Sociology Final

Lawsuits 1990 Garza v. county of Los Angeles Shaw V. Reno 1993 Shelby County V. Holder 1973 Japanese - Mexican labor association strike 1903

1990 Garza v. county of Los Angeles LA county board of supervisors district: by bringing this lawsuit they were able to change lines so latinos would be the majority of voters and Gloria Molina was elected. Mexican american Legal Defense and Educational Fund (MALDEF) with its focus on civil rights of latinos was able to bring down political barrier , helped them assimilate and integrate into political mainstream. redistricting 2000 state legislature: conflict of interest bc ppl were saying that the legislatures were more interested in drawing districts to ensure re election than looking out for voting rights of residents 2010 independent commission: from 2010 forward, the civilian panel did the redistricting in our state Shaw V. Reno 1993 (supreme court, case) race cannot be the predominant factor (ruled by supreme court) you can consider race when drawing a district, but it can only be one of many factors. Shelby County V. Holder 1973 voting rights act "Manch fong Yu (sec of state) won many of her elections by some of the largest numbers, but didn't get votes in the north" Japanese - Mexican labor association strike 1903 -farm workers in oxnard, overwhelming majority of ppl who harvested the crop, they were concerned about fees they had to pay contractor. held meetings in Japanese, Spanish and english, Went on strike and were successful. tried to join american federation of labor, AFL said no. but accepted the Mexican workers, not the Japanese workers. The Mexican workers then said no. Judy Chu, assembly 2001 congress 2009 district: 37% asian, 27% nation, 29% white -"this is an example of voters going beyond race" Hilda Solis became secretary of labor, appointed by Obama went to USC(masters) Cal Poly (bachelors) supports judy chu

MELA Activism

Activism comes from gender responsibilities and networks, their family concerns are what get them involved in community organizations, to defend their children, families, ways of life (ex. Finding safe ways for kids to get to school) bc of this women are aware of community issues! These social networks develop from these womens daily lives and turns into political activism. These networks developed mainly through catholic church and catholic schools where they have to volunteer. Women seen as protector of family/community Activism: gender and networks. Importance of gender! Doing this bc women and protectors of community Also forms from collective memory of what has happened there in their community. History of activism for Mexican americans. Boyle Heights: ethnic homeland. Sugar fields in Oxnard, ufw in Coachella valley East LA blowouts 1968: concern of education Chicano Moretorium 1969-1971: protests over Vietnam war Race and activism: dumping ground freeways, rezoning of boyle heights for industrial projects. Collective memory of boyle heights as a dumping ground.

Gordon

Adaptation: United states, how immigrants adapt to life in US Robert park: 1920s came up with assimilation theory, also came up with urban ecology. Chicago rural and urban and international immigrants how they adapt to life in US. Milton gordon 1960s: model of assimilation, built upon parks theory. Model of adaptation based on the theory of european immigrants which he applied to immigrants from all over the world. Native born white protestants are core group and set the standards to which other groups then adapt to and he called this process Anglo Conformity, in terms of language, legal customs, etc. based: european immigrants, descendants core group 1920s Park: assimilation- progressive thoery dramatically differnt way of looking at race Race was seen as biological, in that biology there were inherent differences of heirarchy of races. if rooted in bio this would not change over time Today its supporting the status quo seen as conservative theory bc all groups will assimilate, focus on individual in groups, by not recognizing institutional discrimination they dont need to address systemic inequality model: white ethnics, all will follow this model, irish originally seen as inferior now in US normal life. African/latinos/asians will soon follow this

Explain the situation of African Americans according to Gordon and his assimilation theory.

African americans experience cultural, but not structural assimilation yet, but eventually they will Inter Marriage is a sign of assimilation bc: race is declining in importance, more tolerance now. Patriarchy: unequal power relations between men/women, can patriarchy continue in a marriage between man and woman, yes. If people of two dif races marry, it is a societal change and society has a dif view of race, within the marriage there is a decline in race, but really Racism, racial hierarchy, can still occur in this marriage and society Structural: integration into major institutions of society, look at registering to vote, running for office, electing to office, these political things are a growing indicator of assimilation of african americans with obama being elected

Construction of whiteness example

Atlantic square

America Becoming: made in the 1980s (is this in Saito or new source?)

Barry Hatch former mayor: immigrants built america but they are slowly getting punished for it, led council voting to declare english official language of city, limit chinese books in library, tried to ban use of foreign language on commerical signage, Joe Rubin slow growth organization anti growth or anti chinese?: this group was concerned with growth and that monterey park was growing too quickly with malls apartments etc worried about increased traffic/polution, is his organization really worried about growth or anti chines/immigrant Judy Chu mayor, city council member 1964 immigration act: quotas were knocked down, edward/ted kennedy Monterey park had a lot of racial conflict, documentary on 6 cities apart of the city funded by ford

Lipsitz

Battle of conflict over images: boyle heights problem space vs community Importance of popular music

Explain and discuss the view of race as a biological category versus a social construction. Biology

Biology: looking back at history, race was biologically based. Physical characteristics that divided the worlds people between race. These characteristics belieed to be indicators of certain qualities: skin color, hair, etc influenced intelligence, moral worth, character. Eugenics: part of racist biology, improve equality of the group through selective breeding. Want intelligence, moral worth they can improve or get worse bc those characteristics believed to be biologically based. early 1900s. "Races cannot be cross bread, if so America will become worthless" Supposedly supported by science, such as with iq tests they found jews and italians to be fable minded. Human betterment Foundation: 1926-1942, Von Keinsmad former usc president was apart of it Racial Hierarchy: fell into racial biology, races can be ranked due to the racist characteristics. White northern europeans at top, used to justifying racist policies (genocide of native americans, segregation, black slaves). Irish, italians, slav, jews, english were seen as different races in the past now the are all white

Discuss the positive and negative aspects of the NFL Stadium proposal.

