Sociology final part two
The term school has its origins in a Greek word meaning
"leisure" or "recreation."
According to Talcott Parsons, what is an expectation associated with the sick role?
A sick person should not be personally blamed for being ill.
Lukas believes that large differences in school funding leads to vastly different educational opportunities and outcomes. His view most closely mirrors which of the following studies?
Jonathan Kozol's Savage Inequalities
Ali believes that religion diverts attention from injustices in this world by the promise of what is to come in the afterlife. His views most closely resemble those of
Karl Marx.
Oliver thinks that religion provides justification for those in power to remain in power. His view most closely resembles that of
Karl Marx.
_____ describes an activist Catholic religious movement that combines Catholic beliefs with a passion for social justice for the poor.
Liberation theology
Why did Max Weber believe Christianity contained possibilities for social change that Eastern religions did not?
Weber believed the religions of the East cultivated an attitude of passivity or acceptance within the believer, whereas Christianity demanded a constant struggle against sin and so could stimulate revolt against the existing order.
Kelly is an African American girl who suffers from obesity. She lives in a poor inner-city neighborhood characterized as a food desert. Which of the following factors is most likely to be a component causing her condition?
a lack of healthy food choices at school and home
Sociologists define religion as
a set of beliefs adhered to by the members of a community, incorporating symbols regarded with a sense of awe or wonder together with ritual practices.
Which health issues are associated with anorexia?
a smaller heart muscle and a weakened immune system
Yong believes that the story of the Ten Commandments that God gave to Moses is a mythical version of the origins of the moral precepts that govern the lives of Jewish and Christian believers. Yong would most likely call this process
alienation.
The term religious economy refers to
an approach that sees religions as organizations in competition with one another for followers.
Which of Corbin and Strauss's types of work involves the process of incorporating an illness into one's life, making sense of it, and developing ways of explaining it to others?
biographical work
The communities that are most likely to be food deserts are
both rural areas and poor urban neighborhoods.
Which theory of education argues that a high school diploma or college degree becomes a signaling device that matters more for predicting later attainment than what the student learned in school?
credentialism theory
Tatsuki is applying for a job that requires a bachelor's degree that thirty years ago required only a high school diploma. This example illustrates the growing impact of
credentialism.
Megan belongs to a small transient religious group that rejects the values of her sprawling city. Sociologists would likely refer to this as a
cult.
Tracking is the practice of
dividing students into groups that receive different instruction on the basis of perceived ability.
According to many sociological studies of educational inequality, what else must occur in order for educational reforms to be successful?
economic reforms
Joe lives in a neighborhood where the grocery stores there rarely sell fresh or low-cost produce. Neighborhoods like Joe's are known as
food deserts.
Rafael is a sociologist who thinks that illness can disrupt the normal flow of society. What school of sociology does he probably belong to?
functionalist
Émile Durkheim's theory of religion is a good example of the _____ tradition in sociology.
functionalist
According to the textbook, the increase in the number of adults who report no religious affiliation ("the rise of the nones") is largely explained by
generational replacement, since more millennials are religiously unaffiliated.
Daniel's mother worries about the environment at the local public school, so she teaches him at their house. This is an example of
home schooling.
"Between-school effects" refers to
how schools differ from one another.
Primary schools began to be built in Europe and the United States
in the nineteenth century.
One detailed review of nearly three dozen studies of student-teacher interactions found that
interactions with male students were more likely to be negative than those with female students.
The United States has a level of functional literacy that
lags behind most other industrial countries.
fernando believes it is the responsibility of Christians and the Catholic Church to be activists and advocates for the poor. This idea is referred to as
liberation theology.
As the industrial economy rapidly expanded, why was it impossible for work skills to be passed on directly from parents to children?
occupations became more specialized
In Connie's family, bowls are just routine, everyday parts of life. Émile Durkheim would refer to these objects as
profane.
Mia is able to do simple addition. She is demonstrating
quantitative literacy.
stephen thinks that the presence of numerous religions means that there is likely to be something for just about everyone. This view reflects the idea of
religious economy.
Jennifer believes that as a Christian she belongs to a group of people who are destined to bring the United States under God's rule as a Christian country. Her ideas are a form of
religious nationalism.
The linking of strongly held religious convictions with beliefs about a people's social and political destiny is called
religious nationalism.
