Education (1954) is a Supreme Court case dealing with
reproductive work
Child bearing, care giving, managing households, and educating children fall under the category of __________.
Fluid
Class systems of stratification are characterized as ___________.
Athletics
Coleman believes that _____ is one of the major avenues open to adolescents in which they can act as a representative of the school and community
that when occupational categories are agreed to be equivalently valuable within a firm, the compensation must be equivalent across those categories.
Comparable worth means _____________.
Facade of Legitimacy
Conflict theorists maintain that exploitation by the dominant group is disguised by the ______.
Resource shortage and abundance
Consumption and conservation oriented behaviors seem to be related to _______.
Economic investment
Demographer S. Ryan Johansson argues that couples in industrialized economies have children for all but which one of the following reasons?
The size of the population
Doubling time is the estimated number of years it will take to double ____.
sensorimotor
During the ________ stage of cognitive development, children believe that objects removed from sight no longer exist.
generalized other
During the game stage, children take on the role of the ___________.
Deviance is present in all societies.
Durkheim argued that deviance would be present, even in a "community of saints in an exemplary and perfect monastery." This statement suggests that _________.
Core economies
Economies that have a higher level of industrial production and a higher standard of living than labor-intensive poor economies. They include the wealthiest, most highly diversified economies in the world
Labor-intensive poor economies
Economies that have a lower level of industrial production and a lower standard of living than core economies. The differ markedly from core economies on indicators such as doubling time, infant mortality, total fertility, per capita income, and per capita energy consumption
Informal Education
Education that occurs in a spontaneous, unplanned way
Having the remarkable property of existing outside the individual.
Emile Durkheim defined social facts as _____________.
The division of labor
Emile Durkheim described ______________ as work that is broken down into specialized tasks, each performed by a different set of workers specifically trained to do that task.
informating tools
Employee-scheduling software, which ensures enough employees are scheduled for the busiest times and shifts is an example of using computers as _________.
alienation from self
Employers that specify exactly how workers should look, behave, and speak are contributing to ______________.
Positive checks
Events that increase deaths, including epidemics of infectious and parasitic diseases, war, famine, and natural disasters
mass media
Examples of _________ include magazines, newspapers, commercials, radio broadcasts, and cartoon characters.
800
Extreme wealth is the most excessive form of wealth. The term applies to the a minority of people, perhaps as few as the richest _____________ people in the world.
Racial common sense
For many in the United States, it seems natural to place Barack Obama in the racial category of "black," even in the face of clear evidence that he is of mixed biological heritage. This is an example of ___________.
Situational factors
For the most part, people tend to explain their own failures by referring to _________.
Ethnocentric
From a ________ viewpoint, one's group is the center and all others are scaled and rated with reference to it.
Foster a sense of belonging to a school, city, or country associated with them.
From a purely functionalist perspective, sports teams ________.
A biological distinction; a social distinction
From a sociolgical point of view, sex is ________ and gender is __________.
Used to make a profit
From an instrumental-rational point of view, nature is something to be _____________.
Externality costs
Hidden costs to the environment, workers, and consumers that are associated with using or making a product but that are not figured into its price are __________.
Urban sprawl
Highways and automobiles have created __________ and making it difficult to distinguish between city, suburbs, and nonurban environments.
voluntary
Ideally, conformity should be ________.
Mechanisms of social control
If conformity with social expectations cannot be achieved voluntarily, people may employ ___________ to teach, persuade, or force others to conform.
Automating
If management uses the computer to "check up" on workers, it is using the computer as an __________ tool.
Those who live both before and after the discovery
If scientists discover how to control the aging mechanisms and human life expectancy increases to 150 years, the category of people best able to give insights about the consequence of this change would be______.
Tradition oriented
If the people believe that the range of options open to children will be what they were for them and were for those child's grandparents that society is ________.
Hidden curiculum
Important messages conveyed to students unrelated to subject content per se.
modifying
Improving innovations are ____________ inventions
Net migration
In 2010, the difference between the number moving into the United States and the number moving out of the United States was 5.05 million. This figure represents the ______ for the United States.
