Sociology Final Exam
What was meant to be learned from Angie's tattoo of her mother's name across her arm despite being "abandoned" by her?
"Families were to beloved and respected no matter what they ave you in return"
What implications does hookup culture have for consent?
-Being under influence is not giving valid consent -coercion -misunderstanding about "hooking up," what that looks like, how far it will go
What does it mean to think sociological about he dating script?
-consider how people normally meet people or engage in 'dating' and what environment that usually occurs in -look at platforms such as mutual friends, social media (Snapchat, tinder, etc)
How does Ray refute the culture of poverty thesis?
-those that play by "mobility rules" are still disadvantaged and not able to be socially mobile because of institutional limitations -youth may be deemed as "lazy" or that they don't care about higher education but they often end up working just as hard/if not harder to be socially mobile
Term Refers to manual work
Blue collar
Term Marriage to someone outside your social class
Exogamy
Term Social mobility compared to your parents
Intergenerational
Term Practice of having only one sexual partner/spouse at a time
Monogamy
Term Community had universal fear to murder in area, doubled down on dangerous youth narrative (nonprofits worked together a lot better but shifted focus to criminal justice)
Moral panic
Conjunction theory of Social Mobility examples for Habitus
Performance of social mobility rather than achieving it Considering small steps big accomplishments which ended up hindering youth in the long run
Term Practice of aging more than one sexual partner/spouse at a time
Polygamy
Term Women are expected to pursue careers and engage in personal advancement while also getting married/forming families and to enjoy motherhood
Self-development imperative
Sibling Ties and Resources What is the takeaway with Ashley and school where she asks about her sister's graduation requirements during her own counselor meeting?
Since resources were limited for youth, siblings in general are a source of reference on how to obtain college materials/info
Term Value that you get though your social networks
Social capital (someone refers you to a job)
Term Ability to move between different social categories
Social mobility
Term A commonly understood pattern of interaction that serves as a model of behavior in familiar situations
Social script
Term Allocated federal aid to schools with large proportions of low-income students
Title I
What does the division of household labor refer to?
Who is responsible for what tasks
How is the cult of domesticity related to feminist activism in the 1960s and to the stereotype of the "black matriarch"?
feminist activism in the 1960s = feminist were reacting to the cult of domesticity at this time "Black matriarch" = black mothers are seen as seemingly bad/irresponsible parents
How and why did youth distance themselves form other people who lived in Port city or even in their own housing complexes?
-Ashley assumed educated people didn't eat fast food and expressed aversion to it to indicate that despite where she lived and went to school, she was part of a more "cultured" group -watching certain TV programs could indicate one is not smart or "cultured" enough (youth often distanced themselves from what people like them watch) *Lexus said that people on Maury show are considered "trashy" because they are only on TV for getting "knocked up" -"more educated people" would watch history channel/Netflix -form of music used to establish statues (expressed aversion to poplar rap music with explicit sexual lyrics signaled a "nonghetto" individual -African American vernacular English was considered by many to be inferior or a "ghetto" way to talk and people often corrected each other's english (teachers/parents) *WHY DISTANCE = wanted to portray were higher/more sophisticated than people "like them," detesting popular symbols was a way to establish socially mobile status
Term Engaging in behaviors such as words and actions that create or reinforce social distance from other people or groups *In Port City, it occurred among people on the same socioeconomic level which prevented social solidarity that might be able to change the system for the better for everyone EX: racialized code words or females distancing themselves from "at risk" girls who might fall into early pregnancy
"Othering"
What mobility puzzle does Ray describe?
-"at risk" teens navigating school, relationships, work, eco counters with each other and the police -needing a job to continue college yet work conflicted with school -family members might provide support and comfort yet also create obstacles
Ray argued that older siblings sometimes steered younger siblings into trouble, what are some examples? Should steering be understood as a response to poverty, a cause of it, or both?
-Cassie teaching sisters how to shoplift -Curtis being pressured by older brothers to quit job and sell marijuana -intentions come from good heart but steering is rooted in psychological cycle that hinders their ability to fully judge morality a result of constantly having to do what they to do to get by
How did policing and educating contradict one another (for schools/nonprofits and for individual youth)?