CSL Report Financial risks and private sector Costs? Revenues? All projections, dont know how accurate they are. This stadium cant be built if NFL team doesnt go to LA, if they are able to bring a team to the city what would that cost of the contract between AEG & NFL team: stadium, convention center, nfl team 1995 22 new nfl stadium 21 private/public funded Farmers field aeg funds, this is unique bc it wouldnt use public financing bc AEG said they would cover any cost that wasnt covered in the budget. Private funding. Play Fair at Farmers FIELD Coalition Legal aid foundation provide legal services for low income residents LA community action network: advocates for the homeless (homeless have no political power) most money spent on homeless is for policing on the homeless Physicians for social responsibility: Gentrification: is displacement of residents Loss of affordable housing, traffic, air pollution, wages: stadium jobs LA is most expensive city to live in, when doing stuff for the city, city residents need to be hired but sometimes they go out of the city, local hiring programs: those who are most effected by project get hired Negatives: Farmers Field Issues when you have an event, need lots of police and fire dept personnel, farmers field said city of industry the developer would pay 100% of those fees, for AEG plan developers would pay 0, tax payers would pay all of it. Public funds involved in other ways, just not construction. City of industry: would spend 29 million to address traffic issues, widen streets make on ramps for freeways better. AEG would only spend 10 million Industry: developer would pay 1.5 mil per year to go to dif community groups, where AEG proposed no long term investment

Why did MALDEF file this lawsuit? What did the judges conclude? Include a discussion of racially-polarized voting. is this right?

California Journal Debate on this thoughts from state legislature/Senate redistricing staff: Maldef is stuck in a 20 year time warp, voters gone beyond race. Look at record of WHite elected officials. judges focused on number of elected latino officials and non latinos voting for them. Saying latinos are all alike, which is not true (mostly white community with latino official prob not concerned w immigration, where mostly latino with latino offical prob would) Maldef: focusing on creating districts in which latinos have an influential latino vote. Analyze demographic and political data in order to develop districts to give latinos influential voice as a voting block. They got views from both sides, they have very different concerns. Cano v Davis (2000-2002): MALDEF said the redistricting plan was protecting white incumbent officials and the latinos weren't being represented in their voting districts. latino communites (MALDEF) fought against the state legislature saying how they redistricted the voting lines was unconstitutional, but their redistricting plan still got passed with the fragmented districts bc they said that they were because latino people were being elected to office and white people were voting for them too. The primary issue was latinos not making up enough of the voting district blocks to truly understand what their views are. Just bc a latino is elected does not mean they are looking out for latino views. What was the courts decision? Racialized polarized voting is not an issue. Judges based decision on election results, MALDEF's main issue: cared about the redrawing of boundaries In election of Obama or Villarigosa how did race, class, gender, social networks play a role in their election?

Political Economy examples

Cano v Davis (MALDEF lawsuit)

Describe the lawsuit Cano v. Davis in the Los Angeles area. is this the same as maldef?

Cano v davis 2001-2002: Maldef lawsuit 2000 against redistricting plan of 2000 census: state legislature carried out redistricting, so maldef charged that the plan created by state legislature that the districts were drawn to protect/enhance the reelection of the incumbents: Change: incumbent protection plan. THe result for latinos was Vote dilution: reduce number of latinos in each district to favor white candidates, fragmenting. The population was growing with latinos, so they drew the districts in this way. Can do opposite as well: make all the minorities in 1 district so they only get minimal votes, this is called packing. EIther way minimalizing political influence of latinos. Racially polarized voting: voting in CA tend to vote for the candidate from their own racial group. Judges Decision: decided against maldefs lawsuit, and upheld the redistricting plan and rejected racially polarized voting. Evidence was looking at number of elected latinos, it was rising, and this was evidence that non latinos vote for latinos too

Russell

Case Study Vernon- Hazardous Waste Incinerator, 1980s Incinerator 125,000 pounds a day. 225,000 tons a year= 19,000 tons a year in ash infectious waste, It was a toxic waste incinerator not just every day trash 1987 UCLA Report: Very serious inconsistencies found in reports of the hazardous waste incinerator It had a Non hazardous classification: incinerator ash, but UCLA questioned that bc it was toxic 26 schools: with kids out inhaling this ash Dozens of food-related industries were by this site, theres going to be so much ash/dirt around that it might go into food Used the power of eminent domain to acquire the land, but when the project was killed, there was just vacant land. It turned into a farm. Access to food is a problem in lower income urban areas (more expensive, less choice, lower quality food options) so this farm really helps out, was the largest urban farm in US Previous owner had right to buy back the land from the city, early 2000s sold it back to him for 5 mil, city bought it for 4.8 originally, but they wanted to keep the farm, Horowitz said okay ill sell it back for 16.3 million and farmers were able to raise the money to get it back. Annenberg provided the remaining 10 million, but the relation deteriorated and horiwitz refused the offer and wouldn't sell them back the land. Will be building garment building or trucking

Explain the effort to stop the incinerator (Russell)

Cerell Report: Politics of creating this type of project Demographics: opposition would be liberal, college educated, middle or young age, middle or high income. Find less opposition in communities where economic need is needed, heavy industrial area where this kind of activity is going on it could be better to get in Target potential opponents: survey communities to find potential opponents, have public hearings, public relations campaign to swing opinion and control the narrative. Just like controlling the narrative for prison in boyle heights Doesn't take into account the change. Since the 90ss, the report didn't recognize the rise in community activism taking place in working class African American and latino neighborhoods (mothers of east LA) Concerned citizens of LA formed to organize against this waste incinerator project Founded by Juanita Tate Mothers of East LA became involved in other projects, the wind would carry the ash northward toward them, and others asked them to get involved since they had so much previous success. They were successful in getting the toxic waste incinerator not to be built

Is it a good economic investment for cities?

Cities say its good bc it bring economic stuff to cities, economists rarely agree yet they say that in the research they are unanimous that there is not statistic significant correlation between economics and cities. Sports stadiums are not a good investment for cities

LA and importance of cities

Cities: sites of entertainment culture and tourism convention center sports arenas and stadiums The con and sports are Key part of strategy to make urban cities sites of entertainment.. LA: figeuroa corridor 1990s: lets develop figeorua as an entertainment and sports corridor, la live, staples center, coliseum at the end. Dodgers stadium close. Working to develop it in that way, SAGE was very concerned about this. WHat happens to the low income poeple living there? Displacemnt for new arenas, too high of rents, 200,000 working class people, most are poor median income is less than half the citys, 86% rent, 74% latino, 12% black, 5% asian, LA is the most expensive place to live in the country. Contested terrain: figeroua corridor, staples center to usc: sports entertainment district Convention center built in 1971 and expansion in 1993, area was declared blighted 410 units demolished 1500 people displaced, 500 were students in grades k-12 Museums in exposition parks 1990s, natural history museum show usc id card can get in for free walt disney concert hall 2003 la live 2007-2010 USC important part of this with galen center in 2006 Even tho the rams arent being housed in downtown la, we can learn from their stadium in Inglewood

