Sociology Midterm #3 (Chapters 8 & 9)
what is type of minority is Cali?
"majority-minority" state, whites are less but still dominant in resources
pink-collar jobs
(nurses, secretaries, librarians, etc.) are considered less desirable in a patriarchal society (England 1992)
contribution to racial inequality
Wealth Gap Housing Segregation Forced Assimilation Minority Stereotyping
pluralism
a cultural pattern of intergroup relations that encourages racial and ethnic variation and acceptance within a society
what is the minority in South Africa?
before Nelson Mandela was elected, the majority was white, now it is Black
national organization for men against sexism (NOMA)
began in 1970s -'d is an adjunct to 2nd wave feminism -advocate a perspective that is pro-feminist, gay affirmative, anti-racist, dedicated to enhancing men's lives, and committed to justice on a broad range of social issues including class, age, religion, and physical abilities -includes men's liberation, pro feminist men's movement, men's rights movement, etc. -spokesperson is Michael Kimmel
feminism
belief in the social , political, and economic equality of the sexes; also the social movements organized around that belief
cisgenderism
belief in the superiority of cisgender persons and identities
heterosexism
belief in the superiority of heterosexuality and heterosexuals
"manifest destiny"
belief that the U.S. had a mission to expand to the territories -this helped justify taking of lands and the notion that Native Americans were "uncivilized heathens" helped to kill them
situational ethnicity
an ethnic identity that can be either displayed or concealed depending on its usefulness in a given situation ex. Dr. Ferris is Lebanese and hid it until moved to Illinois where everyone is Lebanese
symbolic ethnicity
an ethnic identity that is only relevant on specific occasions and does not significantly affect everyday life ex. Irish celebrating only on St. Patrick's Day, Cinco De Mayo, Passover, etc.
prejudice
an idea about characteristics of a group that is applied to all members of that group and is unlikely to change regardless of the evidence against it ex. All Irish are drunks
color-blind racism
an ideology that removes race as an explanation for any form of unequal treatment
gender expression
an individual's behavioral manifestations of gender
sex
an individual's membership in on of two categories-male or female-based on biological factors
gender identity
an individual's self-definition or sense of gender
pro-feminist men's movement
an offshoot of male liberationist whose members support feminism and believe that sexism harms both men and women
same-sex marriage
federally recognized marriage between members of the same sex; made legal in the U.S. in 2015
Michael Sam
first openly gay player drafted by NFL kissed his boyfriend on camera after joining the St. Louis Rams
cultural assimilation
the process by which racial and ethnic groups are absorbed into the dominant group by adopting the dominant groups culture ex. Native Americans were forced into assimilation so they lost their ability to speak their tribal languages and have forgotten cultural practices of their not-so-distant ancestors
racial assimilation
the process by which racial minority groups are absorbed into the dominant group through intermarriage
social learning
the process of learning behaviors and meanings through social interaction ex. giving disapproval to a young boy for crying, "that's not very lady-like"
Employment Non-Discrimination Act (ENDA)
places both sexual orientation and gender identity in a protected class along with race and gender, but it has failed to pass both Houses of Congress
functionalist approach
shows how prejudice and discrimination develop ex. explains how European groups coming here assimilated into larger society -less successful in understanding persistence of racial divisions and why other races and ethnicities like African Americans and Hispanics have continued to maintain their distinct identities alongside the white majority culture today
The Vanatinai
small society in New Guinea in which women share equal access to positions of prestige, power, and control over the means of production (Lepowsky 1993)
"micro-aggressions"
small-scale racial slights, insults, and misperceptions that play out in everyday interactions between people ex. "what are you?" "where are you really from?"
