Sociology final
In looking for a job, it's not what you know, but it's also not "who you know." Rather, the key may be who people that you know, know. This is the essence of the sociological insight first expressed in a research paper entitled: "Who Do the People That You Know Know?" "Jobs and Networks: The Key to a Job is Further Than You Think." "It's Not the Usual Subjects" "The Sociology of Job Acquisition in the Digital Age." "The Strength of Weak Ties"
"The Strength of Weak Ties"
Which of the following is NOT an element of the "reactivist" definition of deviance, as presented in this screencast? (In other words, the list below contains elements of the reactive definition, but one of them is not an element of it). "some people in society find to be intolerable" "behaviors, ideas, or appearances" "outside the norms" "lead to the application of formal or informal mechanisms of social control"
"outside the norms"
Sociologist Robert Merton used the term ____________________-to explain how rates of deviant behavior may be related to a poor fit between the established norms of a society and the structural opportunities to adhere to those norms. "macrosociology" "Interactive racism" "latent functions" "structural strain" (or "anomie") "stereotype"
"structural strain" (or "anomie")
At a relatively high rate, many of the poorest young African Americans growing up in the inner-cities of the United States these days become excellent at basketball, but not at downhill skiing or golf. Which one of the following would a sociologist like Chambliss ("The Mundanity of Excellence") consider as a helpful explanation for why so: 1. they have access to concrete and basketballs 2. they do not have much access to country clubs or ski resorts 3. they have genes for basketball but neither for skiing nor golf 4. they do not like skiing or golf 1 and 2 are true, but neither 3 nor 4 2 and 3 are true, but neither 1 nor 4 2 and 4 are true, but neither 1 nor 3 3 and 4 are true, but neither 1 nor 2 1 and 3 are true, but neither 2 nor 4 .
1 and 2 are true, but neither 3 nor 4
Which of the following is a social science? Social Work Anthropology Literature Biochemistry Nursing
Anthropology
Thinking about the types of questions that sociologists ask, as listed in your textbook, which kind of question is: "Is there a difference in the proportion of a population classified as elderly among the various regions of the USA -- Northeast, Midwest, South, and West?" Theoretical Comparative Factual Counterfactual Developmental
Comparative
Which of the following is the best example of the manifest function of a social institution? Courts punish people found guilty of crimes. Industries pollute the water and air. Professional sports give teenagers from poor families false hopes to about their chances of becoming rich without a college education Churches provide opportunities for people to show off their new clothes. Colleges provide places for middle class youth to meet potential marriage partners.
Courts punish people found guilty of crimes.
Simone de Beauvoir once famously asserted that "one is not born a woman, but becomes one," to suggest that women are created by cultural forces. How might sociobiologists respond to this? De Beauvoir is correct because our biology determines our culture. De Beauvoir fails to show how the category of woman is purely an effect of economics. De Beauvoir does not account for the role of industrialization in creating the category of woman. De Beauvoir misses that what constitutes a woman is biological as well as cultural.
De Beauvoir misses that what constitutes a woman is biological as well as cultural.
Which of the following is an example of an International Non-Governmental Organization (INGO)? The World Trade Organization (WTO) The United Nations (UN) The European Union (EU) Doctors without Borders The World Bank
Doctors without Borders
Which early (19th century) sociological theorist held that "social facts" are things that constrain on our social action (in a way very similar to "social forces")? Penney Stanislaus Stark-Peterson Spencer Durkheim
Durkheim
According to a screencast, if you look only at the natural growth rate, and exclude all immigration, then one of the following regions of the world would now be experiencing a decrease in population size. Which one? South America Asia Europe Africa Middle East
Europe
Laud Humphreys' 1970 study, published in the book Tearoom Trade, focused on the secret lives of men who engaged in gay sex. As a sociological study, Humphreys' research project was unethical for which of the following acts? He reported his subjects to the police. He revealed the findings of his study to his subjects' families. He wrote down license plate numbers of the subjects he studied. He asked personal questions of those wishing to remain anonymous.