Construction of whiteness

Concept of what races are are not concrete they are always changing, context: historical/social events Spatial organization (region, place) matters for race (japanese considered white in south africa during aparteid) Creating hierarchies for race based on race, heirarchal social order structurally created and embedded in our institutions: structural inequality Model Minority: arent labeled white in order to distinguish them as a diffrent race and is historically linked to why you needed to seperate that group in the first place. Political institutions there are no asian representatives, still seen as not citizens, excluding them from coming into the country Wealth through construction of whiteness: Key: accumulation of wealth through buying home is important. Change over time: study by delmier and phil ethington, looked at racial seg in LA and is still strong here, and whites who accumulate wealth to move away from neighborhoods that are changing racially, developers attract new audiences like san gabriel valley where all the whites left,

Explain and discuss the view of race as a biological category versus a social construction. Social

Culture and Environment: individuals and groups have culture that shape lives chances such as attitudes/values that shape work life family These ideas can impact govt policies, ex. social welfare that dont support culture of poverty. Charles murray says it perpetuates poverty, and/iq is a valid measure of intelligence bc some groups/cultures are less intelligent than others, social programs not getting to root of the problem, and he says women arent as smart as men either This is a fundamental difference than looking at differences by race. Culture can change so groups can change their position too Structural Factors: institutions: political and economic systems, events in society: globalization of the production process. Ho do you explain unemployment in urban areas: if focused o culture look at individual difference like work ethic, structural you look at deindustrialization, looking at race as factor segregation in schools, blaming the victim is structural factors Class: life chance- race. Emphasis on class resources and how they create/shape certain opportunities such as job networks, racism is diminishing and legacy of racism may create dif resources for groups but eventually it wont be an issue

Define environmental racism.

Dick Russell 1989 environmental racism Environmental racism hazardous, pollutant producing projects and industries in racial minority and low income communities disproportionate exposure to hazardous material residential communities work community- job v pollution individual- economic survival v. health gans: does society really want to get rid of poor? (they do dirty work of society)Environmental racism hazardous, pollutant producing projects and industries in racial minority and low income communities disproportionate exposure to hazardous material residential communities More people are mapping it out to see what areas have the most. CalEnviroScreen 2.0 tells all the different solution characteristics of a community

Political Economy examples

Environmental racism/so cal pipeline proposal

As part of this, discuss how individual experiences are transformed into group interests.

Focus on the family: effect of political participation This focus on family can be a resource for political action Family networks can be utilized for political activism Public v private schools. Most women involved in this had children in catholic schools, involved in volunteering for school and involved in church too, became a resource bc of the kinds of networks they had in the chirch/schools and these networks became an important part in community activism Political resources: ethnic and gender networks Women link home and political activism: their political work can link their roles as a wife/home. This activity was generated by women. They come from very traditional families so what do their husbands think of this? The women are taking a lead here. Womens husbands supported them bc they thought their work was important, but it didn't change the type of gendered household patterns: women took care of homes, cooked, cleaned, take care of children, okay with them adding politica activism as long as it didn't interfere with their traditional womanly values. Redefine womens work: this work by these women is not feminist bc its not challenging patriarchy. Doesn't conform to traditional view of feminism but these women transformed their roles in the home to add the new domain of political activism

How is racism defined?: Individual vs structural explanations

Framing the issue: limited conception of racism. How is racism define?: racism is defined as malicious individual acts, this definition misses structural forms of racism. Half the battle is framing the issue, creating definitions/images as true and accurate. Boyle heights definition and images: prison problem space, nimbyism vs MELA one of a number of unwanted projects dumped in their neighborhood. Problem space vs community/neighborhood with strong families/social institutions Sociospatial process: defined as individual misses socialspatial process. Power is exercised through geography Individual factors is based on facility siting and malicious intent (intent to locate this bad thing in this community of low income minorities), if you are focusing on this you are missing bigger picture of structural factors, systemic inequality, missing white privelage Whiteness: racial heirachy and racial privelage and practices that support it Sociospatial process of inequality supports environmental racism Pulidos definition: Racism is the practices and ideologies that are carried out by institutions and individuals that produce and support racial inequality Benefits true to white and systematically undermine racial minority

Functionalism vs Conflict Theory Gordon and Schlesinger: what is their theory of how society works?

Functionalism: focus: social order, major theory to study society society is compared to living organisms, every part has a function- survival of the organism. all parts are interrelated (parts: famly, economy, state, divison of labor) all contribute to the survival of the whole society shared: society is held together by common values, goals society is a Stable, well organized system and each part has a useful function is sustaining societal stability Similar to parks urban ecology. ex. family/gender roles reflection of every part has its function: men working, women stay home to take care of kids, help the system operate and continue going Conflict Theory: marx: class conflict, capitalist means of production, proleteariat workers different groups have dif values/interest to defend a continuous struggle over scarce resources that leads to conflict Weber: struggle over scarce resurces: power, wealth and prestige Contemporary society: conflict based on race, gender, sexuality, religion, etc Institutions reflect interests of those in power culture legitimates the system can explain things based on society: poverty based on race ex. family/gender roles: help to reproduce patriarchy and gender inequality in society. Thinking about family as institution of those in power, men have power and the family benefits the man and patriarchy and inequality

Struggles over images

GOVL Not in my backyard NIMBY: How the govt justifies the unwanted projects in the community. Accepted understanding of events Defining boyle heights: state officials say a prison is good there bc it would make it easier for residents of boyle hieghts to visit their relatives in prison. Constructing the view of boyle heights as a problem space. Barrio: problem space filled with criminals and gang members, but also saying many people don't live there mostly warehouses and industries so many people wouldn't be bad. Ethnic labels: Multicultural/racial neighborhood, how do you define Mexican americans? Synonymous with poor, criminals, gang members, now Donald trump is not so different MELA: The moms are depicting boyle heights as a Neighborhood Churches, good community, strong ties among the people who lived their

Main point

Gender ethnicity are not just labels but how they emerge from peoples every day experiences, from history of their group and neighborhoods. Embedded in different social relations, more than just an identity, how they translate their personal interest to a community interest is key! This then turned into political participation

Define the concepts of hegemony, counter hegemony, and organic intellectual.

