Sociology Exam Ch. 4,5,9

aggregate

A(n) __________ is a collection of people who happen to be in the same place at the same time but share little else in common.​ ​social group ​category ​aggregate ​primary group

social group

A(n) __________ is a collection of two or more people who interact frequently with one another, share a sense of belonging, and have a feeling of interdependence.​ ​social group ​aggregate ​category ​secondary group

reference group

A(n) __________ is a group that strongly influences a person's behavior and social attitudes, regardless of whether that individual is an actual member. ​social group ​operational group ​reference group ​instrumental group

ingroup

A(n) __________ is a group to which a person belongs and with which the person feels a sense of identity.​ ​ingroup ​outgroup ​formal group ​reference group

outgroup

A(n) __________ is a group to which a person does not belong and toward which the person may feel a sense of competitiveness or hostility.​ ​ingroup ​outgroup ​formal group ​reference group

category

A(n) __________ is a number of people who may never have met one another but share a similar characteristic (such as education level, age, race, or gender).​ social group ​category ​aggregate ​secondary category

coalition

A(n) __________ is an alliance created in an attempt to reach a shared objective or goal.​ ​affiliation ​coalition ​dyad ​accommodation

True

According to sociological definitions, subordinate groups and dominant groups are not actually groups because the members do not necessarily interact with each other.​ True False

unprejudiced nondiscriminators

According to sociologist Robert Merton's typology of prejudice and discrimination, __________ are not personally prejudiced and do not discriminate against others.​ ​prejudiced discriminators ​unprejudiced nondiscriminators ​prejudiced nondiscriminators ​unprejudiced discriminators

True

From the functionalist perspective, assimilation is positive because it leads to social stability by minimizing group differences.​ True False

False

Hispanics are the fastest growing minority group in the United States today.​ True False

​Jackie Robinson

In 1947, __________ broke the "color line" to become the first African American in Major League Baseball.​ ​Willie Mays ​Jackie Robinson ​Henry Aaron ​Satchel Paige

​subjects chose to conform to the incorrect responses of Asch's assistants about one‑third (33 percent) of the time

In his study of conformity, Solomon Asch found that __________. - ​subjects stood by their own answers and were not influenced by the incorrect responses of Asch's assistants - ​subjects chose to conform to the incorrect responses of Asch's assistants about one‑third (33 percent) of the time - ​subjects chose to conform to the incorrect responses of Asch's assistants over one‑half (50 percent) of the time - ​subjects always chose to conform to the incorrect responses of Asch's

this research raises some questions concerning research ethics

In regard to Stanley Milgram's study, the text points out that __________.​ - ​this research raises some questions concerning research ethics - ​Milgram's subjects knew about the nature of the study but agreed to participate anyway - ​despite problems, many of the research subjects found the experiment interesting and agreed to participate in future research on the same topic - ​Milgram's findings have never been supported by later research

​laissez-faire

Leaders using the __________ style of leadership are only minimally involved in decision making and encourage group members to make their own decisions.​ ​democratic ​authoritarian ​laissez-faire ​cooperative

democratic

Leaders using the __________ style of leadership may be praised for their expressive, supportive behavior toward group members, but they may also be blamed for being indecisive in times of crisis. ​authoritarian ​laissez-faire ​cooperative ​democratic

a self-fulfilling prophecy

Mikayla is told repeatedly that she is not a very good athlete. Eventually, she comes to believe it, puts in little effort in gym class, and receives a poor grade. This scenario is an illustration of __________. ​a self-fulfilling prophecy ​civil inattention ​survival of the fittest ​false consciousness

True

Not all workers in a capitalist system are exploited to the same extent.​ True False

frustration-aggression

One study found that as the economic conditions worsened in the South, whites aimed their anger toward African Americans, who then became a scapegoat. As a result, there was an increase in the lynching of African Americans. This illustrates __________ theory. authoritarian personality conflict symbolic interactionist frustration-aggression

​de jure segregation

Prior to the Civil Rights Act, Jim Crow laws in the U.S. South mandated the systematic physical and social separation of whites and African Americans in all areas of public life. This is an example of __________.​ ​de faccia segregation ​de jure segregation ​miscegenation ​de facto segregation

True

Race has much more significance socially than it does biologically.​ True False

True

Racism tends to intensify during periods of economic uncertainty.​ True False

Irving Janis

Social psychologist __________ examined group decision making among political experts and found that major blunders in U.S. history may be attributed to pressure toward group conformity. Robert Merton Stanley Milgram Irving Janis Solomon Asch

primary group

Sociologist Charles H. Cooley used the term __________ to describe a small, less specialized group in which members engage in face-to-face, emotion-based interactions over an extended period of time.​ ​secondary group ​formal group ​informal group ​primary group

secondary group

Sociologists define a(n) __________ as a larger, more specialized group in which members engage in more impersonal, goal-oriented relationships for a limited period of time. ​informal group ​primary group ​secondary group ​institution