Males who have taken on the "way of women."
In American Samoa, fa-afafines are ______________.
Population size and density
In The Division of Labor, Durkheim observed that an increase in ____________ intensified the demand for resources.
a cult
In _____ a charismatic leader plays a central role in attracting members
fortified household
In a _________ there is no police force or militia; the household is an armed unit.
Private household
In a ____________ women offer men sexual access in exchange for economic security.
there is a systematic connection between ascribed characteristics and life chances.
In a caste system of social stratification ______________.
lower rate of reported domestic abuse cases
In comparison to the United State, Japan has a ________.
Scapegoat
In sociological terms, a _________ is a person or a group that is assigned blame for conditions that threaten a community's sense of well-being or shake the foundations of a trusted institution.
International
In sociological terms, the forced migration by slave traders of more than 11 million Africans to the Americas is an example of ______ migration.
25 percent
In the United States, _________ of people 65 and over require assistance with daily activities such as bathing, walking, dressing, and eating.
Education
In the broadest sense, the experiences that train, discipline, and shape the mental and physical potentials of the maturing person
Game stage
In this stage, children practice fitting their behavior into an already established behavior system that governs a game, such as baseball. This stage is the ____________.
life expectancey
In which of the following areas of life are men, as a group, most likely to be disadvantaged relative to women?
Welfare state
India follows a ______ model that strives to balance the "economics of growth with the economics of equity." An example is government forgiveness of loans for the poorest farmers.
low fertility rate
Japan's ______________ is a major national concern
Labeling theory
Kai Erikson wrote, "The critical variable in the study of deviance, then, is the social audience rather than the individual actor since the social audience decides whether or not a behavior is deviant." This statement best corresponds with which theory of deviance?
boredom with children and housework
Kingsley Davis believed that married women became motivated to seek work outside the household for all but which one of the following reasons?
The nonmaterial component of Korean culture
Korean women do not define a towel as something used to cover their bodies in public houses because they are influenced by ______________.
Charismatic
Leaders who, by virtue of their special qualities, have the ability to unleash revolutionary change possess ___________ authority.
the rate of change
Leslie White maintains that __________ is tied to the size of the cultural base.
Capitalism
Marx believed that _________ was the first economic system that could maximize the immense productive potential of human labor and ingenuity.
The capitalist system
Marx believed that __________ was the first economic system capable of maximizing the immense productive potential of human labor and ingenuity.
industrialization
Mass production and consumption were made possible through _________.
Engrams
Memory is stored in _____________.
glass escalator
Men who work in female-dominated occupations can encounter an invisible upward movement that puts them in positions of power. This is known as the __________.
emerged as a way to justify European exploitation of people and resources in Africa, Asia, and the Americas.
Modern racism _________________.
Improving innovations
Modifications of basic inventions that improve upon the originals-for example, making them smaller, faster, less complicated, more efficient, more attractive, or more profitable
Norms that people define as essential to a group's well-being
Mores are defined as _______________.
informal or unorganized economy
Most of India's labor force are part of the __________.
tertiary
Most people in the United States work in the ___________ sector of the economy.
Internal Migration
Movement within the boundaries of a single country is known as____.
genetic factors; social experiences
Nature refers to __________, and nurture refers to __________.
Habitus
Objective reality internalized. That internalized reality becomes the mental filter through which people understand the social world and their place in it.
material culture
Ogburn's theory of cultural lag emphasizes __________.
the concentration of decision-making power in the hands of a few people
Oligarch is _____________.
could identify themselves as belonging to more than one racial category
On the 2000 U.S. Census, for the first time in history, people ________.
Mechanization
One fundamental feature of the Industrial Revolution is ______________.
Hydrocarbon society
One in which the use of fossil fuels shapes virtually every aspect of our personal and social lives
Functionalist
One strength of the _________ perspective is that it offers a balanced view that includes intended and unintended consequences related to order and disorder.