-Organizations often shifted their focus to "teaching nonviolence," claiming that violence was a more pressing issue than education -Superintended believes that "lack of discipline" was most significant obstacle to success among youth -fear of law can be inferred to deter young people from freely pursuing academic goals and realizing their potential
How did youth buy into the achievement ideology (especially the role of education) at an individual level?
-attempted to mobilize the resource they acquired from school, work, nonprofits, and churches in order to facilitate their transient from high school to college -idea of personal responsibility in academic success
What mobility rules did Ray identify?
-avoid early pregnancy/drugs/gangs/violence -work hard in school, cultivate strong work ethic, earn a college degree Then they can achieve upward mobility
How do siblings play a unique role in the lives of Port City youth?
-brothers/sisters regularly take on adult responsibilities and make contributions to household -act as role modes/guardians for younger siblings -have regular/obligatory interactions with siblings which often made families unstable -cemented sibling bonds were often based on a common/intimate struggle
Who participates in hookup culture/who is left out?
-crowd that is "popular" enough (people that are not as social are let out = 'hooking up' usually takes place in a social setting) -younger people (the older you get the more it seems people are open to commitment) -people that drink tend to fit in better than those who don't drink, but people pay use the script differently -assumptions of heterosexuality
What is important about Port City high?
-designated a "turnaround school" = lowest performing 5% of state's schools -low test scores where only about half were at or above proficiency in writing, math, and science on the ACT
How did the public-private split emerge? (What did it look like pre-industrial?)
-development of family was tied to development of modernity, state formation, rise of modern economy -historically- white city dwellers moved to suburbs, married young, had 3-4 children -pre industrial = every family operated like small business, miniature family economy/working unit (production + consumption)
How does Ray critique the idea Port it's youth could achieve social mobility if they'd just delay short-term gratification?
-economically marginalized children continually struggle to perform well in middle-class institutions like schools/college eve when they devote as much if not more time and effort to academics -institutions failing them at much deeper level -often looked for way to construct a socially mobile identity -power fo middle-class cultural symbols traveled across neighborhoods -youth made achievable symbols for social mobility (wine, cheese, parties, clean homes) when actual markers of social mobility were college degrees, white collar jobs, and income
What were some of the agents of socialization for youth in risky love?
-family members, school, nonprofit organizations, media
What historical context does Ray think is important for understanding this study?
-higher education demand has increased over last five decades -wide majority of low-wage workers expect and aspire to obtain a higher educational degree and many remain enrolled in college and view taking a couple classes with their intro level Jonás allowing them to climb up the industry ladder -scholars recently use structure,culture, and agency in combination and poverty invariable reproduces itself across generations due to the values of poor- despite structural changes in economy/society
How did Port City youth think about hours? Where and how did they learn the value of hours? How did their understandings shape their decision-making?
-learned value of hours from family members -youth conceives their days in terms of hours, each hour worth the minimum wage -because work was rare, youth understood he labor market potential of workers in terms of the hours worked - value of job = value of hours -understanding of work often times led youth to prioritize working an extra shift or picking up more hours over education since work gave money and money directly represented agency
What are the implications for family of diversifying modes of courtship and marriage?
-less people are gettin married (having kids now without getting married) -cohabitation -people delay marriage/serious romantic relationships if they want to establish their career/pursue their education -considered "rare" if you hav e a traditional relationship -more pressure to find the right/perfect person for you pushes off marriage -divorce is more normalized/creating new families after that (stepparents, kids of second marriage) -time frame is polarized at extremes (date for 17 years or get engaged after 6 months) *longer/shorter engagement period
How did siblings serve as role models especially when it came to managing scarce resources and understanding early pregnancy?
-lessons in being frugal that facilitated survival in context of extreme deprivation (when library getting rid of old books- wanted to keep to resell) -narratives about pregnancy: Ashley's sister preached to younger ones about waiting until later in life to have babies because they would be smarter -universal perspective that pregnancy hindered opportunity and resulted in the policing of one's own bod as well as those of others to ensure that girls were on the lookout for men who would support them and contribute to their upward mobility
In what ways is Port City segregated?
-majority of teachers at Port its High are white whale the majority of students are black/Latina -while elderly women claimed they wanted the beach to be open to everyone, they simultaneously feared that racially/economically margnizalized people posed a threat to the city
How did participants understand money?
