Sociology Exam Ch. 4,5,9
aggregate
A(n) __________ is a collection of people who happen to be in the same place at the same time but share little else in common. social group category aggregate primary group
social group
A(n) __________ is a collection of two or more people who interact frequently with one another, share a sense of belonging, and have a feeling of interdependence. social group aggregate category secondary group
reference group
A(n) __________ is a group that strongly influences a person's behavior and social attitudes, regardless of whether that individual is an actual member. social group operational group reference group instrumental group
ingroup
A(n) __________ is a group to which a person belongs and with which the person feels a sense of identity. ingroup outgroup formal group reference group
outgroup
A(n) __________ is a group to which a person does not belong and toward which the person may feel a sense of competitiveness or hostility. ingroup outgroup formal group reference group
category
A(n) __________ is a number of people who may never have met one another but share a similar characteristic (such as education level, age, race, or gender). social group category aggregate secondary category
coalition
A(n) __________ is an alliance created in an attempt to reach a shared objective or goal. affiliation coalition dyad accommodation
True
According to sociological definitions, subordinate groups and dominant groups are not actually groups because the members do not necessarily interact with each other. True False
unprejudiced nondiscriminators
According to sociologist Robert Merton's typology of prejudice and discrimination, __________ are not personally prejudiced and do not discriminate against others. prejudiced discriminators unprejudiced nondiscriminators prejudiced nondiscriminators unprejudiced discriminators
True
From the functionalist perspective, assimilation is positive because it leads to social stability by minimizing group differences. True False
False
Hispanics are the fastest growing minority group in the United States today. True False
Jackie Robinson
In 1947, __________ broke the "color line" to become the first African American in Major League Baseball. Willie Mays Jackie Robinson Henry Aaron Satchel Paige
subjects chose to conform to the incorrect responses of Asch's assistants about one‑third (33 percent) of the time
In his study of conformity, Solomon Asch found that __________. - subjects stood by their own answers and were not influenced by the incorrect responses of Asch's assistants - subjects chose to conform to the incorrect responses of Asch's assistants about one‑third (33 percent) of the time - subjects chose to conform to the incorrect responses of Asch's assistants over one‑half (50 percent) of the time - subjects always chose to conform to the incorrect responses of Asch's
this research raises some questions concerning research ethics
In regard to Stanley Milgram's study, the text points out that __________. - this research raises some questions concerning research ethics - Milgram's subjects knew about the nature of the study but agreed to participate anyway - despite problems, many of the research subjects found the experiment interesting and agreed to participate in future research on the same topic - Milgram's findings have never been supported by later research
laissez-faire
Leaders using the __________ style of leadership are only minimally involved in decision making and encourage group members to make their own decisions. democratic authoritarian laissez-faire cooperative
democratic
Leaders using the __________ style of leadership may be praised for their expressive, supportive behavior toward group members, but they may also be blamed for being indecisive in times of crisis. authoritarian laissez-faire cooperative democratic
a self-fulfilling prophecy
Mikayla is told repeatedly that she is not a very good athlete. Eventually, she comes to believe it, puts in little effort in gym class, and receives a poor grade. This scenario is an illustration of __________. a self-fulfilling prophecy civil inattention survival of the fittest false consciousness
True
Not all workers in a capitalist system are exploited to the same extent. True False
frustration-aggression
One study found that as the economic conditions worsened in the South, whites aimed their anger toward African Americans, who then became a scapegoat. As a result, there was an increase in the lynching of African Americans. This illustrates __________ theory. authoritarian personality conflict symbolic interactionist frustration-aggression
de jure segregation
Prior to the Civil Rights Act, Jim Crow laws in the U.S. South mandated the systematic physical and social separation of whites and African Americans in all areas of public life. This is an example of __________. de faccia segregation de jure segregation miscegenation de facto segregation
True
Race has much more significance socially than it does biologically. True False
True
Racism tends to intensify during periods of economic uncertainty. True False
Irving Janis
Social psychologist __________ examined group decision making among political experts and found that major blunders in U.S. history may be attributed to pressure toward group conformity. Robert Merton Stanley Milgram Irving Janis Solomon Asch
primary group
Sociologist Charles H. Cooley used the term __________ to describe a small, less specialized group in which members engage in face-to-face, emotion-based interactions over an extended period of time. secondary group formal group informal group primary group
secondary group
Sociologists define a(n) __________ as a larger, more specialized group in which members engage in more impersonal, goal-oriented relationships for a limited period of time. informal group primary group secondary group institution