Joe's family has a candle that they light for particular religious ceremonies. It is seen as a special object, apart from everyday life, that is to be treated with special respect. Émile Durkheim would refer to this object as
sacred.
Émile Durkheim defined religion in terms of a distinction between the _____ and the _____.
sacred; profane
President Donald Trump's goal, spearheaded by Education Secretary Betsy DeVos, is to greatly expand _____: the ability of parents to use public funds, in the form of vouchers or tax credits, to enroll their children in various alternatives to public schools.
school choice
Journalist Jonathan Kozol notes in his 2012 book Fire in the Ashes that
schools that are just a few miles apart geographically offer vastly different educational opportunities.
Ella thinks that the rise in science, technology, and rational thought threatens religion. Some sociologists refer to this as
secular thinking.
Hassan's research shows a decline in religious belief and involvement among young people, weakening the social and political power of religious organizations. Sociologists refer to this process as
secularization.
A number of sociologists have argued that the hidden curriculum is the mechanism through which _____ occurs.
social reproduction
The average lower IQ score of African Americans in the United States is remarkably similar to that of deprived ethnic minorities in other countries. This suggests that
social, cultural, and economic factors explain variations in IQ.
Amina believes that bright children learn more quickly and effectively in a group of others who are equally able and that clever students are held back if placed in mixed groups. Her view most closely resembles which of the following studies?
sociological studies of tracking and "within school effects"
From the findings of Robert Rosenthal and Lenore Jacobson's research, we can conclude that
students who are expected to perform well tend to live up to their teachers' expectations.
Novak is a researcher who addresses questions about the personal experience of illness: How does illness shape individuals' daily lives? How does a chronic illness affect an individual's self-identity? What school of sociology mentioned in the textbook does he probably belong to?
symbolic interactionist
What is a latent function of school?
teaching students to sit quietly for long hours and to respect authority
Karl Marx considered religion to be
the "opium of the people."
Fatima thinks that much of what is learned in school has nothing directly to do with the formal content of lessons. Children spend long hours in school and get an early taste of what the world of work will be like, learning that they are expected to be punctual and apply themselves diligently to the tasks that those in authority set for them. Sociologists call this
the hidden curriculum.
Sociologists have observed that authority relations in school are hierarchical and place strong emphasis on obedience. This is an example of
the hidden curriculum.
Alienation can be described as
the human tendency to attribute our own culturally created values and norms to divine forces or gods because we do not understand our own history.
In an article describing religiosity among Americans, what is the meaning of the "rise of the nones"?
the increase in the proportion of Americans who say they are unaffiliated with any religion
Most public health experts believe that obesity is a problem caused by
the obesogenic environment.
Li is focusing her research on the way individuals define health rather than focusing on a standardized medical measurement of health. Which sociological perspective is Li using?
the symbolic interactionist perspective
Belief in one or more supernatural deities is known as
theism.
How much more likely are Black mothers to die than their white counterparts?
three to four times as likely
Some sociologists are critical of tracking in schools because
tracking tends to reproduce existing inequalities, including poverty.
Dr. Irving (discussed in the textbook) and other African American women face multiple stressors throughout their lives that wear down their bodies and health, rendering them vulnerable to chronic diseases like diabetes and high blood pressure. The epidemiologist Arline Geronimus calls this process
weathering.
We have so much more control over our bodies compared to earlier times. This is because
what used to be "natural" has become social.
Which of the following is a contributing factor to the increasing consumption of fast food?
working parents
Adhira thinks that religion serves a function in society by cohering social groups under some common ideas and morals. Her views most closely resemble those of
Émile Durkheim.
Emma believes religious ceremonies and rituals are essential to unifying the members of groups. Her view most closely resembles that of
Émile Durkheim.
Religion has the function of uniting a society by ensuring that people meet regularly to affirm common beliefs and values. This is most closely connected to the work of
Émile Durkheim.
Which event is an example of religious nationalism?
Iran's Islamic Revolution
Why are some sociologists critical of the religious economy approach to looking at religious involvement?
It overestimates the extent to which people rationally choose among different religions, as if they were shopping for a new car or a pair of shoes.
Today, _____ of the population ages fifteen and older in the least-developed countries are illiterate.
37 percent
Until the first few decades of the nineteenth century, most of the world's population had no schooling whatsoever. According to the textbook, why did universal education develop?