-money was not a path to social mobility, rather it WAS social mobility -there appeared to be endless ways the youth could spend money to establish statues, but each of them had to be visible because the ability to spend money meant social mobility -because income was unpredictable, a desire often felt like it had to be met when resources were available (tattoos, hair highlights, vacations)
What do sociologist know about maternal employment?
-mothers who work might not have as much time to devote to nurturing of kids -those who have working moms are likely to obtain more or less equivalent income - gender gap with income widens among children with stay-at-home moms
What was to be learned by Letisha and her unreliable family structure?
-not only do arrival of newcomers threaten the established family,but the departure of established family members could fracture the family structure (her mother abruptly leaving to go toFlorida to visit a man she had been talking with) -youth navigated their family paradox in which their understanding of their family members who hurt or betrayed them was combined with their continued belief that they were good people who cared for them
What are the ways that Port City youth tend to find jobs? How well do these strategies work?
-personal networks/connections; sibling/family members -online applications -flyers *youth were most successful in finding work through word of mouth
How did Port City youth celebrate? What were celebrations meant to accomplish?
-seen as "you knew what you were doing" if you threw a wine/cheese party at your house -going to casino implied you had the money for clothes and the tip -"if one went to a hotel party, it was considered ghetto" -*whether one went to the casino or to Applebees to celebrate their 21st birthday said something about their aspirations -*celebrations ere meant to display that one ass socially mobile and had the resources (money) to engage in those activities EX: Briana celebrating birthday with home cooked meal and ice cream with friends even though she still defensively said she had plans to party with college students
To what illusions does Ray refer to?
-small successes seen as big accomplishments; employers made it seem like individuals were achieving social mobility when it fact they weren't -higher education was an illusion at times- the probability of hearing back from jobs was much higher and the turnaround time was a matter of weeks but college seemed far-fetched (most youth ended up asking nonprofit personnel to help them with job applications rather than college ones
What are the long term impacts of diversifying modes of courtship and marriage?
-to all dating scripts have marriage as end goal ( even though most people still report wanting to marry one day) -continued emphasis on individualized relationships (go out and meet other people and try again if it doesn't work out) -rise in alternatives to marriage -"date to marry" script in 20s -social scrips as anchos for behavior (natives familiar situations, unspoken assumptions) -diversification of dating scrips (embedded inequalities)
Social reproduction
-to what extend to people's outcomes differ from those of their parents -social locations/status reproduced over time -assumes that institutions are designed to reproduce status quo/will benefit some groups more than others
What cultural norms and structural resources/restraints shape the strategies that people use to find dignity in everyday life?
Access to support systems, access to healthcare which many youth felt was a stigma
Term Asserts that anyone's an make it, including those who have struggles with homelessness, combined with the idea that higher education is one of the only ways to overcome poverty, which instills confidence in youth
Achievement/"Bootstrap" ideology
How did Port City youth acquire and use middle-class cultural capital?
Acquired cultural capital through ways they are socialized- nonprofits, tv, siblings, school *important because people think marginalized are isolated form mainstream culture when in fact, they are very tapped into it and aspire toward it -began to realize that the food they ate/neighborhoods they lived in indicated their class position
How do the imperatives emerge in stories like Angie and Gigi?
Angie- juggling responsibilities es of relationship without having car with emotional stability/obligations for work and school Gigi- nw boyfriend Chris' aspirations to attend college have influenced her individual goals
What is culture of poverty thesis?
Argument that poo people stay poor because they adopt counterproductive values and behaviors in response to the condition of poverty (referee toas "the culture" because the assumption that most people in a poor communing adopt counterproductive values)
Why didn't youth go "all in" in terms of college? (*think of Ashley's reasoning)
Ashley questioned the value in finishing college because "why would you want to finish college-to make money, so why would you give money up in the first place because theres no guarantee that you'll get a job after college" -wanted to finish college but not at the expense of money
Mobility symbols and performing social mobility identity are all processes shaped by what?
Available resources and symbols
Pre-Test Questions Which norm did the risk narrative preside for Port City youth? -avoid early pregnancy -pursue higher education -believe in value of hard work -understand appeal of gang membership
Avoid early pregnancy
How does gender being a performance/something you can do apply to family as a social construct? How do participants do/perform family?