oligarchy
The bureaucratic tendency toward rule by the few is termed __________. bureaucracy oligarchy autocracy the power elite
social learning theory
The explanation for racism and prejudice that comes from the symbolic interactionist perspective is __________. social learning theory an authoritarian personality the frustration-aggression hypothesis social convergence theory
may be more common than most people would like to believe
The research conducted by Stanley Milgram and his colleagues provides evidence that obedience to authority __________. is relatively uncommon takes place only in the presence of charismatic leadership may be more common than most people would like to believe occurs only in totalitarian situations
stigma
The sociological term for any physical or social attribute or sign that devalues a person's social identity and disqualifies that person from full social acceptance is __________. deviance stigma anomie alienation
significant others
The term for people with whom we have primary relationships and those in our primary groups is __________. personal others significant others formal others generalized others
may encourage social cohesion among group members
The text points out that ingroup and outgroup distinctions______________________. may encourage social cohesion among group members serve to prevent classism, racism, sexism, and ageism discourage feelings of group superiority are less likely to exist in contemporary societies than in traditional ones
laissez-faire
The three major styles of leadership of ingroups include __________ leadership. religious charismatic laissez-faire cooperative
False
The use of Native American nicknames and mascots by athletic teams is essentially harmless. True False
coercive
Total institutions, such as boot camps, prisons, and some mental hospitals, are examples of __________ organizations. normative coercive totalitarian utilitarian
Native Americans
Which group has the highest rate of infant mortality? Native Americans African Americans Asian Americans Hispanic Americans
travel
Which of these is not considered to be a social institution? family science travel economy
Production of goods within the society is mechanized.
Which of these is not true about postindustrial society? There has been an information explosion. Most people work in service or information-related occupations. Production of goods within the society is mechanized. Knowledge becomes a commodity.
the people working together in the same department
Which of these is the best example of a primary group? the people working together in the same department a sociology class a jury the people at a bus station
How do we know how to interact in a given situation?
Which of these questions best describes the interests of ethnomethodologists? Who benefits from the structure of social institutions? How does a society maintain order and stability? How do we know how to interact in a given situation? What is the economic structure of society?
symbolic interactionism
Which theoretical perspective is associated with the contact hypothesis? functionalism conflict theory symbolic interactionism postmodernism
postmodern theorists
Which type of theorist is most likely to note the scripted nature of interaction in contemporary society (for example between employees and customers in a fast-food restaurant)? conflict theorists symbolic interactionists functionalists postmodern theorists
stereotyping
Within sports, team mascots that depict Native Americans in beads and paint, wearing headdresses, and doing the "tomahawk" chop are examples of __________. discrimination profiling prejudice stereotyping
Conflict
_________ theorists do not believe that social institutions work for the common good of everyone in society. They emphasize that social institutions are most likely to meet the needs of those with the greatest amount of power in a society. Conflict Functionalist Symbolic interaction Postmodern
Groupthink
__________ is the term for the process by which members of a cohesive group arrive at a decision that many individual members privately believe is unwise. Group conformity Groupthink Iron law of oligarchy Self-fulfilling prophecy
Cultural assimilation (acculturation)
__________ occurs when members of an ethnic group adopt dominant-group traits, such as language, dress, values, religion, and food preferences. Cultural assimilation (acculturation) Structural assimilation (integration) Biological assimilation (amalgamation) Psychological assimilation
Ethnocentrism
__________ refers to the tendency to regard one's own culture and group as the standard, and thus superior, whereas all other groups are seen as inferior. Stereotyping Ethnocentrism Discrimination Prejudice
Functionalist
__________ theorists emphasize that social structure is essential because it creates order and predictability in a society. Functionalist Conflict Symbolic interactionist Premodern
Conflict
__________ theorists maintain that in capitalistic societies, where a few people control the labor of many, the social structure reflects a system of relationships of domination and subordination. Differential association Symbolic interactionist Conflict Functionalist
Members are severely reprimanded for negative behavior and comments
According to the contact hypothesis, contact between members of divergent or opposing groups will lead to more favorable attitudes under certain conditions. Which of these is not one of the necessary conditions? Members of each group have equal status. Members of each group are pursuing the same goal. Members of the different groups are required to cooperate with each other to achieve their goal. Members are severely reprimanded for negative behavior and comments.