As the industrial economy rapidly expanded, there was a great demand for specialized schooling that could produce an educated, capable workforce.
According to the Pew Research Center's 2014 U.S. Religious Landscape Study, the largest number of Protestant households were
Baptists.
What has happened in recent years with respect to school segregation?
Black and white students are no more likely to be in the same classrooms than they were decades ago.
Why do religious economists believe that competition among secular viewpoints and many religions leads to increased participation in religion in modern societies?
Competition makes each religious group try harder to win followers, and the presence of numerous religions means that there is likely to be something for just about everyone.
Which of the following findings, if discovered, would lend support for the religious economy perspective?
Countries that contain a greater number of religions represented among its population also have populations with a higher average religiosity.
Why did Émile Durkheim believe that religion was useful for human societies?
Durkheim argued that religion has the function of cohering a society by ensuring that people meet regularly to affirm common beliefs and values.
Identify the statement about education that aligns with functionalist theory.
Education must teach the citizens of a nation the common tools necessary to succeed in that nation, such as language, literacy, and math.
According to Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis (1976), what brought about the expansion of education?
Employers needed certain personality characteristics in their workers—self-discipline, dependability, punctuality, obedience, and the like—which are all taught in schools.
Which group is MOST likely to vote for Trump?
Evangelical Protestants
Sofia believes that differences in achievement test scores reflect the children's backgrounds, not the material resources provided in schools. Her view most closely resembles the conclusions of which of the following studies?
James Coleman's studies on "between school effects"
For which group are eating disorders MOST likely the lowest?
Fijian women before American television shows started to air there
What is a reason why many sociologists argued that Kozol's book Fire in the Ashes provides an inaccurate and incomplete view of educational inequality?
He had no systematic way in which he chose the schools he studied, which allowed for selection bias.
The owner of a small but thriving software company decides to sell her business and devote herself to meditation and spiritual awakening. According to Weber's theory of religion and commerce, which religious tradition does this decision represent?
Hinduism
Why was Karl Marx critical of religion?
Marx thought that religion represented human self-alienation.
Hugo notes in his research that religiously inspired movements have often produced dramatic social transformations. His views most closely resemble those of
Max Weber.
Omar thinks that Christianity demands a constant struggle against sin and so can stimulate revolt against the existing order. His views most closely resemble those of
Max Weber.
The theorist who saw religion as having the potential to bring social change was
Max Weber.
Which group is MOST likely to adopt a more flexible, humanistic approach to religious practice?
Methodists
Pat suffers from anorexia nervosa. Which of the following statements is true?
Pat is most likely to be between that ages of twelve and twenty-six.
Max Weber believed that _____ was the source of the capitalistic outlook found in the modern West.
Protestantism
This version of Judaism rejects most traditional practices and is progressive in its ritual practices.
Reform Judaism
_____ is one of the oldest human institutions.
Religion
Why are sociologists so concerned with the social organization of religio
Religion is among the most important institutions in society and is a primary source of the deepest-seated norms and values.
According to functionalist theory, identify which of the following is a normative social expectation of the sick role.
Sick people are not held responsible for being sick.
The leading causes of death today are heart disease and cancer, two diseases that are associated with unhealthy behaviors such as smoking, a high-fat diet, and a sedentary lifestyle. This evidence most clearly contradicts which perspective?
Talcott Parsons's sick role
In which country does universal health coverage not exist?
The United States
What is a trend that is occurring in the Catholic Church?
The percent of Catholics in the United States that are Hispanic is growing.
Why have some sociologists criticized Talcott Parsons's notion of the sick role?
The sick role fails to explain illnesses that do not necessarily lead to a suspension of normal activity.
What has been happening to the life expectancy of working-class whites throughout the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries?
Their life expectancy is decreasing.
Why do researchers find it difficult to measure intelligence?
There are different forms of intelligence.
In 2014, 1.9 percent of the U.S. population identified as Jewish. Why might this statistic be misleading?
There are multiple reasons why someone might identify or not identify as Jewish.
What suggests that eating disorders and obesity reflect social factors more than biological factors?
They are very recent health problems.
What best characterizes when all foods are available all the time?
This situation causes anxieties as well as positive possibilities.
Why did Max Weber largely disagree with Karl Marx's ideas on religion?
Weber argued that religion was not necessarily a conservative force; rather, religiously inspired movements have often produced dramatic social transformations.