He wrote down license plate numbers of the subjects he studied. FEEDBACK: Ethics in research is a major concern to the researcher, the institution under whose auspices the researcher works, and those who are being studied. Collecting supplemental data such as license plate numbers presents a dual problem in that the nondisclosure to the car owners is unethical and the potential for damaging information to fall into the wrong hands could result in a lot of difficulty for the population under study
Of the following four research questions, which would BEST be answered by using ethnographic methods or qualitative interviews? How do people with strong anti-immigrant views come to form those opinions? What is the connection between the season of the year and average monthly suicide rates? Has residential segregation in cities increased or decreased over the past two decades? What background characteristics, such as childhood neighborhood or parents' education levels, help explain college academic performance?
How do people with strong anti-immigrant views come to form those opinions? FEEDBACK: Because ethnography can capture depth and nuance that other methods cannot, it is particularly useful for exploring the complexities behind why people hold certain beliefs.
Among the social theorists and sociologists discussed in this chapter, which was the one who felt that religions made people accept injustice in this world because they were hoping for justice in an afterlife, and that therefore the rich and powerful people of every society were the main beneficiaries of religiousness among the masses? Peter Robertson-Henley Elizabeth Timmins Karl Marx Max Weber Peter Berger
Karl Marx
________ are widely agreed-upon principles or rules people are expected to observe; they represent the dos and don'ts of social life. Norms Values Panninis Sanctions Material goods
Norms
Which of the following is true about the sociological study of religion? Sociological analyses of religion focus on how social forces explain its appeal (or growth, or shrinkage, or change), rather than spiritual or psychological forces. It understands religion as an important source of truth about the human condition. It is divided into two branches: one that analyzes the social functions of religion and another that focuses on the truth or fallacy of religious claims. Sociologists of religion consider the social organization of religion less important than the spiritual beliefs that constitute it.
Sociological analyses of religion focus on how social forces explain its appeal (or growth, or shrinkage, or change), rather than spiritual or psychological forces. FEEDBACK: Sociologists are interested in all of the social aspects of religion, including its social functions, organizational processes and characteristics, and the social bases of religious conflict. An important thing to remember is that sociologists do not attempt to assess the truth of religious claims or make evaluative judgments between different religions
Sandy argues that African Americans often see themselves through the eyes of white society. Her ideas most closely match with those of which theorist? Harriet Martineau W. E. B. Du Bois Imelda Marconi Karl Marx Émile Durkheim
W. E. B. Du Bois
Why did Max Weber largely disagree with Karl Marx's ideas on religion? Weber thought that Marx looked too much at society's structures when it came to religion and failed to account for daily life. Weber argued that religion was not necessarily a conservative force; rather, religiously inspired movements have often produced dramatic social transformations. Weber knew that religion was embedded in human culture and that it could not be reduced to the workings of the state. Weber held that religion, rather than being the "opium of the people," actually had the much more sinister effect of teaching the populace basic lessons about the repression of desire.
Weber argued that religion was not necessarily a conservative force; rather, religiously inspired movements have often produced dramatic social transformations.
Sociologists define religion as: the belief in God and Jesus a social system in which the state interacts with clergy and creates a merger between mythology and law. an institution defined by a common mythology and an expectation of faith in one or more deities. a cultural system of commonly shared beliefs and rituals that provides a sense of meaning and purpose by creating an idea of reality that is sacred, all-encompassing, and supernatural. a deeply ingrained connection with the divine.
a cultural system of commonly shared beliefs and rituals that provides a sense of meaning and purpose by creating an idea of reality that is sacred, all-encompassing, and supernatural.
What is the American equivalent of the Nacirema "holy mouth man"? a preacher a dentist a motivational speaker a medical doctor a psychiatrist
a dentist
If you were reading an article about a particular sociological problem that cited the data collected and used the terms "mean" and "median," you would expect that the research method used was a pilot study. historical analysis. mind control survey ethnography.
a pilot study. FEEDBACK: The terms "mean" and "median" are used in statistics, which is a mathematical approach to understanding and analyzing data. To use statistics effectively, the researcher must have responses and other data that are quantifiable: answers that can be collected and grouped together as numerical data. Experiments, where variables can be analyzed in a controlled and systematic way, rely on the collection of a data set that can be understood numerically. Methods such as historical analysis, ethnography, and pilot studies may contain some quantitative data but usually have a large body of qualitative information: questions or narrative data that must be analyzed in a different way.