Symbolic interaction
One weakness of the ___________ perspective is that specific observations are difficult to generalize.
Adolescent society
Or subculture is a "small society, one that has most of its important interactions within itself, and maintains only a few threads of connection with the outside adult society
The amount of natural resources in each country
Part of the reason Koreans and Americans open refrigerators differently has to do with _________.
Folkways
People that violate ______ experience reactions on the order of frowns or remarks or disapproval.
Secondary Deviants
People whose rule breaking is treated as something so significant that it cannot be overlooked or explained away are known as _________.
Personal interest
Perhaps one of the most significant and most often understated reasons a researcher chooses to study a specific topic is ___________.
Efficiency
Pharmacies, banks, and car washes have adopted "drive-thru" services to facilitate their goal of moving customers from one state of being to another quickly. This strategy speaks to which one of the following McDonaldization principles.
the functions of poverty
Poor people purchase goods and services that would otherwise go unused, such as day-old bread, used cars, and second-hand clothes. Such purchases speak to __________.
race is a human-created way of categorizing people
President Barack Obama is considered the first black president of the United States, despite the fact that he described his father as a Kenyan born immigrant who was "black as pitch" and a Kansas-born mother as "white as milk." This speaks to the idea that ___________.
Culture shock
Reentry shock is ____________ in reverse; it is experienced upon returning home after living in another culture.
Sacramental Religion
Religions in which the sacred is sought in places, objects, and actions believed to house a god or spirit
Mystical Religions
Religions in which the sacred is sought in states of being that, at their peak, can exclude all awareness of one's existence, sensations, thoughts, and surroundings
Prophetic religions
Religions in which the sacred revolves around items that symbolize significant historical events or around the lives, teachings, and writings of great people.
Established sects
Religious organizations, resembling both denominations and sects, that have left denominations or ecclesiae and have existed long enough to acquire a large following and widespread respectability
Not let personal and subjective views about the topic influence the observations or outcome.
Researchers should maintain OBJECTIVITY. This means they should __________.
Islamic Revitalism
Responses to the belief that existing political, economic, and social systems have failed-reponses that include a disenchantment with, and even a rejection of, the West; soul-searching; a quest for greater authenticity; and a conviction that Islam offers a viable alternative to secular nationalism, socialism, and capitalism.
Basic innovations
Revolutionary, unprecedented, or ground-breaking inventions that are the cornerstones for a wide range of applications are termed__________.
Basic innovations
Revolutionary, unprecedented, or groundbreaking inventions or discoveries that form the basis for a wide range of applications
Negative
Ridicule, imprisonment, and withdrawal of affection are examples of __________ sanctions.
Strain
Role __________ is a predicament in which contradictory expectations are associated with a single status.
Conflict
Role ____________ is a predicament in which the roles associated with two or more distinct statuses that a person holds conflict in some way.
Ritual
Rules that govern how people must behave in the presence of the sacred to achieve an acceptable state of being
are learned.
Sexual scripts are sex-appropriate responses and behaviors that guide responses in sexual situations. Sexual scripts _________.
Social Reproduction
Shawn states, "I am dropping out of high school because I'm just not a good test taker. Both of my parents dropped out of high school- my family just isn't cut out for school." This statement speaks to the process known as ______.
Bad luck
Situational factors include ___________.
Tipping points
Situations in which a previously rare (or seemingly rare) event, response, or opinion becomes dramatically more common
Simultaneous-independent inventions
Situations in which more or less the same invention is produced by two or more people working independently of one another at about the same time
mortgages
So-called short-term sources of consumer debt include all but which of the following?
Revolutionary movements
Social movements that seek broad, sweeping, and radical structural changes to a society's basic social institutions or to the world order
Counterrevolutionary movements
Social movements that seek to maintain a social order that reformist and revolutionary movements are seeking to change
Regressive or reactionary movements
Social movements that seek to turn back the hands of time to an earlier condition or state of being, one sometimes considered a "golden era."