Hegemony - domination of one group over another by political and ideological means. government, control of one group over another. Have what they believe of events be what everyone thinks. It reproduces control and inequality within society. \Institutions, Practices, and Ideologies - Reproduce Control and Inequality in Society. Economic, Social, and Political Benefits Created for One Group Over Another. example NIMBY: not in my backyard, very negative label, portrays a group as narrow and self interested movement. Opposing a project that would benefit the public as a whole. The govt controls what people think of this. They try to make believe that this is the best place to do it, they've done their research. Gov makes it seem likes it's a choice, democracy, but its not. Two Ways Hegemony is Achieved Consent: Ideological Domination Through the Institutions of Society, ex. State, Church, Education, Media, Etc. People Believe Society is Fair and Right - So Accept Coercion: Power of the State - Police and Courts used When People Disagree Residents had to create a counter hegemonic movement to combat this: Put forward their own meanings of themselves and images. Had to challenge govt and give expklantation why the prison shouldn't be built there. The local media helped them do this Problems space/not many people living there v Community/neighborhood: how you described boyle heights Public good and NIMBYSM: what the govt thinks and that it should be there v Dumping Ground: moms look at all the unwanted projects that have been there, look at history freeways, chavez ravine. Mothers of east la gave critical analysis of the history and prison Resisting Hegemony Traditional Intellectuals - Professionals, they Gain Expertise from Formal Training and Education Organic Intellectual - Everyday People they gain Knowledge from Analysis of Everyday Life and History. ex. MELA: Analyze the history of their community to show its been a dumping ground Critique of Society • Attempt to Win Consent • Counter-Hegemonic Analysis of Society: Draw on Collective Memory of the Past - Method to Critique the Present • History of Revolutions in Society

Define and explain the theory of assimilation. (Gordon 1964)

Immigrants and offspring become integrated into society when mixing cultures None of these groups are fully integrated into our society Different steps that allow people of out group to become part of the dominant group Structural: Documented or undocumented, need documentation to work go to school, recognized by home and host country for ability to study/work/live there Undocumented: can be culturally assimilated, but without proper documentation you cant go to certain schools, work somewhere, etc How is the immigrant/children being integrated into education, health care, social service, government Cultural: Adapt certain attitudes that you believe in now that you live in that dominant culture. Attitudes beliefs or values. In order to mix well. Can relate to religion, music, food you eat, Intermarriage: If immigrant is culturally assimilated not experiencing prejudice, seen as an equal, when marrying inter racially minority may have less power Usually need both in order to be fully assimilated Why there are gaps in this theory!!: China town, but china towns are seen as a place to try to preserve culture and tourist attractions This says Linear process, but segmented assimilation (Zhou and Portes) framework doesn't hold for all immigrants, certain immigrant groups have more resources for them than others. Ex. Refugee status sign for asylum, placed in certain areas by the govt, typically disperse them across the US. Any immigrants coming in have special skills that our country sees as desirable? Engineers computer science, bio/chem scientist researchers. Immigrants and children are able to use practices from own culture and US culture to help them attain upward mobility. Asserting ethnic identity can lead to downward assimilation. Misleading to have full integration of any group at any given time Once you assimilate you don't identify with parents country of origin, and ethnic identity. You identify as an American and identify the race that the census identifies

Pardo examines how race and gender are socially constructed and given meaning and importance from historical and contemporary neighborhood, regional, and national events and factors. With this in mind, explain the social construction of gender, race, and grassroots political activism using the example of Boyle Heights and the prison.

In politics there is a false division • Private- home and family. • Public- politics • They are seen as separate unconnected speres and studied separately, but this is a false dichotomy and a male POV. Gender and ethnicity identity: socially constructed, social relationships She stressed they are socially constructed Think of them as a system of social relations and all the factors that go into the system that give them meaning/importance. Not singular trait, they are given meaning by the systems of social relations: everyday lived experiences of the women (personal in boyle heights, whats happening to their community, history in the neighborhood, their group as Mexican americans, history of immigration becoming a neighborhood/community). Ex. Construction of freeways, family that lived in chavez rravine, police brutality, how do their experiences shape their collective memory and what it means in terms of themselves as individuals and bigger group of Mexican americans. All of this makes up collective memory Collective memory: everyday experiences, history: neighborhood, history: group How do they lead to community activism Personal to collective interests, why it is not only important to the individual but to all the women Social identity will legitimate their activities Grassroots political participation o Institutions to every day lives Women tryng to have a say in whats happening in their neighborhood. Take the prison project and how are they going to use grassroots to have a say in it. Traditional families have certain kinds of gender responsibilities, women take care of family and how they extend that to become protectors of the community, extending their gender responsibilities. Mens and womens social obligation Networks - gender

Mothers of East LA

Juana Guittierez founded MELA, 1st womens activism of the time, women of BH, moms who organized themselves/community to fight against freeway, prison, incinerator, and treatment plant. Used catholic church to convene meetings. Saul Alinsky: use church bc its already recognized as an institution and you'll find like minded people here who will also probably want to help support this cause bc of shared values Took 8 years to stop prison bc of governor/media views: not many people there, they can visit family members in prison easier, etc

Explain and discuss whiteness and environmental racism. In your answer, explain what Pulido says about "intent" and the "market" in relation to race and environmental issues

Intent- Is hostile motive neccesary? Hegemony achieved by political and ideological means, consent and coercion Consent: winning consent by ideological domination through major insitutions of society (media, state, church, schools) Coercion: power of the state at work such as police, judicial system Through these hegemonic structures they reproduce whites privelaged status and results in economic and social benefits Environmental justice movement is the battle over definition and causes of racism: need to reframe debate Projects occur bc... Market forces (race neutral and supposedly non racist, cheaper land/located near major transportation freewyas, its zoned for industrial ) and intent (absent) vs sociospatial process Market is seen as race neutral but market can operate in ways that establish and support inequality. POLITICAL ECONOMY. Not free market/urban ecology She says zoning for industrial uses, history of certain areas are zoned industrially (in or by communities of low income racial minorities) vs affluent suburbs where zoning isn't like that

School system

To recognize importance of culture, Ca has created dual language schools, CA is the leader. Spanish/English most common but culver city has english/japanese, and obvi many others new important model in CA and other parts of country

The founding of Mothers of East LA

Juana Gutierrez one of founders Very little political involvement before this. 1950s they made freeways, didn't assert ourselves bc govt ordered it, looking back she was moved twice by the freeway construction, repeated moving people began to understand thse projects were negatively affecting their community and not other places in la Changed into political activism when they tried to build a prison in boyle heights. ex. 1927, US was building 85% of the cars,1 car per 5 people in the US, and Europe didn't reach that level of car ownership until the 70s or 80s. Horses were seen as mass polluters while cars were seen as the clean option at the time. People connected to the auto mobile industry, auto/oil manufactureers, people who construct roads they all put emphasis on building freeways/roads/automobiles. Political economy: influencing the decisions Individual experiences translate into group interests Social construction of racial identities were wrapped up in this. Group with shared history that gave meaning to them as residents of boyle heights and Mexican americans. Had to work against govt/media that portrayed them as gang members Ethnic labels: negatives to positives

MELA taken seriously bc of...

