Sociology FINAL
Polygyny
A system of marriage that allows men to have multiple wives.
Suicides committed in the name of duty, E. Durkheim calls
Altruistic suicides
Verbal sanction
An angry comment is an example of a verbal sanction.
A system of forced racial segregation
Apartheid
Type of stratification system in which gender, age and physical data form the basis of differentiation
Caste system
The author of the book "Suicide"
Emile Durkheim.
Who is the author of the concept of the human mind being an aggregation of three interconnected components
Id, Ego and Superego: Sigmund Freud
C. Wright Mills once said that sociologists need to develop a sociological __________ to study how society affects individuals
Imagination.
An angry comment is an example of ... sanction
Informal negative sanction.
A student has a habit of talking on their cell phone during class. One day, the professor stops the lecture and asks the student to respect others in the class by turning off the phone. In this situation, the professor used __________ to maintain social control
Informal social control.
Two main authors on sociological perspectives of labor
Karl Marx and Emile Durkheim.
Amount of physical, mental, and social effort used to produce goods and services in an economy
Labor.
A form of marriage that is the union of one man and one woman
Monogamy
The question of a sociological questionnaire, to which the respondent must independently formulate the content of his answer, is called
Open-ended question
Violation of norms that does not result in any long-term effects on the individual's self-image or interactions with others
Primary deviance.
Socialization
Process of learning the roles, statuses, and values necessary for participation in social institutions.
In what concept is a person considered as a three-level education (id, ego, super-ego)?
Psychoanalytic theory
Research into objective, quantifiable characteristics of human behaviour is called
Quantitative research
Race is used to classify individuals or groups of people
Race is a social construct that has been used to classify individuals or groups of people based on physical characteristics such as skin color or facial features.
A form of religious organization, which is a closed group that has arisen within a religious movement recognized by society as an opposition movement
Sect
The process by which beliefs in the supernatural and related rituals are questioned and the institution of religion loses its social influence
Secularization
A type of stratification system based on direct violence and coercion. Social groups differ in the presence or absence of civil rights and property rights
Slavery system
The regulation and enforcement of norms
Social control.
Friends relate to
Social network
Societies practice social control to maintain
Social order and conformity to cultural norms and values.
A social process that involves a qualitative transformation of the entire system of social relations, up to the breaking of the established orders and the formation of new ones, is ...
Social revolution
The study of society and social behavior.
Sociology
The theory which addresses the question of social organization (structure) and how it is maintained (function)
Structural-functional theory.
A form of indirect telephone polling
Telephone survey
E. Durkheim considered the main indicator of progress
The division of labor
Auguste Comte
The founder of positivism in sociology.
Number of sample units
The number of sample units refers to the number of individual units or participants in a research study.
Macrosociology
The study of large-scale social structures and the fundamental principles of social organization.
Microsociology
The study of small-scale patterns of social interactions and how they influence larger social structures.
Conflict theory
The theory which focuses on how socialization reinforces unequal power arrangements.
Karl Marx
Which founder of sociology believed societies changed due to class struggle?
What is the social sanction?
a mechanism of social control that enforces conformity to norms through rewards and punishments
According to Durkheim, the concept of anomie means
a state of normlessness or a lack of social regulation
What is the social norm?
a widely accepted standard of behavior within a society that prescribes the appropriate way to behave in various situations
Deviant behavior is
behavior that violates social norms and is subject to negative social reactions
The central concept of sociology K. Marx is
class struggle
What social institution corresponds to the need to ensure the reproduction and development of society through the organized transfer of social experience in the form of knowledge, skills and abilities
education
A type of social mobility in which there is no increase or decrease in the social status of an individual
horizontal mobility
A statement about relationships that we expect to find if our theory is correct
hypothesis
Which of the following stratification systems is open?
meritocracy
The process of socialization begins at the age
of birth.
All people who could potentially be studied as part of the research
population
The functions of the family do not include
regulation of political activities
A person who is interviewed in a sociological study is called
respondent
Bankruptcy is an example
status inconsistency
Socialization is
the process by which individuals learn and internalize the values, beliefs, and norms of their culture
Stigmatization theory explains deviant behavior as
the result of labeling individuals as deviant and treating them accordingly, leading to a self-fulfilling prophecy
What is the object of sociology?
the scientific study of human society, including patterns of social relationships, social interaction, and culture
The father of modern racism, proposed the existence of just three races
white (Caucasian), black (Negroid) and yellow (Mongoloid) : Johann Friedrich Blumenbach
Max Weber made detailed studies of Hinduism, Buddhism, Taoism and ancient Judaism, he wrote extensively about the impact of Christianity on the history of the West in his book called...