Being done/performed by siblings demanding loyalty and gratitude by making overpowering decisions for those dependent on them -tensions based on necessity- declining to concede to an older siblings demands for loyalty/obedience could cost dependent young people the resources provided by them (resource-respect dynamic) -younger siblings witnessed their older siblings facing constraints and often imagined their own futures/life chances within the same limitations (educational barriers)
How do people perform class and strive for dignity in their everyday lives?
Cassy wanted to be psychologies and reasoned that she was sill helping people and going above average service when she was working at the coffee sop and could use what she learned in a couple of community college classes to help her in her minimum wage job, which was somehow going to help her fulfill being a psychologist someday
What characteristics and costs did Ray identify when it came to exchanges between siblings?
Characteristics- recurring, obligatory, indispensable, providers are overburdened with responsibilities Costs- blurred line between need and expression of love, high dependency on providers, hierarchy, providers demand loyalty
How did they rationalize/manage illnesses?
Claiming that they didn't receive best medical treatment they could (because was an organ donor etc) or blamed it on bad genes
Term Injury that happens at individual level but is related to larger social context because of class EX: won't deliver dominos to neighborhood because it's considered 'dangerous'
Class injuries
Term Includes habitus (habits/attitudes) along with opportunities and resources; the categories often influence/contradict each other because often times the habits/attitudes portion doesn't work (achievement ideology) if you don't have the material resources (*youth are influenced by all of these factors and are limited in their advances)
Conjunction theory
What are low-wage jobs like? What was i like to try to keep one of these jobs (or juggle more than one)?
Constantly struggling for more hours, employers were reluctant to give more hours./benefits -were more likely to get/keep job if knew someone -Exhausting to hold more than one job which often conflicted with pursuits of higher education
How did youth understand/cope with death?
Coping with random deaths = draw on early this factors such as fate, deeply internal flaws/causes such as genes, or larger conspiracies about hospitals or unknown organizations
Term Approach to education rooted in belief that teaching/learning are inherently political acts -student centered classroom where teachers acta s facilitators of discussion -teaching/learning can challenge oppression and strengthen democracy when teacher helps developers critical consciousness or the ability to enact change through social action
Critical pedagogy
Term Thing in cultural toolkit that are helpful: values, tastes, leisure activities, something that is valuable in some way (knowledge how to ask the right questions)
Cultural capital
What is self development imperative?
Cultural norm compelling women to pursue higher education and public sphere careers
What goals/processes characterized U.S. American romantic relationships during the 1950s?
Dating in 1950s: -pleasure/fun -learning experience -test compatibility (How to date in 1950's): -man asks woman out -public spaces -access to cars -may be more open to other partners at the same time -"going steady" usually led to engagement or conversation about marriage
Term Disparities in households/communities' access to compres and the internet
Digital divide
Term Everyday ways that people pursue dignity; something everyone does but is shaped by social location Ex: living in projects but keeping s house clean
Dignity projects
How do youth deploy the risk narrative?
Distancing themselves from those who have become early parents, looking for the "perfect partner"
What does it mean that the risk narratives were racialized?
Dominant ideas about race, including stereotypes, shaped people's understanding of who was "at risk"
How can we think about dominaron norms as social constructs?
Dominant norms are shaped by the collective belief system and what is deemed "socially acceptable" at that time; they are constructs because the norms can change and evolve from generations
Term Another name for money
Economic capital
Term (types of division of labor) Ideologically, most families are this way; both parents do their fair share of breadwinning/housekeeping/care-taking
Egalitarian
Term Process of maintaining feelings and expressions to fulfill the emotional requirements of a job; unwritten/invisible, expected "rule" not necessarily rewarded, often times gendered
Emotional labor
How did employers feed the achievement ideology through their structuring of low-wage service work? How would conflict theories interpret this?
Employers would give them slightly less hours than to be considered full-time,but led them to believe they could work their way up -conflict theorists = Internet as individuals in constant conflict with institutional level, never fully able to achieve
Term When a culture maintains legal/normative sanctions against people marrying outside their race, class, or caste; marriage from within own sanctions
Endogamy
What is difference between equality and equity?