False
All forms of protest are considered acts of civil disobedience. True False
require personal contact with the public or promote a particular state of mind
All jobs place some burden on our feelings; however, the term emotional labor refers only to jobs that___________________________. a. involve working with children and the elderly b. require personal contact with the public or c. promote a particular state of mind are in the social work or mental health professions d. engage an audience in entertainment
it is not essential for individual well-being
All of these statements about social structure are true, except______________________. a. it is not essential for individual well-being b. it is essential for the survival of society c. it provides a web of familial support and social relationships d. it connects individuals to the larger society
True
Although the United States had colonial rule over the Philippines from 1898 to 1946, Filipinos were not considered citizens of the United States. True False
False
Although the United States has claimed Puerto Rico as a territory since 1917, Puerto Ricans are not considered citizens of the United States. True False
What holds societies together?
As a theorist, Emile Durkheim was most interest in the question:____________________. a. What holds societies together? b. Who benefits from the structure of society? c. What meanings do various symbols have for different groups of people? d. What is the experience of women and others with lower status in society?
secondary group
Cooley coined the term __________ for a larger, more specialized group in which the members engage in impersonal, goal-oriented relationships for a limited period of time. secondary group primary group ingroup outgroup
de facto segregation
Despite decades of enforcement of civil rights legislation, neighborhoods in the United States still tend to be racially segregated. This is an example of __________. de faccia segregation de jure segregation miscegenation de facto segregation
accommodation
Equalitarian pluralism describes a situation in which ethnic groups coexist in equality with one another. This pattern is also referred to as __________. miscegenation segregation accommodation compatibility
Gesellschaft
Ferdinand Tӧnnies used the term __________ for a large, urban society in which social bonds are based on impersonal and specialized relationships, with little long-term commitment to the group and little consensus on values. G emeinschaft verstehen Gesellschaft bourgeoisie
Gemeinschaft
Ferdinand Tӧnnies used the term __________ for traditional society in which social relationships are based on personal bonds of friendship and kinship and on intergenerational stability. Gemeinschaft verstehen G esellschaft bourgeoisie
functionalist
From a __________ perspective, if groups exist to meet the instrumental and expressive needs of their members, then leaders are responsible for helping the group meet those needs. premodern conflict symbolic interactionist functionalist
status
A __________ is a socially defined position in a group or society characterized by certain expectations, rights, and duties, and it exists independently of the specific people occupying the position. role label status class
face-saving behavior
Erving Goffman coined the term ___________ for the strategies we use to rescue our performance when we experience a potentially or actually embarrassing situation. studied nonobservance front and back stage behavior face-saving behavior social reconstruction
role performance
For any particular status, __________ refers to how a person actually behaves within her role. role expectation symbolic performance role performance status expectation
feeling rules
Sociologist Arlie Hochschild suggests that we acquire a set of __________ that shape the appropriate emotions for a given role or specific situation, including how, where, when, and with whom an emotion should be expressed. emotional labors dramaturgical guidelines feeling rules socioemotional norms
civil inattention
Sociologist Erving Goffman's term __________ refers to the ways in which an individual shows awareness that another is present without making this person the object of particular attention. civil inattention selective attention passive rudeness reserved rejection
social construction of reality
Some symbolic interaction theorists believe that there is very little shared reality beyond that which is socially created. They refer to this as the __________, which is the process by which our perception of reality is largely shaped by the subjective meaning that we give to an experience. social construction of reality objectification of social reality subjective assessment of reality recertification analysis of reality
dramaturgical analysis
The perspective developed by Erving Goffman that compares everyday life to a theatrical presentation is called __________. ethnomethodology dramaturgical analysis impression management presentational analysis
social interaction
The sociological term for the process by which people act toward and respond to other people, and which is considered the foundation for all relationships and groups in society, is __________. response patterns social interaction symbolic interactionism structural functionalism
genocide
The term __________ refers to the deliberate, systematic killing of an entire people or nation. discrimination genocide prejudice racism
Functionalists
__________ emphasize the role of social institutions in accomplishing essential tasks for society. Conflict theorists Functionalists Symbolic interactionists Postmodernists
Conflict theorists
__________ suggest that groups involve unequal power relationships so that not all members of a group are not equally likely to have their needs met. Postmodern theorists Functionalists Conflict theorists Symbolic interactionists
role
A __________ is a set of behavioral expectations associated with a given status. position character value role
triad
A group composed of three members is termed a(n) __________. triad affiliation dyad accommodation
unprejudiced discriminator
A restaurant owner in the 1950s does not feel negatively toward African Americans but refuses to serve them in his restaurant because he fears that doing so would offend customers. According to Robert Merton's typology, the restaurant owner is a(n) _____. unprejudiced discriminator prejudiced nondiscriminator prejudiced discriminator unprejudiced nondiscriminator