"The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism"
Crime
A behavior that violates official law and is punishable through formal sanctions.
Polytheism
A belief in many gods.
Nuclear family
A family group consisting of a father, a mother, and their dependent children, excluding any other kin.
Caste system
A form of social stratification in which status is determined by one's family history and background and cannot be changed.
Extended family
A large group of kin, or relatives, which could include grandparents, uncles, aunts, and cousins living in one household.
The sociometric method is
A method for studying social relationships between individuals or groups
The expert survey is
A method of collecting data in which a group of experts provides opinions and judgments on a specific topic
Horizontal mobility
A mobility, which is fairly common, refers to the changing of jobs within a class: a therapist who shifts careers so that he can teach college.
Vertical mobility
A movement up or down the social ladder, and thus is often called upward or downward mobility.
Social stratification
A process when members of a given society are categorized and divided into groups, which are then placed in a social hierarchy.
A sampling is defined as
A subset of a larger population selected to represent the characteristics of that population
Polyandry
A system of marriage that allows women to have multiple husbands.
Social class
A system of stratification practiced primarily in capitalist societies, ranks groups of people according to their wealth, property, power, and prestige. It is also referred to by sociologists as socioeconomic status.
A belief in spirits or ghosts, thought to populate the same world as human beings
Animism
Immigrants abandon their original customs and practices, moulding their behaviour to the values and norms of the majority
Assimilation
Author of the work Course of Positive Philosophy
Auguste Comte
The founder of positivism in sociology is
Auguste Comte
The founder of understanding sociology is
Auguste Comte
Who implemented the term sociology into the scientific circulation?
Auguste Comte
Who gave law of three stages in sociology?
Auguste Comte.
Who introduced the term "sociology" directly into scientific circulation
Auguste Comte.
Robert Merton
Author of structural strain theory.
Push and pull factors
Causes of migration.
Representative of the biological approach to the explanation of deviance
Cesare Lombroso
Who created the looking-glass self theory?
Charles Cooley.
A form of religious organization that is an autonomous, highly centralized institution that is hierarchical and widespread
Church
Type of stratification system in which the basis of differentiation is ranks in the power hierarchy
Class system
Type of question offering the respondent the choice of one of the lists of responses provided
Closed-ended question
Which theory addresses the points of stress and conflict in society and the ways in which they contribute to social change
Conflict theory.
A behavior that violates official law and is punishable through formal sanctions
Crime.
The source of information, the unit of information in the collection of sociological data by the method of content analysis is
Document
Causes of migration
Economic factors, political factors, environmental factors, and social factors.
Author of work Suicide. Sociological study
Emile Durkheim
The concept of anomie was introduced into science by
Emile Durkheim
The idea of the historical process as a transition from mechanical solidarity to organic solidarity, based on a deepening division of labor and social differentiation, belongs to
Emile Durkheim
Which of the representatives of world sociology is the author of the work The Division of Labour in Society
Emile Durkheim
The historical type of stratification system, the main structural element of which is a closed social group, belonging to which is determined solely by the birth of a person, is
Estate system
Type of stratification system in which the basis of differentiation is the religious and ethnic division of labor
Estate system
Ethnic assimilation is
Ethnic assimilation refers to the process of cultural and social integration of a minority ethnic group into the dominant culture of a society.
Ethnic diaspora is
Ethnic diaspora refers to the dispersal or migration of a particular ethnic group from their ancestral homeland to other parts of the world.
Ethnic sociology studies
Ethnic sociology studies the social structures and processes of ethnic groups, their cultures, and their interactions with other groups in society.
An example of a qualitative sociological (group) research is
Ethnography
Ethnos is
Ethnos refers to a social group that shares a common culture, language, and history.
Family type characterized by living together for several generations
Extended family
What the family is NOT
Family is not a fixed, static institution and its definition and composition can vary across cultures and over time.
Which of the following is typically the earliest agent of socialization?
Family.