Equality- treating everyone he same or quality as way of being fair Equity- creates fairness by providing individuals/groups with what they need to be successful
What uncertainties did Port City youth face in their everyday lives? How did they manage them?
Everyday struggles of poverty, sudden death, regular/untreated illness among family/friends, evictions from their homes, improvement of their loved ones, empty bank accounts and refrigerators, families breaking up due to guardian's drug problem
How do structural/cultural influences individual behavior?
Everything for youth is shaped by culture/structure and you can't only look at the individual level (how siblings might act might be markers on younger siblings, but in act, their relationships may be strained by the condition of poverty)
What is known about the institution of family among African Americans?
Expanded notion of kinship, expanded definition of family from immediate bloodlines to racial ones
Term Others telling you how to behave
Explicit socialization
Term Type of tracking that occurs when policies/people guide students into certain areas of study
Explicit tracking
What is known about the institution of family among Latinos?
Family ties are strong and they are of top priority -individual Latinos often define self-wroth in terms of family's image and accomplishments -long chains of needy extended relations which act as safety nets and members that are their responsibilities seriously -Strong sense of community and allegiance to family, traditional roles of gender
How does social scripts play a role in romantic relationships?
Gender -women may not have as much agency since it is understood that men ask women out, pay, and take on the dominant role -assumptions of heterosexuality
Conjunction theory of Social Mobility examples for Resources
Guy moved to Florida but didn't have anywhere to stay anymore and had to move back A a lot fo times youth had habitus or THOUGHT they did, but the shortage of resources always limited them in their attempts to be mobile
Term Unwritten, sometimes unintended lessons about values/behaviors (*for marginalized groups, suggest/insiste that their appearances, personalities, behaviors were at odds with dominant expectations)
Hidden curriculum
What is the public-private split?
Home/work divide, gender sized: what women/men do, everyone is doing everything now though so the two aren't seen as being split, working both in/out of home as result of post-industrial era)
Term Staying at the same class level even though one might move positions
Horizontal mobility
Term Work that keeps household functioning; *can be outsourced
Housework
How did youth cope with hunger and understand the meaning of home?
Hunger- seal/shoplift when they could just to get by Meaning of home- "home is where the heart is," youth internalize unpredictability to mange the continual disruptions in their lives, constructing home as transient, mortality as imminent and health as precarious
Term Comprehensive special education law passed in 2001, guaranteeing all students a "free and appropriate" public education tailored to their individual needs
IDEA- Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
What is the cult of domesticity and how does it function as an ideology?
Idea that women are supposed to be perfect mothers and house wives and enjoy their responsibilities at home Ideology = how women are "supposed" to be, has evolved over generations as norms change, naturalizes inequality
How do mobility rules relate to the achievement ideology?
If you work hard, you can achieve a higher attainable status, creates determination to work hard to get what you want
What are the two imperatives Ray discusses that shape beliefs and behavior for women in her study? What does imperative mean in this context?
Imperative = norm surrounding behavior Relational and self-development imperative
Term Observing behavior rom interactions with others
Implicit socialization
Term Type of tracking that happens when school officials' assumptions shape expectations/behaviors toward students in subtle ways *Can emerge unintentionally based on biases connecting race, class, gender to assumptions about student's academic interests/aptitude
Implicit tracking
Term New standards with mothering, women tend to intensely take care of kids/develop them and organize activities
Intensive mothering
Term (big picture theories) Concept that people can be privileged in some way and definitely not in others
Intersectionality
Term Being socially mobile/moving within your lifetime
Intragenerational
What does it mean to say that the risk narrative is racialized/classed?
It is believed that future young parents, specifically black and Latina women are likely to drop out of school and be future burdens on the state -Black/brown men are constructed as predatory
What are most jobs in the service sector like?
Low wage, rarely allow for financial security or health/retirement benefits Service economy is flexible, contingent, and disposable labor "Good jobs" like middle management positions are now primarily reserved for those with higher education
Term Any work done for pay
Market work
Term Overall research question, investigates why people can't achieve social mobility, even when one would expect that when people follow the 'mobility rules' they would achieve mobility but they're not
Mobility puzzle
Term (Type of cultural capital) markers of specific class, displays/behavior/values of social mobility Ex: wine, sushi, vernacular, leisure practices, clothing, music, how you partied etc
Mobility symbols
What is the racial, ethnic, socioeconomic make-up of Present day Port City?