minority group
social group that is systematically denied the same access to power and resources available to society's dominant groups though they are not necessarily fewer in number than the dominant groups -more likely to see themselves as targets of discrimination (Wirth 1945)
queer theory
social theory about gender and sexual identity; emphasizes the importance of difference and rejects ideas of innate identities or restrictive categories -describes the challenges of binary notions of sex, gender, and sexuality
sexuality
the character or quality of being sexual
genocide
the deliberate and systematic extermination of a racial, ethnic, national, or cultural group ex. Armenian genocide
first wave
the earliest period of feminist activism, from the mid-19th century until American women won the right to vote in 1920 -convention in Seneca Falls with Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott -Declaration of Sentiments -the cause most identified with this wave is the suffrage movement (movement organized around gaining voting rights for women) -only Charlotte Woodward (of the signers of this document) lived to cast a ballot
internal colonialism
the economic and political subjugation of the minority group by the dominant group within a nation
feminization of poverty
the economic trend showing that women are more likely than men to live in poverty, caused in part by the gendered gap in wages, the higher proportion of single mothers compared to single fathers, and the increasing costs of child care
expressive role
the position of the family member who provides emotional support and nurturing ex. women
instrumental role
the position of the family member who provides material support; often an authority figure ex. men
homophobia
fear of or discrimination toward gay, lesbian, and bisexual people
transphobia
fear of or discrimination toward transgender or other gender-nonconforming people
The Lovings
their interracial marriage was illegal in 1958; supreme court ruled that they were dies their constitutional rights and this led to freedom for interracial marriages nationwide (took a while though-> Alabama last state to do it)
Judith Butler (1999), bell hooks (2003), Catharine McKinnon (2005)
theorists that link gender inequality with inequality in other social hierarchies like race and ethnicity, class, and sexual orientation, and argue that gender and power and inextricably intertwined in our society
What does Barner say happens to a child by the time they reach kindergarten?
they will know more television characters than real people (Barner 1999)
privilege
unearned advantage accorded to members of dominant social groups (males, whites, heterosexuals, the physically able, etc.)
discrimination
unequal treatment of individuals based on their membership in a social group; usually motivated by prejudice ex. turned down from a job b/c of that. Clint Eastwood's white character hates Hmong neighbors (they hate him too) both become friends
poverty and gender
women are more likely to live in poverty than men -feminization if poverty—> caused my gendered gap in wages, higher proportion of single mothers compared to single fathers, and the increasing costs of child care
miscegenation
the romantic, sexual, or marital relationships between people of different races
Which group is more likely to be divorced or never marry? Most teenage mothers?
-African Americans more likely to be divorced than whites and Hispanics and they have more teenage mothers (Angela Y. Davis) -young black girls saw fewer opportunities for education and work, so they chose motherhood instead
females... chromsome dominant hormone primary sex characteristics secondary sex characteristics
-XX -estrogen -reproductive organs: vagina, cervix, uterus, ovaries, fallopian tubes, other glands -shorter than males; larger breasts; wider hips than shoulders; less facial hair; more subcutaneous fat; fat deposits around buttocks, thighs, and hips; smoother skin texture
Males... chromsome dominant hormone primary sex characteristics secondary sex characteristics
-XY -testosterone -reproductive organs: penis, testicles, scrotum, prostate, other glands -abdominal, chest, body, and facial hair; larger hands and feet; broader shoulders and chest; heavier skull and bone structure; greater muscle mass and strength; Adam's apple and deeper voice; fat deposits around abdominals and waist; coarser skin texture
Seventeen and Teen Vogue Magazine
-aimed mostly at adolescents and are seen to increase anorexia and bulimia among teenage girls because of images of women seen in media (Kilbourne 1999) -teenage girls think actresses and models are the standard of beauty to aspire to; these women are "far below normal weight recommendations" (Schiller et al. 1998).