Reformist movements
Social movements that target a specific feature of society as needing change
Mechanical Solidarity
Social order and cohesion based on a common conscience or uniform thinking and behavior is ____________.
The scientific method
Sociological research is guided by _______.
The adolescent society
Sociologist James Coleman defined _____ as a "small" society- one that has most of its important interactions within itself, and maintains only a few threads of connection with the outside adult society
breadwinner system
Sociologist Kingsley Davis wrote about an economic arrangement in which the man's economic role was the link between the family and the wider market economy, and the woman's role was confined to running the household. Davis called that economic arrangement the ___________.
Rationalization
Sociologist Max Weber used the term ____________ to refer to the way in which daily life is organized socially to accommodate large numbers of people.
sexual property
Sociologist Randall Collins maintains that the ideology of _______ is at the heart of sexual stratification
gender
Sociologists define _____ as social distinctions based on culturally conceived and learned ideas about appropriate behavior and appearances for males and for females.
hidden ethnicity
Sociologists use the concept _______ in reference to those who have little or no awareness of an ethnic identity because their culture is considered normative or mainstream.
Ingroup
Sociologists use the term ____________ to describe a group with which people identify and to which they feel closely attached- particularly when that attachment is founded on opposition to another group.
the reputation that someone has earned
Sociologists use the term esteem to mean ____________.
The Industrial Revolution
Sociology first emerged as a discipline attempting to understand an event that triggered dramatic and seemingly endless changes in every area of human life. That event was _____________.
Human activity in society
Sociology is the scientific study of ______.
Technological Determinist
Someone who believes that human beings have no free will and are controlled entirely by their material innovations
Master
Sometimes one status in a status set is so important to a person's social identity, it overshadows all other statuses a person occupies. That "so important" status is known as a ____________ status.
Simplistic, and very often inaccurate, generalizations about people who belong to an out-group.
Stereotypes are ____________.
Push factor
Stewart is moving out of his hometown because there are no jobs. The reason he is moving is called a ____.
the means to achieve goals are unclear
Structural strain occurs when ___________.
5
Taken together, the annual revenues of the top 10 global corporations is $2.3 trillion. Only ________ countries in the world have a gross national product that exceeds this amount.
Surveillance
Telephone tapping, interception of letters, observations via closed circuit television, and electronic monitoring are examples of ________________.
productive work
The "means of existence, food, clothing, and shelter and tools" relates to _________.
the formal dimension of organizations.
The "on-paper" workings of an organization correspond with ___________.
Belgium
The Congo was once a colony of ___________.
Products became standardized, and workers performed specific tasks in the production process.
The Industrial Revolution transformed the nature of the work in which one of the following ways?
Efficiency, quantification/calculation, predictability, and control
The McDonaldization of society involved four principles. These principles are ______________.
A self-administered questionnaire
The U.S. census form, which is mailed out to every household every 10 years, is an example of ________________.
US $1.00
The UN has set the absolute poverty threshold in developing countries at the equivalent of _______ per day.
Sex Ratio
The United Arab Emirates has 219 males for every 100 females, meaning that the UAE's ______________ is skewed in favor of males relative to females.
pluralist
The ___________ model views politics as an arena of compromises, alliances, and negotiations among many competing special interest groups.
Dramaturgical
The ____________ model corresponds to the perspective in which social interaction is viewed as though it is taking place in a theater.
Power elite
The _____________ model suggests that a relatively low number of people make decisions that have consequences affecting millions of people worldwide.
Emigration
The act of departing from one country to take up residence elsewhere
Immigration
The act of entering one country after leaving another
Crude Birth rate
The annual number of births per 1,000 people in a designated geographic area
Infant Mortality Rate
The annual number of deaths of infants 1 year old or younger for every 1,000 such infants born alive
Crude Death Rate
The annual number of deaths per 1,000 people in a designated geographic area.