More than 85% of students are black or Latina As many as 25% living below poverty line Among 10 most poverty stricken cities in the state, ranked among the bottom for food security Among 5 towns with worst access to transportation Among poorest reforming school districts in the state Bad schooling 80% of students qualify for free/reduced lunch
How does the risk narrative operate as an ideology?
Most people buy into idea at local community level; Families and young people themselves collectively construct pregnancy and early motherhood as a force keeping young women from leading rich/productive lives Exists on the individual level based on the choices one engages in as well as the forces of the "culture of poverty'
Term (types of division of labor) Women should be able to work if they desire but only if it doesn't interfere with her 'real' duty to take care of her family
Neo-traditional division of labor
What is hookup culture?
New cultural norm- "emotionless" hookups Pressure to participate Misconception that everyone is having sex
From where/whom to youth learn the risk narrative?
Nonprofits, school, family, stigmas about their neighborhood
Term Familiar form consisting of mother, father and their children; can be considered an ideology when people think of what a traditional family is "supposed" to look like
Nuclear family
Term Idea and what "family" is supposed to look like; rises to ideology when everyone strives for it/marginalize those who don't fit in
Nuclear family
What research methods did Ray use to conduct her study
Observational study and interviews
When it came to their bodies and weight, Ray observed that young women in Port city were
Often conflicted- took pride in their bodies but at the same time wanted to lose weight
Sibling Ties and Resources What is the takeaway for sibling's role in navigating the police?
Often gave suggestions for how to deal with police contact and the role fo the criminal justice system (*Curtis' brothers)
What was Port City like in the early 1900s? How did it change by 1960s-70s and by 2000?
One of fishing capitals of the world, attractive because of is waterways Participation in various transportation industries made it a desirable destination for immigrants Confronted forces such as deindustrialization and late 20th century urban renewal and economic recession; continue to struggle with food insecurity and to confront effects of war on drugs, mass incarceration, underfunded schools etc
Term Doesn't necessarily mean you've achieved social mobility, but the identity with which you've created; do you feel you have/have you convince others you are mobile (achieving is a visible, structural position) Ex: keeping a clean home to distinguish oneself from others or eating sushi rather than fast food because that's what 'ghetto' people do
Performing social mobility identity
How did he moral panic relate to policing in relation to education?
Policing often directly correlated individuals with risk narratives
How do service workers tend to think about education?
Put emphasis on higher education and pursue it even though it might not necessarily work out well Develope false hopes about career development
Term Belief that women desire love, romantic relationships, and marriage
Relational imperative
What is the purpose of schooling form the social reproduction perspective?
Reproduces social stratification, helping society function but benefitting some more than others -use student's social locations to determine where they belong in society and design educational experience hat convince students this outcome is earned/ fair -(ex: lower upcoming students have schools which emphasize obedience, following directions for future jobs as workers/low-level employees whereas higher-income students attend schools which promote creativity/critical thinking)
Conjunction theory of Social Mobility examples for opportunities
Sandra's interview its Harvard Struggling to find jobs with employers who didn't want to pay them full time
Term Web of policies, practices, conditions that increase the likelihood of arrest/incarceration for low-income students of color
School-to-prison pipeline
What is the difference between schooling and education?
Schooling = formalized process in which an institution delivers relatively standardized curriculum (other institutions can carry out schooling like churches, families) Education = process that results in learning, can occur in a variety of setting and toward host of ends, represents the culmination of everything people learn in their lifetime: facts, skills ways of thinking gained through reading, observation, experience
How do U.S education funding patters, as well as residential segregation patters create inequality between schools?
Schools in higher income neighborhoods have higher taxes and money available for resources/dedicated to private schools whereas lower income neighborhoods often have schools funded by the state
Term Women's responsibility for housework and child care
Second shift
Term (types of division of labor) Non partnered household where one person is responsible for all the work; sometimes their children involved/sometimes not (can be by choice or by other circumstances)
Self- reliant division of labor
Term Refers to fast food industry, waitressing etc
Service work
What goals/processes characterized U.S. American romantic relationships during the 1960s?
