Sociology FINAL

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Polygyny

A system of marriage that allows men to have multiple wives.

Suicides committed in the name of duty, E. Durkheim calls

Altruistic suicides

Verbal sanction

An angry comment is an example of a verbal sanction.

A system of forced racial segregation

Apartheid

Type of stratification system in which gender, age and physical data form the basis of differentiation

Caste system

The author of the book "Suicide"

Emile Durkheim.

Who is the author of the concept of the human mind being an aggregation of three interconnected components

Id, Ego and Superego: Sigmund Freud

C. Wright Mills once said that sociologists need to develop a sociological __________ to study how society affects individuals

Imagination.

An angry comment is an example of ... sanction

Informal negative sanction.

A student has a habit of talking on their cell phone during class. One day, the professor stops the lecture and asks the student to respect others in the class by turning off the phone. In this situation, the professor used __________ to maintain social control

Informal social control.

Two main authors on sociological perspectives of labor

Karl Marx and Emile Durkheim.

Amount of physical, mental, and social effort used to produce goods and services in an economy

Labor.

A form of marriage that is the union of one man and one woman

Monogamy

The question of a sociological questionnaire, to which the respondent must independently formulate the content of his answer, is called

Open-ended question

Violation of norms that does not result in any long-term effects on the individual's self-image or interactions with others

Primary deviance.

Socialization

Process of learning the roles, statuses, and values necessary for participation in social institutions.

In what concept is a person considered as a three-level education (id, ego, super-ego)?

Psychoanalytic theory

Research into objective, quantifiable characteristics of human behaviour is called

Quantitative research

Race is used to classify individuals or groups of people

Race is a social construct that has been used to classify individuals or groups of people based on physical characteristics such as skin color or facial features.

A form of religious organization, which is a closed group that has arisen within a religious movement recognized by society as an opposition movement

Sect

The process by which beliefs in the supernatural and related rituals are questioned and the institution of religion loses its social influence

Secularization

A type of stratification system based on direct violence and coercion. Social groups differ in the presence or absence of civil rights and property rights

Slavery system

The regulation and enforcement of norms

Social control.

Friends relate to

Social network

Societies practice social control to maintain

Social order and conformity to cultural norms and values.

A social process that involves a qualitative transformation of the entire system of social relations, up to the breaking of the established orders and the formation of new ones, is ...

Social revolution

The study of society and social behavior.

Sociology

The theory which addresses the question of social organization (structure) and how it is maintained (function)

Structural-functional theory.

A form of indirect telephone polling

Telephone survey

E. Durkheim considered the main indicator of progress

The division of labor

Auguste Comte

The founder of positivism in sociology.

Number of sample units

The number of sample units refers to the number of individual units or participants in a research study.

Macrosociology

The study of large-scale social structures and the fundamental principles of social organization.

Microsociology

The study of small-scale patterns of social interactions and how they influence larger social structures.

Conflict theory

The theory which focuses on how socialization reinforces unequal power arrangements.

Karl Marx

Which founder of sociology believed societies changed due to class struggle?

What is the social sanction?

a mechanism of social control that enforces conformity to norms through rewards and punishments

According to Durkheim, the concept of anomie means

a state of normlessness or a lack of social regulation

What is the social norm?

a widely accepted standard of behavior within a society that prescribes the appropriate way to behave in various situations

Deviant behavior is

behavior that violates social norms and is subject to negative social reactions

The central concept of sociology K. Marx is

class struggle

What social institution corresponds to the need to ensure the reproduction and development of society through the organized transfer of social experience in the form of knowledge, skills and abilities

education

A type of social mobility in which there is no increase or decrease in the social status of an individual

horizontal mobility

A statement about relationships that we expect to find if our theory is correct

hypothesis

Which of the following stratification systems is open?

meritocracy

The process of socialization begins at the age

of birth.

All people who could potentially be studied as part of the research

population

The functions of the family do not include

regulation of political activities

A person who is interviewed in a sociological study is called

respondent

Bankruptcy is an example

status inconsistency

Socialization is

the process by which individuals learn and internalize the values, beliefs, and norms of their culture

Stigmatization theory explains deviant behavior as

the result of labeling individuals as deviant and treating them accordingly, leading to a self-fulfilling prophecy

What is the object of sociology?

the scientific study of human society, including patterns of social relationships, social interaction, and culture

The father of modern racism, proposed the existence of just three races

white (Caucasian), black (Negroid) and yellow (Mongoloid) : Johann Friedrich Blumenbach

Max Weber made detailed studies of Hinduism, Buddhism, Taoism and ancient Judaism, he wrote extensively about the impact of Christianity on the history of the West in his book called...