Legitimacy: this was given by the moral authority that comes from being mothers and the backing of the catholic church Moral weight Gender: "mothers" Religion: Church • in traditional def of feminism: activity that addresses patriarchy in society, mothers of east LA didn't do this. PARDO SAYS THAT MELA IS FEMINIST. Don't have to be a mother of east la, just have to be concerned with the issues they face for. They gain political power, enough so to get the prison cancelled

Construction of whiteness example

Lipsitz: whiteness

Interest groups/veto groups/pluralism example

MALDEF lawsuit (racially polarizing voting and dilution)

Use a range of factors, including -- the struggle over of images of Boyle Heights: "problem space" versus "community"; construction of freeways; lack of political power and community services; zoot suit riots; residential segregation, etc. -- to explain this.

Many low income communities change zoning that allows industries to come in that destroy housing and create other issues Cultural and historic symbol for Mexican americans in the area, a community with a rich history to create a good image Symbol: "Ethnic Heartland": connect their struggle in boyle heights with Mexicans who live elsewhere but who can still feel a connection with it Catholic Church: Father John Moretta Conservative: protector of tradition and discourage members being involved in politics v Liberation theology: catholic church that's actively involved working on issues with social justice. Moretta came up with the name for the mothers of east la from a group in Argentina: question "what happened to my sons/daughters". Were they alive/dead what happened, govt said it was only 9000 people that disappeared. Legitimacy of mothers to be involved in these kinds of issues Father John informed people about what was happening with prison and encouraged the mothers to get involved with this issue and use the church as a platform to get out their message and more people to get incolved Zoot Suit Riots in 1940s LA Times June 2, 1943 "Youth gangs leading cause of delinquencies" Mexican American gangs causing problems. Wear baggy clothing Mexican americans avoiding service (rumor created) but very high record of participation of serving in the military When sailors attacking Mexican American males they hurt people who weren't even zoot suiters. Go into movie theaters and beating/stripping any Mexican americans. When police came on scene to restore order who would they arrest?

Pardo

Mary Pardo- Mexican american women activist Boyle Heights (mothers of east LA) -she wanted to study activism: prison near their community -gender and race: meaning —> social relations -gender and race are not generated in a vacuum, but they're given meaning through people's personal history. state legislatures thought it had been "ok"d (thats a prison could be constructed) and they were moving ahead with it. but some elected officials who were against the plan, began talking to residents of boyle heights and the group "mothers to East LA" formed. Mot of these women had never been involved in politics before. -this is an example of a movement that stopped it from happening. activism prison near their community, state official said: don't you want prison, wouldn't that make it easier for you to visit your relatives? Official assumed it is violent/criminal area gender and race: meaning social relations. Not generated in a vacuum, but they are given meaning through personal/group experiences through history. Led to political motivation a lot of advantages to field work: hear peoples opinions,

Describe the racial make-up of the district created around Chinatown, the result in terms of the electoral power of Asian Americans and whites, and the race of people elected in that district. is this right?

Minority Voting Beyond race: election of Judy Chu by latinos, gone past this. Her success of getting white, latinos, and asians important issues to all in her area: healthcare/education ex. bilingual school programs to help immigrant Districts: are a product of the court cases. About race Exit Polls: examine how people vote Minorities can be very influential in elections. Allen called an asian Maccacca and the asian american community came out and voted against him, and he did not win. Subordinate terms put them at a lower position, such as when you call a woman girl.

Saito Chapt 2?

Monterey Park: Monterey park has a lot of press especially in chinese areas, largest most rapidly growing area of asians besides hawaii, 1990 became first city in US with a majority of asian americans San Marino one of most affluent cities in Ca, hhuntington library cal tech old homes great public schools but with the entrance of chinese immigrants the white population is shrinking

Interest groups/veto groups/pluralism example

Mothers of East LA

How were women involved in grass roots mobilization? Urban vs Suburban

Mothers of East LA: Boyle Heights, First BH was wealthy white jewish but with new suburbs they moved out (jewish exodus) and it became racial immigrants mexican americans with other central american immigrants. protesting prison. Women became involved by organizing themselves/friends family, had traditional gender roles so could only be politically active if they handled all the house work as well. took 8 years Monterey Park: Growing area of recently arrived upper class chinese with later generations of latinos/anglos. Fighting against the building of a parole office, took 3 years. suburban middle class moms who had direct contact with the city council members and involved in school based groups. They had a collaborative relationship with the govt

Explain how musicians can act as organic intellectuals.

Musicians: organic intellectuals that musicians can be an oppositional group to establish counter hegemonic ideas in their music. Musicians of east la that work The process of assimilation , integration into the mainstream is the norm to adopt a new culture leave the old behind Mexican American artists work to break down barriers, musicians created a new culture where they blended ethnic culture and mainstream culture. Los lobos: brought the accordion and guittaron as instruents into rock music, also sing in Spanish Ice cube in NWA with straight out of Compton Also in the Hunting ground talking about college sexual assault on campus: the song "till it happens to you" lady gaga co wrote it, popular music bringing attention to something that's been happening for years but finally getting more media attention

Power Elite example

NFL (owners are power elite)

Meritocracy

Open, fair, success is determined by education skills hard work, equality, individual agency: future is determined by your own initiation (work ethic, talent), discrimination is unusual. Race neutral or colorbind. Free equal citizens, can be problems but always work towards equality

Stadium07252011PartA is this the City of La report ?

Owner of AEG nfl stadium, said no public funds will be used to build stadium, hell pay for it. LA trendsetter its not paying huge subsidies to keep or attract a pro sports team to LA. At first the city was going to rent them the land for a low price, but this project could not go through until an NFL team goes to LA. AEG would build it if one decide to come and play in it Convention center was old, so with the new stadium, Convention center new hall would be built to increase the size, aeg guaranteed they would pay for bonds and profits generated from the NFL stadium would pay for the bonds. They would pay for the debts if NFL didnt generate enough money. shortfall tax revenues: from the stadium jobs: construction jobs and staff to run the center and stadium LA convention center is 15th in nation for size, 1971 its old, its not that big and competing with other centers that have better space, location, hotel rooms within walking distance Number of expansions in LA is decreasing, and people attending decreasing as well too, too expensive. Cities spend hundreds of millions to do this

Discuss the development of Atlantic Square - and the themes of restaurants and architecture - in terms of whiteness.