Sexual revolution -FDA approves birth control pill -separates sex from reproduction -greater acceptance of sex outside of marriage -growing independence for women being on their own in between living with their families/moving in with spouse -diverse ways to meet (no longer confined by geographic-rise of internet) -marriage is no longer the gateway to adulthood -changing and expanding goals for dating
Term Refers to multi-billion dollar industry that provides private educational services outside of formal schooling -private tutors, online courses, cram sessions with aim of improving student's performance on coursework/tests
Shadow education
To what extent did Angie play by the mobility rules?
She tried to break the cycle of opresión by getting an education and going to work but was overburdened due to lack of sustained academic support and resources
Sibling Ties and Resources What is the takeaway for work and sibling relationships?
Siblings function as central support for younger siblings seeking work + navigating work environment through connections they have while providing transportation (*Ashley convince her work place to hire her sisters)
Sibling Ties and Resources What is the takeaway for siblings and emotional care/acting as role models?
Siblings step into the guidance role as providers because parental figures are often nonexistent or unsupportive but they also have to deal with practical/emotional burden of keeping the family together
What was the takeaway of Sandra's interview with Harvard?
Social and education systems marginalized economically/racially marginalized youth in a variety of interlocking ways, from family and neighborhood resources to the hidden curriculum of schools and standardized testing practices
Who is likely to use social scripts in relationships/who is left out?
Social class differences -predominantly middle class things (expectation of paying for dates, having access to cars = doesn't apply to everyone)
What is known about the institution of family among low-wage earners?
Some single mothers may be viewed as "lazy welfare moms"
Term Splitting unpaid/paid work so that each partner does more of one than the other
Specialization
What steps does hookup culture operate as a social script?
Step 1- important to drink ("enhance personality/confidence") Step 2- grind (dancing at parties, men approach women from behind, women gauge hotness etc) Step 3- initiate a hookup (for women;turn around, for men: physical cues) Step 4- Do...something (35% say its kissing/groping, 12% foreplay, 13% oral sex, 40% intercourse) *the meaning of hookup is ambiguous Step 5- establish meaningless (claim to be drunk, ok up once, create emotional distance)
Term Label that comes with negative social consequences (ex: early pregnancy led to harder to access resources/opportunities in the community)
Stigma
How did youth interpret their own success/failure?
Students believed that because certain types of resources were available to them, their failure to attend college could only be sprained by individual/cultural deficiency -youth saw educational/occupational accomplishments and aspirations in relationships to their friends who were in jail or fleeing the police
Term How organize work/home changes throughout time even as people fantasize about an imaginative time (After 1960s feminism, women started working outside home more, but it was gradual because people still valued the nuclear finally ideology)
Subtle revolution
Term (big picture theories) Using symbols that have shared meaning to communicate with one another and create reality
Symbolic interactionsim
What is the content of the risk narrative" that Ray identifies about teen childbirth?
Teen childbirth is presented as inherently problematic and an epidemic in cities
How can we understand family as a social construct?
The "ideal" family has evolved and changed over time as new perceptions of what is "socially acceptable" evolve (ex: white picket fence, motherhood and father- binary/heterosexual, dad works and mom stays at home)
What did Ray mean by referring to sibling ties as paradoxical and contradictory?
The exchange of resources with kinship networks (getting jobs within networks) often strained kinship ties, making them simultaneously resourceful and hostile -Costs of exchange on intimacy -family dynamics played out in paradoxical way by sometimes providing support by also acting as source of stress/conflict
Low-wage jobs actually seemed to reinforce the achievement ideology among Port City youth. How did they think upward mobility was going to happen for them in the context of low-wage work?
The more jobs they took on or them ore hours they worked, te more they would earn and be able to 'move up' -also taking cases that loosely related to service jobs would somehow make a difference
What were the consequences of how youth interpreted their own success/failure?
They continually weighed low-income work against their educational goals and over back and forth between prioritizing work/school -have to balance work/school which regularly overburdened them, making it difficult to succeed in either one -saw small success as moving large accomplishments (gave them false sets of ow far in process they had actually gotten + impeded their progress) -had habits/attitudes for success but resources always fell short
How do youth understand the risk narrative?