From the perspective of labeling theory, deviance is seen as: a set of characteristics of individuals or groups. an act that is universally wrong. a process of interaction between deviants and non-deviants. mental illness freely chosen.
a process of interaction between deviants and non-deviants.
Building on the "differential association" approach, sociologists Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin theorized that deviant behaviors are more likely to occur when there is structural strain, AND ___________________________________________. no discrepancy between goals and rituals. a sharp increase in the Gross National Product such that people's expectations become unrealistic. economic conditions take a downturn. adults introduce kids to new values.
a sharp increase in the Gross National Product such that people's expectations become unrealistic.
Which of the following is the best example of a transformational leader? a student government president whom most students really liked and was reelected to a second term a student government president who single-handedly expanded the campus recycling program to include paper as well as metal a student government president who made sure the treasurer accounted for all the money spent by the student government at her college a student government president who motivated the students at her college to turn their campus into a green campus
a student government president who motivated the students at her college to turn their campus into a green campus
According to the textbook, the use of information and communications technology in corporations has reduced the rigid hierarchical structure of corporations, but at the same time it has created: a three-strata employment system of powerful managers, autonomous technology experts, and less autonomous clerical workers. social equality unhappiness and incompetence among employees who are telecommuters. a two-strata employment system of technology experts and less autonomous clerical workers.
a two-strata employment system of technology experts and less autonomous clerical workers.
An experiment by sociologist Devah Pager showed that, on average, when applying for jobs, a black man with no criminal history had about the same likelihood of success as: a white man with no criminal history. a white man with no work experience. a black man with a felony conviction. a white man with a felony conviction.
a white man with a felony conviction.
Deric studies Singapore and the process through which it has begun developing a strong industrial base. It might be said that he is studying: micro-finance. core countries. the sequestration of human experience. islands an emerging economy.
an emerging economy.
During rush week when the brothers are recruiting new members, the Alpha Gamma Gamma fraternity always makes fun of its rival fraternity, Alpha Sigma Sigma. This increases the bonding and sense of loyalty among the members of Alpha Gamma Gamma. We could consider them members of: an out-group. an in-group. a network. a social category.
an in-group.
Which of the following is a scientific term for something that impacts another thing. an independent variable a dependent variable a theory a modicin a hypothesis
an independent variable
According to your textbook, the primary difference between theoretical approaches (or perspectives) and theories is that theories _____________________________. reflect social arrangements are proven cannot be tested against evidence are narrower in focus are what alienates perspectives
are narrower in focus
On her Facebook account, Jenny tries to make sure that her parents and family are kept separate from her college chums, and that her co-workers at Target are in a different group from her family and friends. Based on the description in your textbook, Jenny is engaging in _________________________________. focused interaction chopped following audience segragation friend transference antisocial interaction
audience segragation
his study was recounted in Outliers by Malcolm Gladwell: At Berlin's elite Academy of Music, the professors were asked to rank their students into three categories from top to bottom: Stars, Good, and Merely Future Music Teachers. When a social scientist named K. Anders Ericsson then surveyed the students he found that _________________________________________________. the Stars were exposed to Mozart, Wagner, Beethoven and Mannheim Steamroller from their infancy, while the others were much less likely to have heard music that young. beginning at around age 8, the Stars began to practice more (i.e. work harder) than the others the Music Teachers came from the south of Germany, while the Stars were from the north (the Good were evenly distributed around the county) the Stars' were much more likely to have parents who were musicians than the others the Stars came from wealthier households than the others
beginning at around age 8, the Stars began to practice more (i.e. work harder) than the others
Avoiding eye contact with fellow passengers on a crowded subway is an example of an encounter. civil inattention. unfocused interaction. impression standardization.
civil inattention. FEEDBACK: Civil inattention is used by people who are in frequent proximity to strangers to signal that they are aware of the presence of others and pose no threat to them.
The process whereby Western nations established their rule in parts of the world away from their home territories is called: tourism colonialism. cultural appropriation. Manifest Destiny. assimilation.
colonialism.
