Sociology Final

What is a research method?

A systematic approach to answering scientific questions

Who are the founders of the Symbolic Interactionist perspective? What are there major contributions?

Charles Horton Cooley and George Herber Mead. Their contributions focuses on the relationships between individuals within a society and the exchanging between.

Define colonialism and neocolonialism and apply them to global inequality.

Colonialism: The policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political controls over another country, by occupying settlers, and exploiting it economically. Neocolonialism: The use of economic, political, cultural to control or influence other countries

Please define and distinguish between a counter culture and subculture.

Counter Culture: A way of lie and set of attitudes opposed to or at similarity with social norm. Subculture: A cultural group within a larger culture, often having beliefs or interest of larger cultures.

Please define cultural diffusion and cultural lag.

Cultural Diffusion: Spread of cultural beliefs and social activities from one group of people to another. Cultural Lag: The belief that cultural takes time to catch up with technological innovations and that social problems and conflicts are caused because of this.

What is the difference between deviance and crime?

Deviance: Behavior that violates norms and rules of society. Crime: Type of deviant behavior that violates the formal criminal law.

Define dyad, triad, and formal organization.

Dyad: 2 elements or parts Triad: A group of 3 people or things Formal Organization: Organization with a fixed set of rules of procedures and structures

What is the difference between ethnocentrism and cultural relativism?

Ethnocentrism: Evaluation of other cultures according to the preconceptions originating in the standard and customs of one's own culture. Cultural Relativism: The idea that a person's beliefs, values and practices should be understood based on the person's own culture, and not judge against other criteria.

Describe an experiment, independent and dependent variable, and observer effect.

Experiment: A procedure undertake to make a discovery. Independent: A variable that does not rely on another. Dependent: The variable that relies on the other variable to make a difference. Observer Effect: The theory that the mere observation of a situation changes that phenomenon.

What are the key assumptions in the functionalist, conflict, and symbolic interactionist approaches?

Functionalist: Relationship between the parts of society and how aspects of society are functional. Conflict: The competition for sources, how the elite control the poor. Symbolic Interactionist: The use of symbols, and face-to-face interactions.

Define graying of society and why it is occurring.

Graying of society is the percentage of the larger and larger population getting older and older. There are several reasons that play into affect to this occurring so rapidly. 1) life expectancy 2) government and political

What is the difference between an in-group and an out-group? Why is the distinction important?

In-Group: A group of small people with a shared interest or identity. Out-Group: Those people who do not belong to a specific group.

Describe the difference between Macro and Micro Sociology

Macro: Emphasizes on the social systems, and population on a large scale. Micro: Focuses more on an individual of a social agency.

What is an "agent of socialization"?

People or groups responsible for our socialization during childhood, including family, school and peers.

Define popular culture, high culture, and status symbol.

Popular Culture: Culture based on the tastes of ordinary people rather than an educated person. High Culture: The set of cultural products, held in the highest esteem by a culture. Status Symbol: A possession that is taken to indicate a person's wealth or high social or professional status.

Define prejudice, discrimination, stigma, and genocide.

Prejudice: Preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience. Discrimination: The unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories, things, people based on the race, age or sex. Stigma: A mark of disgrace associated with a particular circumstance, quality or person. Genocide: The killing of a large group especially those of particular ethnic group or nation.

Define and distinguish between race and ethnicity.

Race: Grouping of humans based on shared physical or social qualities into categories viewed by society. Ethnicity: The fact or state of belonging to a social group that has a common national or cultural tradition.

Please define racism, homophobia, classism and sexism.

Racism- Prejudice or discriminating towards someone of a different race, considering them to be less superior. Homophobia- Dislike or prejudice against homosexual individuals. Sexism- Prejudice, stereotyping, discrimination typically against women on the basis of their sex.

Describe the elements necessary for good sociological research. Also include the concepts or reliability and validity.

Research: 1) Topic 2) Define problem 3) Review literature 4) Create hypothesis 5) Choose method of research 6) Collect data 7) Analyze results 8) Share Reliability- The quality of the results to be accurate to other results Evaluate Validity- The quality of the results to be accurate to the expected (measuring what suppose to measure)

Define and distinguish between a role and status, and master status.

Role: The part played by a person or thing in a particular situation. Status: The relative social, professional or other standing of someone. Master Status: The social position one holds expressed by gender, race, or occupation.

Define social stratification, wealth, life chances, and income.

Social Stratification: Grouping people together based on their occupation and income, wealth and social status. Wealth: Abundance of valuable possessions, the amount of money you have. Income: Money that one receives as an exchange or working

Socialization is essential for social life. Define socialization, resocialization, gender socialization, racial socialization and acculturation, culture shock, cultural universal, and conformity.

Socialization: Process of learning to behave in a way that is acceptable to society. Resocialization: The process by which one's sense of social values, beliefs and norms are changed. Racial Socialization: The process by which children acquire the behaviors, perceptions, values and attitudes of a certain ethnic group and are a member of the group. Acculturation: Assimilation to a different cultural, typically the more dominant. Culture Shock: The feeling of disorientation experienced by someone who is suddenly experience and unfamiliar culture or way of life. Cultural Universal: An element, pattern, trait or institution that is common to all human cultures worldwide. Conformity: Complying with certain standards, rules or laws.

Please define and give the difference between Society and Culture.

Society: The people living together in a more or less ordered way. Culture: The customs, arts, social institutions and achievements of a particular group.

Define symbol and language and why they are important.

Symbol: A mark characterized by a conventional representation of an object, function or process. Language: The method of human communication, a conventional way. Importance: Allows us to better understand how our systems of communication work.

Describe the worlds system analysis and modernization theory.

System Analysis: The act, process, or profession of studying an activity Modernization Theory: Explain the process of modernization within societies

Define Sociology.

The study of the development, structure, and functioning of human society.

What does it mean to be a feminist?

To be a feminist means you fight for the right for equality for all women, and believe in equal pay, maternity leave, right's and lots more.

What is total institution, which sociologist is most associated with this term?

Total institution is a place of work and resider where a great number of people cut themselves off form the wider community, and lead an enclosed administered life. The sociologist associated with this is Erving Goffman.

Please define and distinguish between values, norms, and ideology.

Values: The importance or worth, one's principles or standards of behaviors. Norms: Something that is typical or standard, in social behavior, Ideology: A system of ideas and ideals which forms the basic of economy and their policy.