They view early pregnancy as hindering to social mobility
Ashley and other Port city youth sometimes spend their limited income on celebrations or sushi. Some might criticize them for pursuing short-term gratification over long-term social mobility, but Ray and other sociologist would point out that
They were performing social mobility identities using the class and mobility markers they'd learned over time
Term Students are placed on particular "tracks" or pathways, characterized by different academic experiences + outcomes
Tracking
Term (types of division of labor) Men are responsible for earning income and women should be responsible for housework and childcare
Traditional division of labor
Detroit public schools + pursuing equity in education chapter
Underfunding, per-pupil spending = amount a school spends on each of its students during a given year, inadequate resources (Gym falling apart)
What is the purpose of schooling from the status attainment model?
Use public schooling to train citizens for appropriate occupations, which contribute to smooth functioning society -people get channeled into jobs that best fit their interests, attitudes, and abilities -public school system is seen as tool for social mobility, as it promotes literacy and common ideals -ensures societal/social stability
How is a social script useful/problematic in relationships?
Useful- appears that everyone is on same page, norms Problematic- gray areas, not everyone comes from same experience/backgrounds
Term Moving up (could be moving down, but most often talking about moving up)
Vertical mobility
What cultural/institutional barriers shape the ways that partners do/divide market work and family work?
Wage gaps, expectations of gender
Term Refers to office work; highly educated
White collar
What is the broader lesson about how the two imperatives operate in conjunction with each other?
Women are frequently stigmatized and shamed for focusing on stability/upward mobility rather than emotions
What was meant to be learned from Ashley's story about holidays/celebrations?
You make sacrifices for the atmosphere of "normal families"
What are some contemporary norms/sanctions related to teen childbirth/abortion?
Young teens proved not to be against abortion and even rallied around the cause in favor of avoiding early pregnancy by any means
Term Victor Rios' definition that young men of color are criminalized by various institutions from a very young age, even before they commit any crime
Youth Control complex
The dangerous youth narrative suggest that
Youth are inherently violent and therefore dangers to the community and to themselves
What is the at-risk discourse? Why is it problematic?
Youth are marginalized by dominant discourses that construct all youth as "at risk" -problematic =labels all youth without considering their individual situations, erases complexity and leads to focus on individual behavior without acknowledging structure implications -focus on risk behaviors without realizing youth are already prepared to avoid these risk behaviors -reinforces achievement ideology, shapes othering and social mobility performances at micro level
How do people find dignity and meaning through work? (*think of Cassy at the coffee shop)
Youth found meanings in their work through racialized understandings of labor -as the youth moved horizontally from one job to the next, for the same pay,they imagines they were moving up the ladder -creatively molded labor to resemble a certain skill set -As Cassy performed emotional labor and assigned meaning to it in relation to her aspirations fo becoming a psychologies, she managed the conflict between her aspiration of a white-collar job and the reality of minimum wage work
Term Policies which attach strict, unwavering punishment to all students behavior interpreted as potentially "dangerous" (often time,s racial disparities in discipline measures, black students will often get more frequently/severely punished even for enacting same behavior as white counterparts)
Zero tolerance
Why you'll a low-ranked college application or a low-wage job application feel intimidating to youth?
applications used big language/confusing wording to make it seem like the teens didn't have the necessary requirements to hold such a position
Pre-Test Questions Port City high staff routinely policed student's behavior because school officials viewed Port City youth as inherently dangerous and unpredictable. Sociologist might see this policing as: -challenge to dangerous youth narrative -key component of school's hidden curriculum -form of middle-class cultural capital -central marker of social mobility identity
key component of school's hidden curriculum
Pre-Test Questions When it came to romantic relationships, young women in Port City often expected potential male partners to perform gender: -in relatively traditional way, for example by paying for dates -according to Neón-traditional model where paid for dates but allowed female partners to provide transportation -in egalitarian way b sharing expenses with their female partners -in transgressive way but yielding breadwinner statues to their female parners
relatively traditional way, for example by paying for dates
Like in many regions of U.S, racial segregation in Port City was significant because: -it developed as a result of individuals preferences to live near like-minded people -i is mandated by law -it shaped residents' access to critical resources/opportunities -it had improved markedly from segregation patters in early 1900s
shaped residents' access to critical resources/opportunities