Migration by social, political, or religious oppression causes
Forced migration or refugee migration.
Spousal abuse is an example of a
Form of domestic violence and a form of intimate partner violence (IPV).
The characteristic features of an industrial society do NOT include
Heavy reliance on agriculture as the main economic activity
Which of the following scientists developed the theory of the evolutionary development of society?
Herbert Spencer
Cohabitation
Living together as a romantically involved, unmarried couple.
A form of relationship between a man and a woman, sanctioned and regulated by society, which determines their rights and obligations in relation to each other
Marriage
Heterogamy or Exogamy
Marrying someone from a different social group.
Homogamy
Marrying someone of similar race or ethnicity, class, education, religion, region, or nationality.
Type of family according to the criterion of leadership, in which a woman dominates
Matriarchal family
Author of the sociological work The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism
Max Weber
Who introduced the concept of ideal type into sociology?
Max Weber
Which philosophical direction is represented by M.Weber
Max Weber is associated with the philosophy of social action, also known as interpretive sociology.
Type of stratification system in which the basis of differentiation is occupation and qualification
Meritocracy
Demographic structure change is a consequence of
Migration and other demographic factors such as birth and death rates.
Forced migration
Migration by social, political or religious oppression causes.
Movement of people from one geographic area to another for the purposes of resettling
Migration.
Members of this group are disadvantaged when compared with the dominant group - a group possessing more wealth, power and prestige - and have some sense of group solidarity, of belonging together
Minority group
Migration
Movement of people from one geographic area to another for the purposes of resettling.
Social mobility
Movement within the stratification system of a particular society, whether it's a small town, a state or nation, or the entire world.
The method of collecting primary sociological information by directly recording events and processes taking place under certain conditions and entering them in the diary is
Participant observation
Type of family according to the criterion of leadership, in which a man dominates
Patriarchal family
Preliminary study method to verify and adjust all elements of the main study
Pilot study
The author of the concept of social mobility
Pitirim Sorokin
Type of stratification system in which the basis of differentiation is the amount of income and property
Plutocracy
A form of religion that is a system of many gods
Polytheism
Which research technique would most likely be used by a symbolic interactionist?
Qualitative research methods, such as participant observation and in-depth interviews.
Expressive tasks
Remembering relatives' birthdays, playing Chutes and Ladders with the kids and etc. are the examples of expressive tasks (when generally achieve emotional or relational goals in family).
Author of structural strain theory
Robert Merton.
Representatives of the psychological theory of deviance are
Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson
On the ideas of which scientist the psychoanalytic school in sociology is based
Sigmund Freud.
The transfer of social experience from parents to children is performed by such a function of the family as
Socialization
Social order
Societies practice social control to maintain social order.
Which of the following best describes sociology as a subject?
Sociology is the scientific study of human society, including patterns of social relationships, social interaction, and culture.
Which definition of sociology is more exact?
Sociology is the scientific study of human society, social relationships, and social institutions.
The three major sociological paradigms that offer explanations for the motivation behind deviance and crime
Structural-functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism.
The most common method of collecting sociological information is
Survey
Which of these theories is most likely to look at the social world on a micro level?
Symbolic interactionism.
Which theory addresses the subjective meanings of human acts and the processes through which people come to develop and communicate shared meanings
Symbolic interactionism.
Law of Three Stages
The Law of Three Stages is a theory proposed by Auguste Comte that suggests that human thought and society develop through three distinct stages: 1. The theological stage, where people explain natural phenomena in terms of supernatural or divine beings or forces. 2. The metaphysical stage, where people begin to reject supernatural explanations and seek rational and abstract explanations for natural phenomena. 3. The positive or scientific stage, where people base their understanding of the world on scientific observation, experimentation, and empirical evidence.
Max Weber
The author of the book "The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism".
Social control
The regulation and enforcement of norms.
An early form of religion, the belief in the existence of a supernatural connection, a relationship between a group of people and some kind of animal or plant
Totemism
Social inequality
Unequal distribution of wealth, power, and prestige results.
What are the two types of vertical social mobility?
Upward mobility and downward mobility
Migration by better educational and health opportunities causes
Voluntary migration.
Instrumental tasks
Washing the dishes, fixing the gutters, cooking the dinners and etc. are the examples of instrumental tasks (when generally achieve a tangible goal in family).