Total Fertility Rate
The average number of children that women in a specific population bear over their lifetime
Predestination
The belief that God has foreordained all things, including the salvation or damnation of individual souls
Sexism
The belief that one sex-and by extension, one gender- is superior to another and that this superiority justifies inequalities between sexes known as _________.
capitalism (Industrial Revolution)
The breadwinner system is an outcome of an economic arrangement. That arrangement is ___________.
the importance of social contact for normal development
The cases of Anna and Isabelle were used to illustrate __________________.
Pull factors
The conditions that encourage people to move into a geographic area
Push factors
The conditions that encourage people to move out of a geographic area
Maternal Mortality rate
The death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of a termination of a pregnancy from any cause related to or aggravated by pregnancy or the way it is managed.
Demographic Gap
The difference between a population's birth rate and death rate
Gap
The difference between birth and death rates is known as the demographic _______.
the trade deficit/surplus
The difference between the dollar value of goods and services imported and exported is _________.
Net migration
The difference between the number moving into an area and the number moving out
Prejudice is an attitude, and discrimination is a behavior
The distinction between prejudice and discrimination is that ____________.
occupy; enact
The distinction between role and status is subtle; people ___________ statuses and _____________ roles.
Social forces
The distinctiveness of the sociological perspective lies with its focus on _____.
Paradigms
The dominant and widely accepted theories and concepts in a particular field of study
Formal Curriculum
The essential content of the various academic subjects-mathematical formulas, science experiments, key terms, and so on.
Doubling time
The estimated number of years required for a country's population to double in size
an observation that the paradigm cannot explain
The explanatory value and hence the status of a paradigm is threatened by the existence of an anomaly. An anomaly is ______________.
primary
The family is an important ______________ group.
where people take care to create and maintain expected images and behavior.
The front stage is the are ____________.
An issue
The high school dropout rate in the United States is greater than 25 percent. C. Wright Mills would classify this situation as _____.
Formal organizations
The human biography can be described as a series of encounters with __________-- born in hospital, educated in a school system, loaned money by a bank, and so on.
Illiteracy
The inability to understand and use a symbol system, whether it is based on sounds, letters, numbers, pictographs, or some other type of symbol
worker-generated norms about the pace of production
The informal dimension of an organization consists of ___________.
Intersectionality
The interconnections among socially constructed categories of sex, gender, race, class, sexual orientation, religious affiliation, age, and other statuses is known as ________.
Innovation
The invention or discovery of something, such as a new idea, process, practice, device, or tool
Asian
The latest data in the United States showed that, as a group, _______ students tend to score higher on standardized tests
Medical advances
The least important reason for the decline in death rates in Western societies is___________.
Migration
The movement of people from one residence to another
Migration
The movement of people from one residence to another is____.
in-migration
The movement of people into a designated area
Out-migration
The movement of people out of a designated area
Internal migration
The movement of people within the boundaries of a single country- from one state, region, or city to another.
Cultural base
The number of existing innovations, which forms the base for further inventions
Sex Ratio
The number of females for every thousand males (or another preferred constant, such as 10, 100, or 10,000).
Understanding the underlying social forces that contributed to the current obesity rate.
The obesity rate in the United States is greater than 30 percent. According to Mills, the key to resolving this issue involves focusing on_____.
divides the U.S. population into two ethnic categories: Hispanic and non-Hispanic
The official definition of Hispanic used in the United States __________.
McDonaldization of society
The organizational trend guided by instrumental-rational action in which the principles governing fast food restaurants come to dominate other sectors of society is known as the _________.
Gender polarization
The organizing of social life around male-female distinction is _________.
the cerebral cortex
The part of the human brain that allows us to organize, remember, communicate, understand, and create is ___________.
Social Reproduction
The perpetuation of unequal relations such that almost everyone, including the disadvantaged, come to view this inequality as normal and legitimate and tend to shrug off or resist calls for change
Research design
The plan for gathering data on the topic a researcher has chosen is known as the _________.
Demographic Trap
The point at which population growth overwhelms the environment's carrying capacity
Adaptive culture
The portion of nonmaterial culture (norms, values, and beliefs) that adjusts to material innovations
magnifies the characteristics that distinguish an in-group from an out-group
The presence of an out-group _________.
assimilation
The process by which ethnic and racial distinctions between groups disappear is _________.