According to your textbook, in modern societies, the transition from teenager to young adult is most easily recognized by the age of the individual. a demonstrated willingness to give up games and toys. a willingness to see things from others' perspectives common benchmarks of adulthood, such as leaving home
common benchmarks of adulthood, such as leaving home FEEDBACK: It is not easy to pinpoint the exact age or time when an individual is no longer a teenager, but five major "benchmarks" of adulthood seem to be common markers of this change in life: leaving home, completing school, getting married, having children, and financial independence.
When people fly across the country to attend a meeting or make plans to meet an online friend in person, they are displaying what Deirdre Boden and Harvey Molotch call __________________________________ compulsion of proximity. status management. Internet aversion. regionalization.
compulsion of proximity. FEEDBACK: The compulsion of proximity describes the need experienced by people to be in the physical presence of others, particularly those who may be making decisions that affect us in important ways.
According to the _________________________ approach to interpreting what is going on in society, most major institutions and events are the outcomes of struggles over scarce resources among groups. functionalist interactionist conflict post-modernist pre-spiritualist
conflict
Which of the following was identified in this course as the main cause of the extraordinary growth of the human population over the past 300 years (sometimes called "the population explosion")? the weakening of family values the strengthening of family values increasing birth rates the mainstream media, who cause everything decreasing death rates
decreasing death rates
W. E. B. DuBois, argued that American society only lets African Americans see themselves through the eyes of others. He called this concept postmodernism. hidden reality. alternative social facts. double consciousness.
double consciousness. FEEDBACK: Throughout his career, DuBois emphasized race relations in the United States. He argued that African American identity continues to be influenced by slavery, segregation and prejudice. His writing continues to impact social thought and activism today and he has had a profound impact on contemporary issues, including the Black Lives Matter movement.
Garry's research involves working and living with members of the community; he perhaps participates directly in its activities as part of the research process. In which of the following research methods is Garry working? democratic-flautist ethnography quantitation experiment historical/comparative study
ethnography
"Why do people get so upset when apparently minor conventions of talk are not followed? The answer is that the stability and meaningfulness of our daily social lives depend on the sharing of unstated cultural assumptions about what is said and why." The above is part of a discussion of a branch of sociology that is concerned with uncovering the minute rules of conversation that give structure and stability to our mundane lives. What is that branch of sociology called? structural functionalism correspondence theory sense analysis structural interactionism ethnomethodology
ethnomethodology
Sandra lives in the heart of a large city. Lately, there have been robberies on several of the streets near where Sandra lives but none on her street. Sandra and her neighbors believe that they have not seen any crime on their street because they know each other, notice when strangers or strange cars are in the neighborhood, and have a mix of old retired couples and young families who use the neighborhood at different times of the day. Jane Jacobs would see this as an example of: nosy neighbors. gentrification. inner-city life. eyes and ears on the street.
eyes and ears on the street.
In a television cartoon for school-age children that features a muscular caped male superhero, we might expect that the advertising shown during the commercial breaks would include make-up for tween-age girls, video games, and toy robots. fast racing cars, video games, and outdoor construction toys. video games, kitchen toys and accessories, and fast racing cars. outdoor construction toys, toy robots, and kitchen toys and accessories.
fast racing cars, video games, and outdoor construction toys. FEEDBACK: Advertising is a significant side of socialization and is a large component of both television and online materials aimed at children. Such advertising frequently tends to reinforce preexisting expectations about gender roles.
As Peter Smith noted in the opening video for this course, unlike humans, animals lower down on the evolutionary scale, such as insect or fish, are generally capable of _______________________________________. procreating daily replicating their own DNA communication via non-verbal signals simultaneous pleasure and pain fending for themselves from the beginning of their lives
fending for themselves from the beginning of their lives
In a screencast, the professor adapted Horace Miner's "Nacirema" exercise to which of the following American pastimes? tennis concert-going gaming, and fortnite in particular family game night football
football
Latisha believes that sociologists need to look at both how our institutions were intended to work and the unintentional effects of those institutions. According to the textbook, this is a major part of which theoretical perspective? feminist theory Marxism and class conflict symbolic interactionism functionalism
functionalism
According to your textbook, in Tamil Nadu, a state in the southern part of India, there is a practice known as thalaikoothal in which an older person is put to death by his or her family. The process itself is simple, involving a ritual oil bath and imbibing of tender coconut water. In sociology, this practice would be consistent with the _______________ theory's approach to aging? functionalist continuity functionalist disengagement social conflict heredity Scandinavian gerontology
functionalist disengagement FEEDBACK: In sociology, functionalist approaches to aging hold that individuals adjust to changing social roles. In Tamil Nadu, poverty is a fact of life for many people, and a family often must make a difficult choice between survival and letting go. Elders are often a challenging burden for a family, and the practice of putting them to death is one culture group's answer to a larger social problem.