Stance of the society when there are no generally accepted behavior standards, and the system of value and norms is destroyed
anomie
Type of questions that give a respondent a fix number of choices
closed-ended questions
A research method that refers to the systematic examination of documents of any sort
content analysis
The group in an experiment that does not receive the independent variable
control group
Deviant acts punishable by law are defined by the term
crime
One of the type of sociological survey
cross-sectional survey
Subfield of sociology that examines population size, composition, and distribution
demography, which studies the characteristics of human populations, including birth and death rates, migration patterns, and population density.
A research method in which researchers participate in their subjects' daily life, observe daily life, or interview people in depth about their lives
ethnography
A research method in which the researcher manipulates the independent variable to test theories of cause and effect
experiment
The group in an experiment that experiences the independent variable
experimental group
Correlates (statistics) of crime
factors that are associated with higher or lower rates of crime, such as poverty, education level, age, gender, and race.
Decline in the birth rate, child homelessness, juvenile delinquency are manifestations of the dysfunction of the institution
family
Small social group connected by kinship and marriage
family
Group interview also can be called
focus group
Migration by overcrowding, lack of sanitation, and resource crunch causes
forced migration or displacement, often due to environmental or political factors, such as natural disasters, war, or persecution.
Explanation for a phenomenon based on a conjecture about the relationship between the phenomenon and one or more causal factors
hypothesis
Recognition oneself, relating oneself to another subject, group, social image in the process of socialization is called
identification
Structural-functional theory
is a macro-level theory that focuses on the ways in which social structures contribute to the stability of society.
Type or research when we use both quantitative and qualitative methods
mixed-methods research
Type of questions that leave respondents with a space in which to write their answers
open-ended questions
The process of deciding exactly how to measure a given variable is called
operationalization
If a sociologist joined the participants of the demonstration to conduct research, then he conducts
participant observation
The best—and perhaps only—way to study highly stigmatized behaviors such as injecting illegal drug
participant observation
Trial run in which just a few people complete a questionnaire
pilot study
Methods attempt to gather detailed, rich data allowing for an in-depth understanding of individual action in the context of social life
qualitative research methods
Methods try to measure social phenomena and use mathematical models and, often, statistical analysis to explain them
quantitative research methods
A sample is chosen so that every member of the population has the same probability of being included
random sampling
In a pre-industrial society, most of the emerging social needs are satisfied by the institution
religion
The property of the sample to reflect the characteristics of the general population is called
representativeness
A document containing a theoretical substantiation of methodological approaches and methodological techniques for studying a certain phenomenon or process is called
research design
Any set of people selected according to socially significant criteria
sample
Recruitment technique in which research participants are asked to assist researchers in identifying other potential subjects
snowball sampling
Movements of individuals in the system of social hierarchy, accompanied by an increase or decrease in social status
social mobility
The dysfunction of a social institution is manifested in the following
social problems
The transfer of social experience from parents to children is performed by such a function of the family as
socialization
Research method which can be quite inexpensive comparing with other methods
survey
The actual population selected for the research
target population
The method of collecting sociological data, in which text messages are the sources of information, is called
textual analysis
A. Comte considered sociology as
the "queen of the sciences" and believed that it could provide a comprehensive understanding of human society.
Seasonal migration is
the movement of people from one place to another for a specific period of time each year, often to find work or avoid extreme weather conditions.
Internal migration is
the movement of people from one place to another within the same country.
What is the social structure?
the patterned relationships between individuals and groups in a society, including roles, norms, and institutions
Informal social control is
the use of informal social norms, values, and beliefs to regulate behavior and maintain social order, often enforced by family, friends, or the community.
Formal social control is
the use of laws, rules, and regulations to maintain social order and regulate behavior, often enforced by institutions such as the police or the legal system.
An interrelated set of assumptions that explains observed patterns
theory
The main purpose of all social institutions is
to meet basic societal needs
Displacement of individuals in the social hierarchy system, accompanied by an increase in social status
upward mobility
Promotion is an example of
upward social mobility
The process of concentrating populations in cities
urbanization, which refers to the growth of urban areas due to rural-to-urban migration and natural population growth.
Research that allows to get information about the motivations of behavior, attitudes of people, that is to get an answer to the question
«Why?» are called : Qualitative research