"The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism"

Crime

A behavior that violates official law and is punishable through formal sanctions.

Polytheism

A belief in many gods.

Nuclear family

A family group consisting of a father, a mother, and their dependent children, excluding any other kin.

Caste system

A form of social stratification in which status is determined by one's family history and background and cannot be changed.

Extended family

A large group of kin, or relatives, which could include grandparents, uncles, aunts, and cousins living in one household.

The sociometric method is

A method for studying social relationships between individuals or groups

The expert survey is

A method of collecting data in which a group of experts provides opinions and judgments on a specific topic

Horizontal mobility

A mobility, which is fairly common, refers to the changing of jobs within a class: a therapist who shifts careers so that he can teach college.

Vertical mobility

A movement up or down the social ladder, and thus is often called upward or downward mobility.

Social stratification

A process when members of a given society are categorized and divided into groups, which are then placed in a social hierarchy.

A sampling is defined as

A subset of a larger population selected to represent the characteristics of that population

Polyandry

A system of marriage that allows women to have multiple husbands.

Social class

A system of stratification practiced primarily in capitalist societies, ranks groups of people according to their wealth, property, power, and prestige. It is also referred to by sociologists as socioeconomic status.

A belief in spirits or ghosts, thought to populate the same world as human beings

Animism

Immigrants abandon their original customs and practices, moulding their behaviour to the values and norms of the majority

Assimilation

Author of the work Course of Positive Philosophy

Auguste Comte

The founder of positivism in sociology is

Auguste Comte

The founder of understanding sociology is

Auguste Comte

Who implemented the term sociology into the scientific circulation?

Auguste Comte

Who gave law of three stages in sociology?

Auguste Comte.

Who introduced the term "sociology" directly into scientific circulation

Auguste Comte.

Robert Merton

Author of structural strain theory.

Push and pull factors

Causes of migration.

Representative of the biological approach to the explanation of deviance

Cesare Lombroso

Who created the looking-glass self theory?

Charles Cooley.

A form of religious organization that is an autonomous, highly centralized institution that is hierarchical and widespread

Church

Type of stratification system in which the basis of differentiation is ranks in the power hierarchy

Class system

Type of question offering the respondent the choice of one of the lists of responses provided

Closed-ended question

Which theory addresses the points of stress and conflict in society and the ways in which they contribute to social change

Conflict theory.

A behavior that violates official law and is punishable through formal sanctions

Crime.

The source of information, the unit of information in the collection of sociological data by the method of content analysis is

Document

Causes of migration

Economic factors, political factors, environmental factors, and social factors.

Author of work Suicide. Sociological study

Emile Durkheim

The concept of anomie was introduced into science by

Emile Durkheim

The idea of the historical process as a transition from mechanical solidarity to organic solidarity, based on a deepening division of labor and social differentiation, belongs to

Emile Durkheim

Which of the representatives of world sociology is the author of the work The Division of Labour in Society

Emile Durkheim

The historical type of stratification system, the main structural element of which is a closed social group, belonging to which is determined solely by the birth of a person, is

Estate system

Type of stratification system in which the basis of differentiation is the religious and ethnic division of labor

Estate system

Ethnic assimilation is

Ethnic assimilation refers to the process of cultural and social integration of a minority ethnic group into the dominant culture of a society.

Ethnic diaspora is

Ethnic diaspora refers to the dispersal or migration of a particular ethnic group from their ancestral homeland to other parts of the world.

Ethnic sociology studies

Ethnic sociology studies the social structures and processes of ethnic groups, their cultures, and their interactions with other groups in society.

An example of a qualitative sociological (group) research is

Ethnography

Ethnos is

Ethnos refers to a social group that shares a common culture, language, and history.

Family type characterized by living together for several generations

Extended family

What the family is NOT

Family is not a fixed, static institution and its definition and composition can vary across cultures and over time.

Which of the following is typically the earliest agent of socialization?

Family.