Places such as New York and Tokyo are called ________ because they are the organizing centers of the new global economy. global cities conurbations megalomania urban ghettos
global cities
When Juan drinks his morning coffee, he thinks about its production in Colombia, its transportation through many countries, the taxes and tariffs applied for international commerce, and the diverse array of social relations behind his drink. According to the textbook, one might say that Juan is using: a public trouble global perspective an internalized view of things. an individual framework of commodity production. a domestic view of labor.
global perspective
In Chapter 6 of Outliers, "Harlan, Kentucky," Malcolm Gladwell endeavors to explain to you how a cultural phenomenon explains the violence in Harlan, and elsewhere in the U.S. South. He traces this "culture of _______________" to the highlands of Europe. vengeance pride honor feuding feudalism
honor
After school, Sandra often has to go help her grandparents with chores and grocery shopping. On these days, Sandra always brings a change of clothes to avoid appearing at her grandparents' house in the punk-rock outfits she likes to wear to school. This is an example of _______________________________. impression management. social posturing. audience segregation. civil inattention.
impression management. FEEDBACK: Sandra's role as a granddaughter calls on her to behave and present herself differently than does her role as a friend or student. Therefore, bringing a change of clothes on days she will visit her grandparents allows Sandra to fulfill her granddaughter role in a manner commensurate with her grandparents' expectations.
In sociology, the term "__________________ variable"{ is used to indicate a causal factor - that is, something that affects another variable. spurious dependent control independent any of the above, depending on the situation
independent
Sociology challenges us to question the things we often feel are given, inevitable, or natural, and to consider that these things are evolutionary forces. genetic and biological forces. historical and social forces. industrial and mechanical forces. forces of solidarity and liquidity.
industrial and mechanical forces.
In 2015, eighty-seven babies per one thousand died before reaching one year of age. This figure is called the: crude death rate. infant mortality rate. fecundity. fertility-death ratio. family death statistic
infant mortality rate.
These are fixed patterns of behavior that have genetic origins and appear in all normal animals in a given species. language. belief systems. crimes. norms. instincts.
instincts. FEEDBACK: Instincts do not have to be learned through socialization, as norms must, but originate in genes to direct behavior on an unconscious level. Although there are some reflexes displayed by all humans, such as babies rooting for a nipple, most sociologists believe that an understanding of human behavior must include a consideration of how human biology and genetics interact with socialization to produce the large variety of behavior displayed by humans across the globe.
In order to test Malcolm Gladwell's thesis about culture and violence in the U.S. South (Chapter 6, "Harlan, Kentucky"), social psychologists Dov Cohen and Richard Nisbett created an experiment in which they would gather a sample of young males and: record them discussing sensitive political issues debate them insult them fail them on a (fake) test photograph them in embarrassing poses
insult them
To say that sociology, as a science, is "empirical" means most specifically that: it has practical applications to solving personal feelings of distress it focuses on things that are observable in the real world it is traditional it is based on personal experience, deep faith, and intuition it does more than just report on what is happening, but also addresses how and why things happen
it focuses on things that are observable in the real world
According to the textbook, police work traditionally consisted of controlling crime. Increasingly, however, police officers are more accurately described as: knowledge workers who are mapping, predicting, and reporting on risk within the population. drug abusers are brazing the health and welfare of citizens. parole officers who are reinventing prison conditions. deviants who are embezzling community funds
knowledge workers who are mapping, predicting, and reporting on risk within the population.