Planning the new center: worried bc this center was old, stores empty, city was concerned about tax leakage: wanted residents to spend money in the city so they can get the sales taxes, if they built a nice mall hopefully they can attract outsiders and get that tax money too. The city forced the owner of mall to sell with eminent domain, city sold property to developer for a reduced price, city subsidized the development with citizens taxes, most citizens were immigrants. Public hearings: want to know what people wanted the mall to be like, city just wanted to get the mall done as fast as possible, but the developer had the hearings, when citizens gave their views they would preface their thoughts by saying I was born in this city or Ive been living here for 40 years mainly white/latino residents saying this, it gave their views legitimacy where the asian immigrants couldnt say that, establishing legitimacy History: architecture: should reflect the history of this area, as new chinese came many of the familiar businesses of established residents disappeared, said they need a place they feel comfortable/at home bc they feel like strangers in their own community, talking about history is a strategic way to exclude chinese immigrants, what is the history of our city? mexican- spanish- mediterranean, with the mexican american war mexico lost 1/3 of their territory, which is now US, need a center to reflect mexican history but its interesting bc residents/council said yes but what started as mexican went to spanish and then became mediterranean, final architecture design decided by city was a mediterranean motif/architecture. Okay to adopt foreign european design, just not spanish or asian. Symbolic exclusion Restaurants: Phil Champion developer, made mini malls, but wanted monterey park to be special good project to use as a model to get work in the future. Asked residents what they wanted in the shopping center "Good Restaurants": citizens said we need good restaurants, not chinese, people complaining about all the chinese food. Wanted souplantation, velvet turtle: residents wanted non chinese restaurants. LA times 40 best restaruants in socal: harbor village was on it, and that was the restaruant the residents were complaining about. Regional draws: advertising City used eminent domain to get atlantic square sold to this developer for a reduced price question: equal opportunity or exclusion?

Discuss what Siegfried/Zimbalist and Chema say about the positive and negative aspects of sports facilities for communities. Check to see if positives and negatives are correct?

Positive: Tremendous support for cities to spend money on these stadiums, AEG wanted to build fb stadium city (money), labor unions (construction jobs), property owners (increase value of property) support this Cities who have a professional team believe it improves the image of that city, gives exposure to th city, makes the city major league/important. ex. Green bay Packers stadium symbol Negatives: Substitution effect: consumers have a certain entertainment budget, most consumers have a set number of money to spend on entertainment, still have the same budget so when the rams come you spend your money on them instead of the dodgers. Inflexible leisure budget. The exception is if people come from out of the area, attract new consumer spending might have positive net effect Super bowl: if you get a super bowl, it generates huge amount of spending, generating out of town money, its dif than just the normal stadium Multiplier effect: when out of town people come, hotels are higher prices/occupancy, restaurants occupancies full. Generate economic activity, new spending, people dont just go to game, go to restaurant, bars, etc Opportunity costs: when padres play, restaurants lose out on business because regulars will avoid there bc the area is busy with padres. For the stadiums: improving streets, increased law enforcement, etc who pays for this? If there is a super bowl in Inglewood, people are going to spend their money in surrounding nicer areas not there. Construction: usually done by union workers, but after they are built its service workers, min wage, few/no benefits, temporary, unless something is signed like a CBA. Money cities spend on sports is taken away from other areas such as public schools Economic stimulus:

Pulido- Read her!!!

Pulido rethinking environmental racism: locating hazardous pollutant progress in racial minority and low income societies. Disproprortionate exposure to hazardous material to low income/minority communities. Both where they live and work

Construction of whiteness example

Race as biology white people biologically better, ex. Jews thought to be fable minded

Explain the social construction of racial categories, and how these categories have social, political, and economic consequences.

Race: categories, boundaries of categories, they are socially created not static always changing. At one time, white didnt exist it was jew, italian, russian, happened over time to whites. Vary in time in the same country and between countries. "one drop rule": defining race, if you have one drop of african american blood you are still african american. Susie phipps: her birth certificate said her race was colored, but she grew up thinking she was white, and she filed a lawsuit to change her race to white and state found that great great great great grandmother was a slave and her husband was a white slave plantation owner, this was done to keep illegitimate children from having inheritance to the plantation land European groups: seen as separate races Boundaries: White groups, These boundaries have social and material consequences: such as hawaiians have access to certain land, schools, etc. Native americans and access to casinos, land. creation of white group. Migration of African Americans: by focusing on protection of europeans, they all came together to create white so they would still be majority over african americans Chinese men and irish women families: chinese came to work on railroad, women as indentured servants (werent seen as white) so they would marry and form families bc they were both non white groups, offspring of these marriages were seen as odd or unusual

Rodriguez and Cordero-Guzman,

Race: why do we have multiple races, not just one? attribute meaningful differences to these different categories and why are there differences Hitler used a lot of the policies created by eugenics in Nazi Germany Buck v Bell 1927 Supreme COurt Case: 8-1 supreme court vote confirmed state enforced sterilization. Carey buck was not married and pregnant, these social issues would be addressed through sterilization in this case feble mindedness was a moral deficiency that can be prevented by sterilization. "3 generations of imbeciles is enough" Who is defining who is morally unfit? men never sterilized bc of it

Critiques of assimilation theory

Recognizing discrimination, but emphasis on immigrants/descendent, ignoring whats going on in larger society, emphasis on personal characteristics conflict and power absent in analysis, doesnt recognize structural racism embedded in society persistence of race/ethnicity, theory doesnt help us understand how new racial categories are formed racism: individual phenomenon, ignores political/economic roots of racism, suburbanization: who had access to low mortgages, fees, homes, created systemic inequality to access to housing which was important in better forms of education, better jobs, creation and accumulation of wealth, Culture: linear process, shedding the old, taking on a new. Immigrants come with their culture and as the learn US culture they shed old culture while taking on uS culture. This says you can only have one culture, but people can have multiple cultures, speak more languages, rooted in US but also elsewhere, multiple cultures and identities: people want to maintain parts of old culture along with their new culture

Does redistricting and democracy play roles or don't (Saito chapters 4, 6, 7) Why is it important?