Migration by social, political, or religious oppression causes

Forced migration or refugee migration.

Spousal abuse is an example of a

Form of domestic violence and a form of intimate partner violence (IPV).

The characteristic features of an industrial society do NOT include

Heavy reliance on agriculture as the main economic activity

Which of the following scientists developed the theory of the evolutionary development of society?

Herbert Spencer

Cohabitation

Living together as a romantically involved, unmarried couple.

A form of relationship between a man and a woman, sanctioned and regulated by society, which determines their rights and obligations in relation to each other

Marriage

Heterogamy or Exogamy

Marrying someone from a different social group.

Homogamy

Marrying someone of similar race or ethnicity, class, education, religion, region, or nationality.

Type of family according to the criterion of leadership, in which a woman dominates

Matriarchal family

Author of the sociological work The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism

Max Weber

Who introduced the concept of ideal type into sociology?

Max Weber

Which philosophical direction is represented by M.Weber

Max Weber is associated with the philosophy of social action, also known as interpretive sociology.

Type of stratification system in which the basis of differentiation is occupation and qualification

Meritocracy

Demographic structure change is a consequence of

Migration and other demographic factors such as birth and death rates.

Forced migration

Migration by social, political or religious oppression causes.

Movement of people from one geographic area to another for the purposes of resettling

Migration.

Members of this group are disadvantaged when compared with the dominant group - a group possessing more wealth, power and prestige - and have some sense of group solidarity, of belonging together

Minority group

Migration

Movement of people from one geographic area to another for the purposes of resettling.

Social mobility

Movement within the stratification system of a particular society, whether it's a small town, a state or nation, or the entire world.

The method of collecting primary sociological information by directly recording events and processes taking place under certain conditions and entering them in the diary is

Participant observation

Type of family according to the criterion of leadership, in which a man dominates

Patriarchal family

Preliminary study method to verify and adjust all elements of the main study

Pilot study

The author of the concept of social mobility

Pitirim Sorokin

Type of stratification system in which the basis of differentiation is the amount of income and property

Plutocracy

A form of religion that is a system of many gods

Polytheism

Which research technique would most likely be used by a symbolic interactionist?

Qualitative research methods, such as participant observation and in-depth interviews.

Expressive tasks

Remembering relatives' birthdays, playing Chutes and Ladders with the kids and etc. are the examples of expressive tasks (when generally achieve emotional or relational goals in family).

Author of structural strain theory

Robert Merton.

Representatives of the psychological theory of deviance are

Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson

On the ideas of which scientist the psychoanalytic school in sociology is based

Sigmund Freud.

The transfer of social experience from parents to children is performed by such a function of the family as

Socialization

Social order

Societies practice social control to maintain social order.

Which of the following best describes sociology as a subject?

Sociology is the scientific study of human society, including patterns of social relationships, social interaction, and culture.

Which definition of sociology is more exact?

Sociology is the scientific study of human society, social relationships, and social institutions.

The three major sociological paradigms that offer explanations for the motivation behind deviance and crime

Structural-functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism.

The most common method of collecting sociological information is

Survey

Which of these theories is most likely to look at the social world on a micro level?

Symbolic interactionism.

Which theory addresses the subjective meanings of human acts and the processes through which people come to develop and communicate shared meanings

Symbolic interactionism.

Law of Three Stages

The Law of Three Stages is a theory proposed by Auguste Comte that suggests that human thought and society develop through three distinct stages: 1. The theological stage, where people explain natural phenomena in terms of supernatural or divine beings or forces. 2. The metaphysical stage, where people begin to reject supernatural explanations and seek rational and abstract explanations for natural phenomena. 3. The positive or scientific stage, where people base their understanding of the world on scientific observation, experimentation, and empirical evidence.

Max Weber

The author of the book "The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism".

Social control

The regulation and enforcement of norms.

An early form of religion, the belief in the existence of a supernatural connection, a relationship between a group of people and some kind of animal or plant

Totemism

Social inequality

Unequal distribution of wealth, power, and prestige results.

What are the two types of vertical social mobility?

Upward mobility and downward mobility

Migration by better educational and health opportunities causes

Voluntary migration.

Instrumental tasks

Washing the dishes, fixing the gutters, cooking the dinners and etc. are the examples of instrumental tasks (when generally achieve a tangible goal in family).