Two groups of boys, one working class and the other middle class, engage in equal amounts of delinquent activity. The members of one group are considered "boys being boys," and the members of the other are considered "troublemakers." Which of the following theories best explains this difference? differential association theory strain theory control theory labeling theory
labeling theory
Reports and accounts of what are termed "feral children" have existed for hundreds of years. A child is discovered living with animals, in the wild or, in some cases, deliberately hidden away, isolated from all contact with other human beings. These children, when reintegrated with the larger society, experience difficulty. What is missing from their experience that is an essential contributor to their socialization? language adequate nutrition motor sensory development the ability to walk upright (bipedalism)
language FEEDBACK: Family, language, school environment and education, and peer presence are all significant agents of socialization. While there are few accurate, well-documented accounts of feral children, where they exist they can serve as a window into the nature of socialization and how these agents are an integral part of becoming human
According to William Julius Wilson, the growth of an urban underclass was largely caused by: manufacturing industries moving out of urban areas. a decline of the information economy. whites leaving urban areas for the suburbs. lower educational levels among urban minorities.
manufacturing industries moving out of urban areas.
One advantage that modern large organizations have over traditional formal bureaucracies is that: their incorporation of information technology allows them to hire more workers. due to increasing use of technology, modern organizations are more hierarchical. modern organizations today are more flexible and decentralized. increased technology allows workers in modern organizations to work fewer hours.
modern organizations today are more flexible and decentralized.
According to Louis Wirth, "the necessary and frequent movement of great numbers of individuals in a congested habitat gives occasion to friction and irritation." He was referring here to his theory that there is a: positive relationship between density and heterogeneity negative relationship between size and interpersonal communal feelings positive relationship between density and interpersonal communal feelings negative relationship between density and interpersonal communal feelings positive relationship between heterogeneity and size
negative relationship between density and interpersonal communal feelings
According to the screencast presentation of Robert Merton's "structural strain" theory, deviant behaviors become more likely to occur as the distance between culturally approved goals and access to ______________________________________ increases. social stigmatization and impression management tools rituals and innovations accepted by individuals individual salvation. non-deviant means to achieve these goals
non-deviant means to achieve these goals
According to Duncan Watts, "everything is obvious, ______________________." once you know the answer if you ignore what appears to be common sense because history repeats itself if you apply common sense once you explain it in standard
once you know the answer
One of the strengths of a hypothesis in a research project is that it is subject to revision as the research progresses, which reflects on the larger idea that scientific ideas are _______________________. open to the influence of personal values and ideas. open to criticism and revision. immutable and unchanging. one of many different idea systems, all of which are valid for sociological research.
open to criticism and revision. FEEDBACK: Science, while not a perfect recipe for solutions to the world's problems, provides us with a solid framework on which to build ideas and questions. Its major strength is that all scientific ideas are open to revision (changes that may well completely contradict the original idea) as well as criticism. A hypothesis is not something the sociologist "carves in stone" as a truth, for to do so would run counter to the purpose of good research. Rather, the hypothesis is simply a kind of starting point for further work and iteration
Which configurations listed would NOT be considered a nuclear family by sociologists these days? a father and his child living together full time a mother, her boyfriend, and her child, all living together full time a biological mother married to a biological father, living together full time with their two children orphanage staff and a child living together full time a father, his boyfriend, and his child, all living together full time
orphanage staff and a child living together full time FEEDBACK: The nuclear family is generally thought of as an adult or adult couple with dependent children, living together full time.
If there are just a couple of incidents a year of bullying in a city's schools, then bullying may be primarily a _________________, but if 30% of teenagers in a city report being bullied at school, then it is more likely a ________________________. personal trouble, public issue social problem, psychological issue personal incident, public decedent public issue, personal trouble psychological issue, social trouble
personal trouble, public issue
If X is said to represent independent variables and Y is said to represent dependent variables, then it would be most accurate to say that sociology is ______________________ because there are many ________ for every _______. deterministic, Y's, X probabilistic, Y's, X probabilistic, X's, Y deterministic, X's, Y
probabilistic, X's, Y
Which of the following is NOT one of Ritzer's four central principles of "McDonaldization." efficiency predictability calculability quality
quality
A mode of reward or punishment that reinforces socially expected forms of behavior is called a: sanction. symbolic response. conditioned response. norm.
sanction.