Selective forgetting
The process by which people forget, dismiss, or fail to pass on a connection to one or more ethnicities is known as ________.
Internalization
The process by which people take as their own and accept as binding the norms, values, beliefs, and language needed to participate in the larger community is termed ___________.
domestification
The process of bringing plants and animals under human control is known as _________.
The Sociological Imagination
The quality of mind that enables us to connect seemingly impersonal and remote historical forces to the most basic incidents of an individual's life is ____________.
Hunting and gathering
The quote "the most successful and long-persistent lifestyle in the career of our species" refers to which type of society?
Global Interpendence
The situation in which social activity transcends national borders and in which one country's problems are part of a LARGER global situation is known as ______.
the context under which deviant behavior occurs
The sociological contribution to understanding deviant behavior is the emphasis on __________.
Make a distinction between troubles and issues.
The sociological imagination allows a person to ________.
The ability to focus on the individual without regard to the social context
The sociological perspective OFFERS but which one of the following analytical skills?
Social stratification
The systematic process by which individuals, groups, and places are ranked on a scale of social worth is _______.
Terrorism
The systematic use of anxiety-inspiring violent acts by clandestine or semiclandestine individuals, groups, or state-supported actors for idiosyncratic, criminal, or political reasons
Ethnocentrism
The tendency to hold your own culture as a standard against which other cultures are judged is _______________.
irrationalities that supposedly rational systems generate
The term "iron cage of irrationality" is used to describe the ____________.
the information explosion
The unprecedented increase in the amount of stored and transmitted data and messages is ___________.
The importance of the group
The value underlying Korean use of "our" versus "my" is ___________.
Formal
The various academic subjects make up the ___________ curriculum
Cultural relativity
The view that any aspect of culture must be assessed in the context of the society in which it is found is called _____________.
Total fertility rate
The____ is the average number of children that women in a specific population bear over their lifetimes.
In-groups
Those groups with which people identify and to which they feel closely attached, particularly when that attachment is founded on hatred of another group, are _____________.
reify
To ________ racial categories is to treat them as if they are real and meaningful and to forget they are made up.
Functions
Transmitting skills, contributing to personal reflection and change, and integrating diverse populations are considered ____ of education.
Food insecurity
Two billion people in the world do not have the financial resources to secure food that is consistently safe, sufficient, and nutritious.That is, they suffer from _____.
Agglomerations
Urban areas with populations of 1 million or more
Urban-to-rural migration
Urbanization includes all but which one of the following characteristics?
Cults
Very small, loosely organized groups, usually founded by a charismatic leader who attracts people by virtue of his or her personal qualities
Mortality crises
Violent fluctuations in the death rate, caused by war, famine, or epidemics.
Double consciousness
W.E.B. DuBois described the American Negro as "two souls, two thoughts, two unreconciled strivings; two warring ideals in one dark body, whose dogged strength alone keeps it from being torn asunder." DuBois was describing _______.
the man became the link between the family and the wider market econonomy.
We know that the Industrial Revolution separated the workplace from the home and altered the division of labor between men and women. More specifically, _______.
surplus wealth
Wealth beyond what is needed to meet basic human needs such as food and shelter is known as __________.
Education
When Sociologists study _____, they focus on the formal and informal social interactions that train, discipline, or shape (or reshape) the mind and body in planned and unplanned ways
Ethnic renewal
When a person discovers an ethnic identity and takes it upon themselves to find, learn about, and claim an ethnic heritage their sense of ethnicity can shift. This process is known as _______.
Oligarchy
When decision-making power is concentrated in the hands of a few people that hold the top positions in an organizational hierarchy, the result is a state of ___________.
husband and wife's residence is separate from their parents
When family residence is neological, that means the ____________.
they see that person as an "exception to the rule."
When prejudice people encounter a minority person that contradicts stereotypes, usually __________.
the natural sex differences between males and females
When sociologists study gender, they are interested in all but which one of the following?