Stance of the society when there are no generally accepted behavior standards, and the system of value and norms is destroyed

anomie

Type of questions that give a respondent a fix number of choices

closed-ended questions

A research method that refers to the systematic examination of documents of any sort

content analysis

The group in an experiment that does not receive the independent variable

control group

Deviant acts punishable by law are defined by the term

crime

One of the type of sociological survey

cross-sectional survey

Subfield of sociology that examines population size, composition, and distribution

demography, which studies the characteristics of human populations, including birth and death rates, migration patterns, and population density.

A research method in which researchers participate in their subjects' daily life, observe daily life, or interview people in depth about their lives

ethnography

A research method in which the researcher manipulates the independent variable to test theories of cause and effect

experiment

The group in an experiment that experiences the independent variable

experimental group

Correlates (statistics) of crime

factors that are associated with higher or lower rates of crime, such as poverty, education level, age, gender, and race.

Decline in the birth rate, child homelessness, juvenile delinquency are manifestations of the dysfunction of the institution

family

Small social group connected by kinship and marriage

family

Group interview also can be called

focus group

Migration by overcrowding, lack of sanitation, and resource crunch causes

forced migration or displacement, often due to environmental or political factors, such as natural disasters, war, or persecution.

Explanation for a phenomenon based on a conjecture about the relationship between the phenomenon and one or more causal factors

hypothesis

Recognition oneself, relating oneself to another subject, group, social image in the process of socialization is called

identification

Structural-functional theory

is a macro-level theory that focuses on the ways in which social structures contribute to the stability of society.

Type or research when we use both quantitative and qualitative methods

mixed-methods research

Type of questions that leave respondents with a space in which to write their answers

open-ended questions

The process of deciding exactly how to measure a given variable is called

operationalization

If a sociologist joined the participants of the demonstration to conduct research, then he conducts

participant observation

The best—and perhaps only—way to study highly stigmatized behaviors such as injecting illegal drug

participant observation

Trial run in which just a few people complete a questionnaire

pilot study

Methods attempt to gather detailed, rich data allowing for an in-depth understanding of individual action in the context of social life

qualitative research methods

Methods try to measure social phenomena and use mathematical models and, often, statistical analysis to explain them

quantitative research methods

A sample is chosen so that every member of the population has the same probability of being included

random sampling

In a pre-industrial society, most of the emerging social needs are satisfied by the institution

religion

The property of the sample to reflect the characteristics of the general population is called

representativeness

A document containing a theoretical substantiation of methodological approaches and methodological techniques for studying a certain phenomenon or process is called

research design

Any set of people selected according to socially significant criteria

sample

Recruitment technique in which research participants are asked to assist researchers in identifying other potential subjects

snowball sampling

Movements of individuals in the system of social hierarchy, accompanied by an increase or decrease in social status

social mobility

The dysfunction of a social institution is manifested in the following

social problems

The transfer of social experience from parents to children is performed by such a function of the family as

socialization

Research method which can be quite inexpensive comparing with other methods

survey

The actual population selected for the research

target population

The method of collecting sociological data, in which text messages are the sources of information, is called

textual analysis

A. Comte considered sociology as

the "queen of the sciences" and believed that it could provide a comprehensive understanding of human society.

Seasonal migration is

the movement of people from one place to another for a specific period of time each year, often to find work or avoid extreme weather conditions.

Internal migration is

the movement of people from one place to another within the same country.

What is the social structure?

the patterned relationships between individuals and groups in a society, including roles, norms, and institutions

Informal social control is

the use of informal social norms, values, and beliefs to regulate behavior and maintain social order, often enforced by family, friends, or the community.

Formal social control is

the use of laws, rules, and regulations to maintain social order and regulate behavior, often enforced by institutions such as the police or the legal system.

An interrelated set of assumptions that explains observed patterns

theory

The main purpose of all social institutions is

to meet basic societal needs

Displacement of individuals in the social hierarchy system, accompanied by an increase in social status

upward mobility

Promotion is an example of

upward social mobility

The process of concentrating populations in cities

urbanization, which refers to the growth of urban areas due to rural-to-urban migration and natural population growth.

Research that allows to get information about the motivations of behavior, attitudes of people, that is to get an answer to the question

«Why?» are called : Qualitative research


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