men's rights movement
-an offshoot of male liberationist whose members believe that feminism promotes discrimination against men
second wave
-associated with equal access to education and employment -the period of feminist activism during the 1960s and 1970s -Betty Freidan wrote The Feminine Mystique --> "the problem that had no name" "lay buried, unspoken, for many years in the minds of American women" -establishment of the Nat'l Organization for Women (NOW) -the emergence of women's consciousness-raising groups -Elizabeth Dole was tied entering Harvard Law that she was taking an opportunity away from a more deserving man -pushed for reforms as equal opportunity laws, legislation against sexual harassment, and marital rape, and a general increase in public awareness about gender discrimination in our society -society reacted with hostile over women's demand for legal and cultural "liberation"
media and sexuality
-boys and girls learn that certain activities and attitudes are more appropriate for one gender than for the other -girls should be beautiful, caring, sensitive -boys should be assertive, strong, and analytic -child knows more tv characters than real people once they reach kindergarten -teen vogue and seventeen mag promote anorexia and bullimia bc of their models -video games mostly a male activity but now becoming balanced -males make up 60% of video game players -females play more arcade style, casual games -tolerance toward LGBTQ has increased, ellen show, will & grace show has two gay characters, orange is the new black, caitlyn jenner and jeffrey gambit stared as transgender in series Transparent
gender inequality
-can be found in past and present societies -can be traced back to biological differences in early societies-partriaechial point of view -origins of gender inequality does not explain its persistence in contemporary societies -can also be based on sexual orientation, gender expression, and gender identity
second shift
-coined by the sociologist Arlie Hochschild -refers to unpaid work-cooking, cleaning, laundry, child care, home repair, yard work- that must be done after the day's paid labor, the first shift, is complete
stereotypes
-comes into play in either arena but in different directions: in face-to-face interactions, applying stereotypical templates leads to assumptions about race
social construction
-def'n of race not stable but changes overtime as racial categories are contested and developed -physical bodies still matter in the process, but the meaning attributed to these bodies determines what racial categories will exist, who will belong in them, and what they will mean -race is not a preexisting biological category; it is a social one framed in terms of biological features -we "read" others through myriad cues, and we in turn make ourselves readable to others by our own self-presentations -our identity is constructed in the negotiation between what we project and what others recognize -A social mechanism, phenomenon, or category created and developed by society; a perception of an individual, group, or idea that is 'constructed' through cultural or social practice. Not originating in biology. May change over time and without firm boundaries
Rebecca West
-early 20th century feminist in 1913 said "I myself have never been able to find out precisely what feminism is. I only know that people call me a feminist whenever I express sentiments that differentiate me from a doormat or prostitute"
Barack Obama and race relations
-first black man to be elected to office -poem by Richard Blanco "One Today" -Blanco was the youngest poet to read at inauguration and he was the first openly gay poet.
how does media affect us?
-from media sources like movies, comic books, or popular music--> we learn "how to behave, how to be accepted, what to value, and what is normal" and also "how gender fits into society" (Barner 1999) -on TV--> "sex role behavior is portrayed in a highly stereotypic fashion in every aspect" (McGhee and Frueh 1980); girls and boys learn what activities are more appropriate for each gender -girls should be beautiful, caring, sensitive, and reserved -boys should be assertive, strong, and analytic
Video Games
-games like Call of Duty, Halo, and Bioshock are stereotyped to be male dominated games -males make up 60% of video game players; females are representing a greater portion than usual now (for online games ex. World of Warcraft and Sims) -74% of arcade-style (casual game) players are women
Stonewall Inn
-in NYC, 1968 -this is where police raided a gay bar, started riots -shed a visible light on LGBTQ liberation movement -ushered a new era of campaigning for civil rights for gays, lesbians, bisexuals, and trans individuals
gender harrasment in military
-military composed of mostly men -don't ask don't tell signed: required admin not "ask" about a service member's sexual orientation and the member not "tell" about it -obama signed bill so gay service members can serve without discrimination or threat -women more likely to report gender harassment -2013- more than 5000 sexual assaults reported by active members of military -increasing reporting is good bc there is trust of command and confidence in response system
UCLA's Harold Garfinkel (1967/1984)