Redistricting effects democracy because it limits democracy's power. Redistricting breaks up the minority vote so it limits the markets ability to operate Redistricting determines whos voice/population is heard. Who has a meaningful vote. Democracy only services the few. Distributions of financial resources/political dominance over a space important: Shaw v Reno (1993): race cannot be the dominant factor, you can consider race when drawing a district but it can only be one of many factors, race does not equal the predominated factor Polarized racial voting Results: race is not an issue....but is this true? Racial dilution of voters Purpose of fragmenting districts? (add in the one about lumping people together too): is to create a smaller effect of the minority vote. You split up the minority so they get as little majority votes as possible. Vote dilution. Racial dilution of voters Fragmenting districts is crucial Redistricting gives political impact!!!

Explain how and why the other factors that Pulido discusses (such as discrimination in housing and employment) contribute to environmental racism.

Regional perspective: race and geography: Industrial zone is Latinos and african americans and low income, ex. California environmental protection agency, map pollution level Residential and industrial patterns: Residential choice and race Residential segregation, not just a free market or individual choice or economic decisions, but through time where you can live has been effected by race and class. CONSTRUCTION OF WHITENESS / POLITICAL ECONOMY Access not available to all with practices of zoning and practices of relators Need to interrogate/examine market forces at work MARKET ISNT RACE NEUTRAL

Women in politics

School Board to Higher Office Judy Chu: congress Hilda Solis: congress, secretary of labor- Obama administrations, LA county board of supervisors Women run for school board first, lower threshold to win. Is a lower office that women often run for first. Most men skip this, run straight for city council, congress

Example of environmental racism

Southern California pipeline proposals- Environmental racism: Built through lower income communities not coastlines bc richer property on coasts and had political power/affluence to move the pipeline there Not intended to damage minorities, it was built after to follow established transportation routes. But those transportation routes were established targeting minority/low income communities Only one victory by getting the pipeline underground by an elementary school Political economy

Construction of whiteness example

Sterilization of hispanic/latina women w/o true consent,

Explain the view of racism and inequality as the result of structural discrimination versus the result of individual prejudice and actions.

Structural discrimination with laws: New Deal: roosevelt created major features that protect americans in their health in workplace Wagner act 1935: protected the rights of workers to form unions, historians say most important piece of labor legislation enacted in 20th century. Made to stop interference of owners with this. Did not include workers in agriculture or domestic jobs: mainly people of color and women Social Security Act 1935: excluded farm workers and domestic workers, mainly racial minorities and women systematic inequalities: benefits for particular groups by the govt, people may get these benefits whether they are aware that they are or not, that they exist, and if they are prejudice. Education: 188 high schools in CA with no AP classes, Crack cocaine in low income areas. DOnt have to be aware to support it, benefit from it, or be hurt from it.

Construction of whiteness example

Structural factors bc of this like redistricting

Structural Inequality

Structures by race, class, gender, religion. institutions of society are shaped by class, race, religion, discrimination is embedded in society and affects life chances, not unusual life chances. Public Policy was previously race based and inequality. How indiviudals and group support race neutral policies, but have racist outcomes: People working to support race neutral policy may ignore the ways race is already present in the ideologies and practices of larger society that shape the policies. Policies that appear race nutral may be structured in ways that have racialized outcomes bc the policy does nothing to counter the ways race behaves in society

Schlesinger

The melting pot, but now the opposite vision is true, we are a nation of groups based on background. National identity: common political goals, melting pot Emphasis: personal identity, now its this. Gone from idea of assimilation to ethnicity, from integration to separatism Result: division, and this exaggerates differences, intensifies discrimination, awful wedges between races and nationalities, end game is self pity and self ghettoization. Who has the power to label group/person, who has the power to connect that to establish and impose economic, political, or social consequences? ex. WW2, internment camps for japanese, they think they are just Americans but they had no say it was the US gov who said they were jap americans and put into camps bc possible threat to US. Gov had the power When were we united? Sex, gender, race all equal...never!

Define whiteness.

Whiteness: focuses on racial hierarchy and privileges, whites at the top. benefits are routinely channeled to white, suburbanization home ownership and mortgages able to accumulate capital and wealth this way. where you live has huge importance with access to jobs education etc. Systemic practices that support whiteness discrimination and unequal life chances individual acts: people who are prejudice and commit acts against other systematic inequalities: benefits for particular groups by the govt, people may get these benefits whether they are aware that they are or not, that they exist, and if they are prejudice. Education: 188 high schools in CA with no AP classes, Crack cocaine in low income areas. DOnt have to be aware to support it, benefit from it, or be hurt from it. individualism: we exist as individuals, group membership: but whiteness talks about group membership that is freely chosen or imposed by others (you being native but people seeing you as white) have either the benefits or disadvantages of this group. Wealth accumulated from baby boomers and suburbanization: 7-9 trillion dollars

examples of environmental racism

Yorba Linda, Orange County Richard Nixon presidential library: 1% of residents there are African American, this family was racially unsafe there bc people would abuse their property 3 overcome by toxic fumes at recycling process plant: 2 men were unconsious due to toxic gas and one died. Who will work at these places? The guy who died recently immigrated E-Waste & Environmental Racism: Global scale? Illegal e waste sold to china and the recycling company in Colorado was found to be doing this

Interest groups/veto groups/pluralism

competition among fairly equal groups in power Two levels of pyramid: interest groups then mass society Veto or Interest groups at top there is no power elite, Depending on the issue, different groups get involved Unorganized public is very important. My vote is very important to keep these interest groups in power. Public gives donations, lobby politicians, no opposition to a group, because of their numbers interest groups work hard to gain for their support Depending on the issues different groups become involved (civil war) The unorganized public, they vote in support/opposition of bills, they give money to stuff, lobbying (hines definition)

Define and explain: the core group, cultural assimilation, and structural assimilation what's the core group?

cultural: change in cultural patterns to those in close society, language, change and learning process, values, maybe religion (buddhists become Christian, sometimes change sometimes not) key is change in language and values of society, this assimilation takes place in 2nd or 3rd generation structural: large scale entering into major institutions of society, economic, political system. Wasnt possible in US until 1960s bc of legal segregation enforced by law. Board v brown of education segregation in schools. Jobs as well, integrated into those jobs, political to vote, run for office Marital: interracial marriage as another form of assimilation, what does interracial marriage say about norms in society? Supreme Court: loving v virginia 1967: couple married spent year in jail for it, the supreme court abolished antimisigination laws in US. African americans delaying action only.