oligarchy

The bureaucratic tendency toward rule by the few is termed __________.​ ​bureaucracy ​oligarchy ​​autocracy ​the power elite

social learning theory

The explanation for racism and prejudice that comes from the symbolic interactionist perspective is __________. ​social learning theory ​an authoritarian personality ​the frustration-aggression hypothesis ​social convergence theory

may be more common than most people would like to believe

The research conducted by Stanley Milgram and his colleagues provides evidence that obedience to authority __________.​ ​is relatively uncommon ​takes place only in the presence of charismatic leadership ​may be more common than most people would like to believe ​occurs only in totalitarian situations

stigma

The sociological term for any physical or social attribute or sign that devalues a person's social identity and disqualifies that person from full social acceptance is __________. ​deviance ​stigma ​anomie ​alienation

​significant others

The term for people with whom we have primary relationships and those in our primary groups is __________. ​ ​personal others ​significant others ​formal others ​generalized others

​may encourage social cohesion among group members

The text points out that ingroup and outgroup distinctions______________________. ​may encourage social cohesion among group members ​serve to prevent classism, racism, sexism, and ageism ​discourage feelings of group superiority ​are less likely to exist in contemporary societies than in traditional ones

laissez-faire

The three major styles of leadership of ingroups include __________ leadership. ​ ​religious ​charismatic ​laissez-faire ​cooperative

False

The use of Native American nicknames and mascots by athletic teams is essentially harmless. True False

coercive

Total institutions, such as boot camps, prisons, and some mental hospitals, are examples of __________ organizations.​ ​normative ​coercive ​totalitarian ​utilitarian

Native Americans

Which group has the highest rate of infant mortality? ​Native Americans ​African Americans ​Asian Americans ​Hispanic Americans

travel

Which of these is not considered to be a social institution? ​family science ​travel ​economy

Production of goods within the society is mechanized.

Which of these is not true about postindustrial society? There has been an information explosion. Most people work in service or information-related occupations. Production of goods within the society is mechanized. Knowledge becomes a commodity.

​the people working together in the same department

Which of these is the best example of a primary group? ​the people working together in the same department ​a sociology class ​a jury ​the people at a bus station

How do we know how to interact in a given situation?

Which of these questions best describes the interests of ethnomethodologists? ​Who benefits from the structure of social institutions? ​How does a society maintain order and stability? ​How do we know how to interact in a given situation? ​What is the economic structure of society?

symbolic interactionism

Which theoretical perspective is associated with the contact hypothesis?​ ​functionalism ​conflict theory ​symbolic interactionism ​postmodernism

postmodern theorists

Which type of theorist is most likely to note the scripted nature of interaction in contemporary society (for example between employees and customers in a fast-food restaurant)? conflict theorists symbolic interactionists functionalists postmodern theorists

stereotyping

Within sports, team mascots that depict Native Americans in beads and paint, wearing headdresses, and doing the "tomahawk" chop are examples of __________.​ ​discrimination ​profiling ​prejudice ​stereotyping

​Conflict

_________ theorists do not believe that social institutions work for the common good of everyone in society. They emphasize that social institutions are most likely to meet the needs of those with the greatest amount of power in a society. ​Conflict ​Functionalist ​Symbolic interaction ​Postmodern

Groupthink

__________ is the term for the process by which members of a cohesive group arrive at a decision that many individual members privately believe is unwise. ​Group conformity ​Groupthink ​Iron law of oligarchy ​Self-fulfilling prophecy

Cultural assimilation (acculturation)

__________ occurs when members of an ethnic group adopt dominant-group traits, such as language, dress, values, religion, and food preferences.​ ​Cultural assimilation (acculturation) ​Structural assimilation (integration) ​Biological assimilation (amalgamation) ​Psychological assimilation

Ethnocentrism

__________ refers to the tendency to regard one's own culture and group as the standard, and thus superior, whereas all other groups are seen as inferior.​ ​Stereotyping ​Ethnocentrism ​Discrimination ​Prejudice

Functionalist

__________ theorists emphasize that social structure is essential because it creates order and predictability in a society. ​Functionalist ​Conflict ​Symbolic interactionist ​Premodern

Conflict

__________ theorists maintain that in capitalistic societies, where a few people control the labor of many, the social structure reflects a system of relationships of domination and subordination. Differential association ​Symbolic interactionist ​Conflict ​Functionalist

​Members are severely reprimanded for negative behavior and comments

According to the contact hypothesis, contact between members of divergent or opposing groups will lead to more favorable attitudes under certain conditions. Which of these is not one of the necessary conditions?​ ​Members of each group have equal status. ​Members of each group are pursuing the same goal. ​Members of the different groups are required to cooperate with each other to achieve their goal. ​Members are severely reprimanded for negative behavior and comments.