-one of the first sociologists to focus on the interactional work involved in expressing gender identity in a world of binary categories -he held a study with "Agnes" a trans woman born with male genitalia and raised as a boy; undergoing sex-reassignment treatment at UCLA medical center -known she was a "120% natural normal woman" -she looked at her female friends and roommate to see how to act more female -she had a bf and had to refrain having sex with him -she had to wear skirts to cover her male genitalia until after surgery done -she had to avoid activities like swimming till after surgery -Garfinkel found her enactment of femininity convincing and he was charmed by her
1967 CBS documentary "The Homosexuals"
-one psychiatrist claims that "the fact that somebody's homosexual...rules out the possibility that he will remain happy for long"
Alfred Kinsey
-sex researcher -sexuality is diverse -"a fluid continuum that changes over a person's life"
interracial impact on white women
-sociologist France Windance Twine: study on white women who have families with black men -the women lose some of their whiteness and become "honorary blacks" -loss of whiteness is a form of punishment extracted by their ethnicity -shows how interracial intimacy and the racism that accompanies it is a gendered experience
Dana Rosenfeld (2003)
-studies LGBTQ identity -earlier generation would have been discredited if their sexual orientation became public knowledge -the later generation thought making their identity public was a celebration
Miliann Kang (2010)
-study of the work of Asian immigrant women in nail salons (mostly Korean) -she saw manicurists providing massage, elder-care, teen counseling, community outreach, and therapy for stressed-out clients -black woman says this is the only time she can be pampered compared to the past with whites (manicures are a symbol of progress for her) -this study shows us how social statuses with race and gender and sexual orientation intersect at nail salon
intersex and the stats for intersex
-term used to describe a person whose chromosomes or sex characteristics are neither exclusively male more exclusively female 17 babies in 1000 -most detected at birth, some not till puberty or adulthood -most parents try to seek surgical methods to help this
Criminal Justice System and Race
-there are larger proportions of African American and Hispanic men in prison -fed. law said tougher sentences to crack users than to powdered cocaine users -african americans more likely to be murdered than whites -almost half of the reported hate crimes in 2013 were attracted to racial discrimination with 66.4% targeting blacks
what are there four types of sexual orientations and explain each?
1. heterosexuality: sexual attraction toward members of the other gender 2. homosexuality: sexual attraction toward members of one's own gender 3. bisexuality: sexual attraction toward members of both genders 4. asexuality: the lack of sexual attraction of any kind; no interest in or desire of sex
what percent of men are divorced? widowed?
2.5% widowed 9% divorced
Affordable Care Act
2010; designed to address such inequities by providing something like universal health-care coverage, but the law has remained an area of contention
life expectancy among races
2013 -white male can live to 76.7 years -white females live to 81.4 years -african american males live to 72.3 years -african american females live to 78.4 years -hispanic males live to 79.1 years -hispanic females live to 83.8 years
race consciousness
An awareness of the importance of race in our everyday lives and in our dealings with social institutions
what percent of woman are divorced? widowed?
9% widowed 11% divorced
affirmative action
A social group considered to have the most power in a particular place (and sometimes the most members). Usually in terms of representation in the media, business positions (like owning companies), or representation in politics. Often tied to statistical majorities, but not always dependent.
Lawrence Otis Graham
African American, harvard lawyer; wasn't able to join a country club, he was privileged socioeconomically, but still a black man in the end
Who became popular house cleaners and then it went down?
African Americans
role of technology on racy and economy
America has now diverged into a top thirty percent, where children receive excellent educations and grow up to work in sectors like finance, technology and electronics industries (FTE)— and then there's the rest, the low-wage folks who live paycheck to paycheck and whose kids have little hope of joining the lucky ones at the top. Children are most impacted.
Who has the highest income?
Asian
Who has the most bachelor's degrees?
Asians
Who has the lowest income?
Blacks
Who has the most difficult jobs (nursing...)?
Blacks
Who is way below the poverty line?
Blacks
glass escalator
Christine Williams --women in male-dominated fields experience limits in their advancements (glass ceiling) -men in women-dominated field experience unusually rapid rates of upward mobility- the "glass escalator"
Who farms the most?
Hispanics
Who lives longer, has the least amount of health care coverage, and is the least to get a high school diploma?