What is a democracy?

right to vote? right to register to vote? "lets say you vote and from a political group, and get ppl to vote and get them registered, and you and ppl in your group mobilize together and vote. but year after year you haven't been able to elect a candidate of your choice? is that a democracy? if in many ways through the years, your vote is meaningless, is that a democracy? lets say yes you can register to vote, you vote and you do elect an official, and you are able to elect an official, is that a democracy? but what if that person is powerless, is that a democracy? cast a ballot? ability to elect an official? elected official: policies and resources constituency power being equally distributed between groups (urban ecology) or democracy is a myth power elite truly control how everything is run (power elite) Democracy is the right to vote, electing officials for political representation, *policies and resources, who's part of the constituency? Is voting meaningless? What about non-citizens?

Lipsitz,

discrimination leads to disadvantages for minorities It creates privileges for whites, sometimes overt (native land being taken), right to vote for whites, inequality is part of history and society Racial and Gender Segregation As jobs become better in the service industry (waiter bartenders at higher places) more likely to be filled by someone who is a white male,

Urban Ecology

free market competition, does take into account neighborhood change (people/function might change: invasion and succession) competition benefits society as a whole,

Assimilation

gordons theory When immigrants conform to the culture they go to they will be more successful, cultural change: language, foods they eat Customs and Culture: try to blend in and ignore their race, take on culture/customs of the US, contributes to the barriers, what is considered appropriate is always changing, new mainstream is multicultural

Define redistricting. Get exact definition from his book

happens every 10 years. process of creating political districts. political districts have to be as possible equal in population districts are important because officials are elected from these districts voting rights acts of 1965 prohibited practices that interfered with the right to vote and exercise political power (president Johnson) **key piece of civil right legislation that was passed in the 60s** before Johnson passed this, when a civil right acts appeared infant of congress, he voted against it, when he was in congress. This changed because (specially in the south) there was a big shift in white republicans turning democrat and voting for democrats. at large political(election) system: "as a whole" " district election: only ppl in the certain district can vote for representative in that district (only ppl in the district can run for position) gerrymandering: drawing political districts in ways that favor one group over another using the voting acts right you can say the lines drawn were a violation against the act, by allowing ppl to elect the candidate of their choice.

Political Economy

individual corporations, economic and political system, focuses on power and unequal results and using the system in ways to create advantages for them and disadvantages of others, stresses role of gov and development (not said in urban ecology), structural factors cities shaped by unequal institutions

Peter Drucker/Barbara Erinright: knowledge workers

knowledge workers, concerned with production and transmission of ideology that supports political and economic and social relations of society Professional managerial class are knowledge workers that support the status quo and challenge inequality Develop ideas, create images, challenge culture Produce images that support current practices or images that question and offer alternative Racial and economic privilege do not represent themselves alone, they are part of a constellation of practices and other forms of privilege based on gender, age, sexuality, or religion Deeply embedded in everyday practices are systems of power that affect every one of us ex. Rosa parks refusing to giving up her seat on bus led to desegregation in the south and beginning civil rights movement, really this gives ideological work as individualism in United States, BUT it was organizations that were behind this NAACP and church groups were looking for a case to challenge this problem on buses and rosa parks volunteered

Political Economy examples

redistricting

Play fair at farmers field coalition lawsuit

sb 292 is a violation of the state constitution Nov 1, 2012. THey reached an agreement with AEG and litigation dismissed AEG promised 15 mil for affordable housing 1.9 for air quality / bus imporvment 300000 for affordable housing living wage for all onsite jobs local hiring program so CBA was signed, even though city council supported the AEG stadium, but city council also supports these community benefits for these major projects that aeg had already signed the CBA with LA live project, and AEG also saw project was being held up at USC bc of displacement, so learned from that St louis rams 2015 jan to inglewood, chargers and oakland build stadium in carson March, aeg ends effort to build stadium in downtown, spent 50 mil and 5 years working on it, La council unanimous support Jan 2016, st louis rams to inglewood, chargers have a one year option to also move to inglewood with th rams have one year to figure it out, raiders also a similar option if chargers dont move

Power Elite

small group of people with political power and wealth that can strongly influence politics/policy. Big executives of corporations C Wright Mills Power Elite 1956 Pyramid of power: Power elite at top: set and control agenda determine major policies in society they are the top government/military officials, corporate executives, they can work together bc they share similar goals for society bc they share a common way of life. Make major policies. They have similar Social origins. Religion: Protestant. Education, then second layer Interest groups Mass Society the lowest, the two lower levels have very little power Power elite control society they are most important and can do it bc they share similar interests/goals

Chema

some stadiums have been a catalyst, especially in urban setting, like Petco Park was a good investment bc its attracted millions of dollars in other investmnts but generally it is bad for economy, inglewood stadium most expensive stadium to build, cant generate enough income to pay them off. Have to pay for maintenacne and update too public investment: generate new development New model is building stadiums in urban centers is the new model, ex. LA live and staples center, But key things pop up that help such as restaraunts, hotels, etc People argue against stadium bc they bring low wage part time employment, but you need a range of jobs in a city where these jobs are needed and ok for people Opportunity costs: in most of these places, city officials arent proposing something instead of stadium, if dont do this they are doing nothing, why arent officials working to help other areas such as not helping bad public schools in inglewood

No Mas Bebes Documentary

usc LA county general hospital sterilization investigation 1900s thousands of women were unknowingly steralized after giving birth to contrl population, govt did this to low income immigrant women Director renee tajima pena researcher virginia espino lawsuit Madrigal v Qulligan 1975 (quil was head of the hospital who unlawfully steralized the women) late 60s early 70s this happened, the concern of the lawsuit was the freedom to have babies. Thee straliztions were aimed at working class, women of color, etc. Even thought the women lost this case, the publicity to the issue made the procedures at LA county procedures with this changed, actually getting informed consent

Siegfried and Zimbalist Why do they keep doing this? Expansion of pool of athletes

why do local govt subsidize these sports stadiums? Why do they keep doing this? Team owners have immense power, they are exempt from antitrust laws that govern other industries to prevent monopolies. They control the number of sports teams, so it pits cities in competition with each other to offer subsidies ex. la, san diego, st louis. LA wouldnt play that game, said they wouldnt give subsidies part of the reason why there wasnt a team here for a while but it was good for the other teams as leverage, if you dont build us a brand new stadium were moving to LA. Owners say need control to limit the number of teams bc need to control the quality of their product, if too many teams then only a limited number of outstanding athletes. How pool of athletes has expanded: Exclusinary policies when sports were limited when they only allowed whites, Jackie robinson couldnt do fb bc exclusionary so started playing baseball in negro leagues and then broke the color barrier in 1947 Sports: american culture, sports are central to american culture, Farmers insurance signed a deal with AEG if a fb stadium was built the field would be called Farmers field, naming rights deal. Chema