According to Malcolm Gladwell in Outliers, the reason for the problems with Korean Air Lines flights a couple of decades ago had to do with deep-seated cultural influences that seemingly prevented crew members from: knowing what the problem was obeying indirect commands addressing anything techological saying what needed to be said thinking about other people
saying what needed to be said
Fifteen-year-old Diego is arrested and spends thirty days in juvenile detention. He begins to see himself as a delinquent while there. When he is released, he commits more crimes. Edwin Lemert would consider the crimes Diego commits after being released: secondary deviance. anomic deviance. tertiary deviance. inhibited regression primary deviance.
secondary deviance.
G.H. Mead claimed to have shown that the ____________ is inseparable from ____________, because it emerges from social interaction, requires symbolic communication, and develops by imagining or learning others' views, brain, mind culture, mind culture, value-set self, society culture, society
self, society
The problems of online communication are sometimes illustrated with examples of "autocorrect," a feature built into many smartphones and other devices that attempts to parse misspellings and replace them with the correct words. Other types of online communication problems exist as well. Consider this example text message exchange between a father and his daughter. Daughter: "I got an A on the chem exam!"Father: "WTF, well done."Daughter: "Dad, what do you think WTF means? "Father: "Well, that's fantastic."This exchange demonstrates the importance of ______________________________ for smooth social interaction. impression management. fathers for comic relief shared understanding. public embarrassment. saving face.
shared understanding. FEEDBACK: We often assume that what we know, say, and use as part of our interactions with others will be instantly and clearly understood. But without a clear sense of how we share or do not share understanding, things can go wrong pretty quickly. One of the challenges of online communication is that we may use a term or phrase that has a different meaning to the recipient, resulting in a miscommunication. The results may not always be humorous.
Danny studies winks, waves, language, smiles, frowns, laughs, and any other kind of symbolic communication. What is he researching? tools material culture cultural relativism signifiers
signifiers
Edward T. Hall distinguishes four zones of personal space. The zone usually maintained in formal settings such as interviews is called ____________________ distance. social public intimate personal
social FEEDBACK: Hall identifies four zones of personal space. These include intimate distance (of up to 1/2 foot and reserved for a very few social contacts); personal distance (from 1 1/2 to 4 feet and the normal spacing for encounters with friends); social distance (from 4 to 12 feet); and public distance (beyond 12 feet), which is maintained by those who are performing to an audience.
Civil inattention is a form of _____________________________. internet communcation saving face social interaction peer pressure racial hostility
social interaction
With the support of government programs, the rapid increase of ___________________________ in the United States occurred in the 1950's and 1960's. ruralization consolidation suburbanization echolocation inhabitation
suburbanization
Natasha's organization helps companies design projects that will generate profit but also have minimal impact on the environment. Their focus is on recycling physical resources and keeping pollution to a minimum. Her company focuses on: sustainable development. communization. postmodernization. modernization.
sustainable development.
In most ancient cities: the outer area was primarily a religious and political district. there was little separation from the countryside. the elite and ruling class generally lived in the city center. an inner wall offered military defense.
the elite and ruling class generally lived in the city center.
While recent studies have suggested that violence in crime is not exclusively an male characteristic, it is generally agreed that women rarely engage in violent crime and are more prone to engage in less serious offenses such as shoplifting or prostitution. According to your textbook, this can best be explained as the result of the lack of sociological therapy in those communities the fundamental differences in socialization between men and women. a chivalrous attitude toward women by police who arrest them. the fact that men are from Mars and women from Venus the "gender contract," which suggests women need to be protected.
the fundamental differences in socialization between men and women. FEEDBACK: While it is possible that attitudes toward women on the part of police and the so-called gender contract partly account for why the crime rate is so different between men and women, it is far more useful to examine the basic social differences. Child rearing, family caregiving, and different kinds of social attachments all help keep women more focused on daily life than men, despite the demands of work that pressure women to be breadwinners.