Material culture
When sociologists think about _________, they consider the uses to which an object is put and the meaning assigned by the people who use it.
What are consequences of change for social life?
When studying a social change, sociologists ask _____________.
North America
Which area of the world is most likely to have the highest Internet penetration rates?
Native American
Which demographic/social category has the highest rate of poverty in the United States?
Wal-Mart
Which of the following is the best example of a formal organization?
Knowledge is acquired through observation.
Which one of the following assumptions applies to the scientific method?
Globally established social arrangements that we never see deliver products and services
Which one of the following assumptions corresponds to a global perspective?
mother, father, sister, brother
Which one of the following constitutes primary kin?
Isolated
Which one of the following descriptions applies to North Korea?
The division of North and South Korea
Which one of the following events has affected the life of every North and South Korean resident who lived through the event and who has since been born?
Favorable climate
Which one of the following factors represents an example of a PULL factor?
Theory comes before research
Which one of the following is a false statement regarding the relationship between theory and research?
The teen birth rate is lower in Japan
Which one of the following is true about Japan relative to United States?
chief executive officers
Which one of the following occupations is not among the 10 leading occupations of employed women?
Physical object people have invented, such as a diamond ring
Which one of the following represents the best example of material culture?
Conflict theorists
Which one of the following theorists would as "Who benefits from climate change, and at whose expense?"
Who benefits from a particular pattern or social arrangement, and at whose expense?
Which one of the questions listed below is a conflict theorist MOST likely to ask?
Max Weber
Which sociologist maintained that the sociologist's task is to analyze and explain the course and the consequences of social action?
Emile Durkheim
Who believed that the sociologist's task is to STUDY social facts?
W.E.B. DuBois
Who maintained that "The problem of the twentieth century is the problem of the color line"?
Within the same country
Within the United States, the greatest amount of internal migration is movement
glass ceiling
Women who work in male-dominated occupations can encounter a barrier that prevents them from rising past a certain level in an organization. This barrier is known as the ____________.
Formal Education
____ is a purposeful, planned effort intended to impart specific skills and modes of thought.
China
____ ranks number one among the 25 countries sending students to the United States
Conflict theorists
_____ argue that schools simply perpetuate the inequalities of the larger society
Forty
_____ percent of college graduates in the United States claim their degree is not needed to do the job they currently hold
Concepts
______ are powerful thinking tools and communication tools that enable researchers to efficiently give and receive complex information.
Legal-rational
______ authority rests on a system of impersonal rules that formally specify the qualifications for occupying a powerful position.
cultural capital
______ includes a person's educational credentials, the kinds of knowledge acquired, social skills, and aesthetic tastes
vocational
______ programs prepare students for direct entry into a specific occupation
Beliefs
_______ are ideas that people accept as true about how the world operates and about the place of the individual in it.
Active bigots
_______ are likely to initiate hate crimes.
The legacy of colonization
_______ helps to explain why people living in countries other than the United States speak more than one language
Relative poverty
_______ is measured by comparing the situation of those at the bottom against the situation of those more advantaged.
Sweden
_______ is the largest donor of foreign aid when it is measured as a percentage of gross national income.
Maternal mortality
_______ refers to the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of a termination of pregnancy from any cause related to or aggravated by pregnancy or the way it is managed.
Symbolic Interaction
_______ would as "how do undocumented immigrants come to interact with potential employers?"
The falsely accused
________ are people who have not broken the rules but are treated as if they have.
Fatalistic
________ describes a state in which there is no hope of change.
The commercialization of gender ideals
________ is the process of introducing products into the market by using advertising and sales campaigns that promise consumers they will achieve gender ideals if they buy them.
Symbolic interactionists
________ maintain that people must share a symbol system if they are to communicate with one another.
Nurture
________ refers to the environment or the interaction experiences that make up every individual's life.
Conflict theory
________ would argue that "the real purpose of the fence construction is to prevent the free movement of labor from a low wage economy into a high wage one."