False

All forms of protest are considered acts of civil disobedience.​ True False

require personal contact with the public or promote a particular state of mind

All jobs place some burden on our feelings; however, the term emotional labor refers only to jobs that___________________________. a. involve working with children and the elderly b. require personal contact with the public or c. promote a particular state of mind are in the social work or mental health professions d. engage an audience in entertainment

it is not essential for individual well-being

All of these statements about social structure are true, except______________________. a. it is not essential for individual well-being b. ​it is essential for the survival of society c. ​it provides a web of familial support and social relationships d. ​it connects individuals to the larger society

True

Although the United States had colonial rule over the Philippines from 1898 to 1946, Filipinos were not considered citizens of the United States.​ True False

False

Although the United States has claimed Puerto Rico as a territory since 1917, Puerto Ricans are not considered citizens of the United States.​ True False

What holds societies together?

As a theorist, Emile Durkheim was most interest in the question:____________________. a. What holds societies together? b. Who benefits from the structure of society? c. ​What meanings do various symbols have for different groups of people? d. ​What is the experience of women and others with lower status in society?

secondary group

Cooley coined the term __________ for a larger, more specialized group in which the members engage in impersonal, goal-oriented relationships for a limited period of time.​ ​secondary group ​primary group ​ingroup ​outgroup

de facto segregation

Despite decades of enforcement of civil rights legislation, neighborhoods in the United States still tend to be racially segregated. This is an example of __________. de faccia segregation de jure segregation miscegenation de facto segregation

accommodation

Equalitarian pluralism describes a situation in which ethnic groups coexist in equality with one another. This pattern is also referred to as __________.​ ​miscegenation ​segregation ​accommodation ​compatibility

Gesellschaft

Ferdinand Tӧnnies used the term __________ for a large, urban society in which social bonds are based on impersonal and specialized relationships, with little long-term commitment to the group and little consensus on values. G emeinschaft verstehen Gesellschaft bourgeoisie

Gemeinschaft

Ferdinand Tӧnnies used the term __________ for traditional society in which social relationships are based on personal bonds of friendship and kinship and on intergenerational stability. Gemeinschaft verstehen G esellschaft bourgeoisie

functionalist

From a __________ perspective, if groups exist to meet the instrumental and expressive needs of their members, then leaders are responsible for helping the group meet those needs. ​premodern ​conflict ​symbolic interactionist ​functionalist

​status

​A __________ is a socially defined position in a group or society characterized by certain expectations, rights, and duties, and it exists independently of the specific people occupying the position. ​role ​label ​status ​class

face-saving behavior

​Erving Goffman coined the term ___________ for the strategies we use to rescue our performance when we experience a potentially or actually embarrassing situation. ​studied nonobservance ​front and back stage behavior ​face-saving behavior ​social reconstruction

role performance

​For any particular status, __________ refers to how a person actually behaves within her role. ​role expectation ​symbolic performance ​role performance ​status expectation

feeling rules

​Sociologist Arlie Hochschild suggests that we acquire a set of __________ that shape the appropriate emotions for a given role or specific situation, including how, where, when, and with whom an emotion should be expressed. ​emotional labors ​dramaturgical guidelines ​feeling rules ​socioemotional norms

civil inattention

​Sociologist Erving Goffman's term __________ refers to the ways in which an individual shows awareness that another is present without making this person the object of particular attention. ​civil inattention ​selective attention ​passive rudeness ​reserved rejection

social construction of reality

​Some symbolic interaction theorists believe that there is very little shared reality beyond that which is socially created. They refer to this as the __________, which is the process by which our perception of reality is largely shaped by the subjective meaning that we give to an experience. social construction of reality ​objectification of social reality ​subjective assessment of reality ​recertification analysis of reality

dramaturgical analysis

​The perspective developed by Erving Goffman that compares everyday life to a theatrical presentation is called __________. ​ethnomethodology ​dramaturgical analysis ​impression management ​presentational analysis

social interaction

​The sociological term for the process by which people act toward and respond to other people, and which is considered the foundation for all relationships and groups in society, is __________. ​response patterns ​social interaction ​symbolic interactionism ​structural functionalism

genocide

​The term __________ refers to the deliberate, systematic killing of an entire people or nation. ​discrimination ​genocide ​prejudice ​racism

​Functionalists

​__________ emphasize the role of social institutions in accomplishing essential tasks for society. Conflict theorists ​Functionalists ​Symbolic interactionists ​Postmodernists

Conflict theorists

​__________ suggest that groups involve unequal power relationships so that not all members of a group are not equally likely to have their needs met. ​Postmodern theorists ​Functionalists ​Conflict theorists ​Symbolic interactionists

role

A __________ is a set of behavioral expectations associated with a given status. position ​character ​value ​role

triad

A group composed of three members is termed a(n) __________. ​triad ​affiliation ​dyad ​accommodation

unprejudiced discriminator

A restaurant owner in the 1950s does not feel negatively toward African Americans but refuses to serve them in his restaurant because he fears that doing so would offend customers. According to Robert Merton's typology, the restaurant owner is a(n) _____. unprejudiced discriminator prejudiced nondiscriminator prejudiced discriminator unprejudiced nondiscriminator