"The more immature the infants of a species are, the more learning they are able to accomplish before they become adults." Smith refers to this as _______________________________. the social reaction the learning corollary the genetic capacity the action-reaction principle the random imprint
the learning corollary
According to Peter Smith, in his video introducing you to sociology "the more immature the infants of a species are [when they are born and in early life], the more learning they are able to accomplish before they become adults." Smith refers to this as _______________________________. the genetic capacity the social reaction the random imprint the learning corollary the action-reaction principle
the learning corollary
To which of the following is a sociologist least likely to turn in order to explain what is going on? the rate at which people are experiencing a common phenomenon (such as imprisonment) the rate at which people are engaging in social behaviors (such as getting divorced) the historical period the state of the economy the personality traits of one of the people experiencing a lousy economy, or a messy divorce
the personality traits of one of the people experiencing a lousy economy, or a messy divorce
In sociology, the term "operationalization" refers to: the process of treating the symptom of heart disease using the medical model the process of defining variables so that they can be measured the process of taking concepts to their logical conclusion the process of using hypotheticals to determine the density of a town the process of engaging social actors in positive social relationships
the process of defining variables so that they can be measured
According to the textbook, ____________________ involve constructing abstract interpretations that can be used to explain a wide variety of situations. ideologies empirical answers skeptics theories beliefs
theories
Question 71 / 1 pts Which of the following is true about fast-food restaurants, according to George Ritzer ("The McDonaldization of Society")? despite the low pay, employees develop a sense of loyalty both to each other and to their customers that keeps them working there for several years, on average they are models of rationalization they encourage regular customers to "get to know" employees behind the counter the drive-through windows generally cause inefficiency and lower profits they are conducive to conversation-filled family meals
they are models of rationalization
Which of the following is true about fast-food restaurants, according to Ritzer? they are models of rationalization despite the low pay, employees develop a sense of loyalty both to each other and to their customers that keeps them working there for several years, on average they are conducive to conversation-filled family meals they encourage regular customers to "get to know" employees behind the counter the drive-through windows generally cause inefficiency and lower profits
they are models of rationalization
Which of the following is an example of a primary group? three best friends in high school a bus driver and passenger a tutor and her student a professor and the president of a university
three best friends in high school
The Thomas Theorem is simply that "if people believe things are true, they are ________________________." true in their consequences heliocentrically true to be tested against the evidence geocentrically true therefore beyond empirical confrontation
true in their consequences
Acccording to the screencast, in the context of family socialization much of what children are socialized into, such as coping skills, gets transmitted _______________________. punitively immediately unintentionally secretly artificiallly
unintentionally
Which of the following best fits the social scientific definition of culture? artistic forms of expression that help cultivate the intellect of members of a society. scientific understandings and the technological advancements expectations about modes of behavior appropriate to participating in a particular community or society. opera, ballet, classical music, and poetry values and morals
values and morals FEEDBACK: Arts, science, and expectations are all parts or manifestations of culture, which contains all those aspects and more.
Compared to what happened after 1750, for most of human history (until 1750 or so) population growth was: accelerated very slow very fast immeasurable negative
very slow
A sociologist would be critical of biological and psychological approaches to criminality because they: view crime and deviance as a result of societal forces. are inadequate to explain deviance caused by mental illness. tend to focus more on violent crimes than any other type of crime. view crime and deviance as an individual, not societal, problem.
view crime and deviance as an individual, not societal, problem.
According to sociologists of religion, under what social circumstances do cults flourish? when a particular social group has been repeatedly marginalized or oppressed by mainstream society when a previously maligned religious belief is incorporated into mainstream values when a charismatic leader revives older religious beliefs that have fallen out of popular practice when there is a breakdown in well-established societal belief systems
when there is a breakdown in well-established societal belief systems FEEDBACK: Cults are typically comprised of people who reject the values of the outside society and are therefore open to the innovation characteristic of cults. When there is a large-scale breakdown of societal belief systems, many more people may be open to adopting alternative belief systems.
For C. Wright Mills, "public issues" are those problems ____________________________________________________. whose most significant causes are properly found in the larger social environment and not within the individuals who experience them are the cumulative emotional effects of many insults and slights that are never experienced as "personal troubles" that define variables in ways that make them almost impossible to properly measure
whose most significant causes are properly found in the larger social environment and not within the individuals who experience them