Social emotions
_________ are internal bodily sensations that we experience in relationships with other people.
Colonialization
_________ is a form of domination in which one country imposes its political, economic, social, and cultural institutions on an indigenous population and the land the indigenous population occupies.
Conformity
_________ is any behavior or appearance that follows and maintains the standards of a group.
Total fertility
_________ is the average number of live children women bear in their lifetime.
Collective memory
_________ is the sociological term for experiences shared and recalled by significant numbers of people.
Neocolonialism
_________ is the term for continuing economic dependence on former colonial powers.
Agents of socialization
_________ shape(s) our sense of self and teach(es) us about the groups to which we do and do not belong.
Multinational corporations
__________ are enterprises that own, control, or license production and service facilities in countries other than the one in which their headquarters is located.
Mechanical Solidarity
__________ derives from a simple division of labor.
Primary
__________ groups include the family, military units, cliques, and peer groups.
A Sanction
__________ is a reaction or response of approval or disapproval to another's behavior or appearance.
Adaptive culture
__________ is a term for that portion of nonmaterial culture that adjusts to material innovations.
Institutionalized Discrimination
__________ is the established and customary way of doing things in society that keeps minority members in a disadvantaged position.
Context
__________ is the larger social setting in which racial and ethnic categories are recognized, created, and challenged.
Secondary sex characteristics
___________ are physical traits not essential to reproduction.
Semiperipheral
___________ economies are characterized by moderate wealth, extreme inequality, and moderately diverse economies.
Services
___________ include(s) activities performed by others that result in no tangible product, such as entertainment, transportation, and personal care.
Social Control
___________ includes the methods used to teach, persuade, or force people to comply with norms and expectations.
Social structure
___________ is a largely invisible system that coordinates human interaction in broadly predictable ways.
Censorship
___________ is a method employed to prevent information from reaching some audience.
Democracy
___________ is a system of government in which power is vested in the citizen body or "the people."
Profit-driven
___________ is the most important characteristic of capitalistic systems.
Masculinity
___________ is the physical, behavioral, and mental or emotional traits believed to be characteristic of males.
Segregation
___________ occurs when all of the important and meaningful primary relationships (dating, play, school, and fraternity groups) are confined largely to people of the same racial and ethnic groups.
Chance
___________ relates to those things not subject to human will, choice or effort.
Secret deviants
____________ are people who have broken the rules but whose violation goes unnoticed.
Values
____________ are socially shared ideas about what is good, right, and desirable.
Social interaction
____________ consist(s) of situations in which two people communicate, interpret, and respond to each other's words and actions.
A simultaneous-independent invention
____________ is a situation in which the same invention is created by two or more people working independently of one another at about the same time.
A social movement
____________ is formed when a substantial number of people organize to change, to resist change, or undo change in some area of society.
Feminity
____________ is the physical, behavioral, and mental or emotional traits believed to be characteristic of females.
Insurgents
_____________ are groups who participate in armed rebellion against some established authority, government, or administration with the hope that those in power will retreat or pull out.
Industrial
_____________ food systems are those in which the goal is to maximize profit by speeding up production and increasing the amount produced which cutting labor costs and the costs of ingredients.
Rationalization
_____________ is a process by which thought and action rooted in custom, emotion, or respect for mysterious forces is replaced by instrumental-rational thought and action.
Symbols
_______________ are physical and conceptual phenomena to which people assign a name and a meaning or value.
Core
_______________ economies include the wealthiest, most highly diversifies economies with strong, stable governments.
Alienation
_______________ is a state in which human life is dominated by the forces of human inventions.
Voluntary organizations
_________________ draw in people who give time, talent, or treasure to support mutual interests, meet important human needs, or achieve a not-for-profit goal.
Popular
___________culture is any component of society's culture that is embraced by the masses within and outside that society.
Life chances
__________include(s) everything from the chance to stay alive during the first year of life to the chance to go to college.
social location
sociologist Pierre Bourdieu found that the perceptual schemes people draw upon are shaped in large part by their ____.