Hispanics
color blindness
Makes more subtle forms of racism difficult to acknowledge and, therefore, difficult to address productively. According to social scientists like Eduardo Bonilla-Silva (2009; 2013), this is just a new form of racism.
language and gender
Schools has a big role in Gender role socialization. It starts at the early stage. Textbooks often still contain sexist language and gender stereotypes. Women and minorities are underrepresented, both as subjects and as authors. In the social structure of the school itself, women tend to be concentrated at the lower levels, as teachers and aides, while men tend to occupy upper-management and administrative positions. In such ways, schooling as a whole reinforces gender stereotypes.
racial inequality
Social advantages and disparities that affect different races. These inequities may be manifested in the distribution of wealth, power, and life opportunities afforded to people based on their race or ethnicity, both historic and modern. These can also be seen as a result of historic oppression, inequality of inheritance, or overall prejudice, especially against minority groups.
racial categories
Social-political construct for the race or races that respondents consider themselves to be and, "generally reflect a social definition of race recognized in this country." OMB defines the concept of race not "scientific or anthropological" and takes into account "social and cultural characteristics as well as ancestry", using "appropriate scientific methodologies" that are not "primarily biological or genetic in reference."[4] The race categories include both racial and national-origin groups
double consciousness
W.E.B. Dubios's term for the divided identity experienced by blacks in the U.S.
the idea of white privilege also dates back to who? (male)
W.E.B. Dubois
minority
a group that's smaller in numbers than the dominant group. ex. in U.S. African Americans, Asians, etc. are minority and Whites are the majority
assimilation
a minority is absorbed into the dominant group -central idea behind America's "melting pot"
men's liberation
a movement that originated in the 1970s to discuss the challenges of masculinity -men suffer from greater stress, poorer health, and a shorter life expectancy -"crisis of masculinity"
colonialism
a policy whereby a stronger nation takes control of a weaker nation (the "colony") in order to extend the stronger nation's territory or to exploit the colony's resources for the stronger nation's own enrichment.
rape culture
a set of beliefs, norms, and values that normalizes sexual violence against women
ethnicity
a socially defined category based on a common language, religion, nationality, history, or some other cultural factor ex. the Amish; Jewish are an ethnic group, not a race.
race
a socially defined category based on real or perceived biological differences between groups of people
Mary Waters
a sociologist that says that being asian or hispanic or black is unavoidable and sometimes hurtful
Usually gender is thought of being binary. What does that mean?
a system of classification with only two distinct and opposite categories (male and female)
Rashida Jones
actress, looks "white"; she could be considered black or Native American; does knowing her racial background make you perceive her a different way?
multiculturalism
another word for the core of pluralism ex. Canada
examples of "nonwhite"
arabs, Irish, Italian, and Jewish immigrants
Edna Bonacich (1980)
argued that racism is partly driven by economic competition and the struggle over scarce resources -"split labor market" is where a group of workers (usually defined by race, ethnicity, or gender) is routinely paid less than those in other groups -keeps wages low for racial and ethnic minorities, compounding effects of racism with those of poverty
Kathryn Edin (2000)
argues that low-income women of all ethnicities see marriage as having few benefits -they feel that the men are likely to encounter as possible husbands will not offer the advantages (financial stability, respectability, trust) that make rewards of marriage worth the risks -doesn't mean low income women don't love their companions; it means they believe a legal bond won't improve their lot in life
Lisa Duggan (2003) and Cathy Cohen (2005)
arguing for same-sex marriage creates "hierarchies of worthiness" in that benefits are afforded to the most "socially acceptable" within the LGBTQ community
functionalists on gender inequality
believe there are still social roles better suited to one genre than the other and societies are more stable when norms are fulfilled by the appropriate sex -"female" roles may work in tandem with "male" roles within the family -women better suited for expressive role and men better suited to instrumental role then gender segregation serves to uphold traditional family and its social functions -functionalist view does not explain very well why gender relations are characterized by such inequality
Stuart Hall
born in Jamaica, but immigrated to England and a founder in cultural studies; he talked to his young son and he was a mixed kid and he thought he was brown not black because he was thinking in physical terms; hall says skin color does not create racial categories; race is a social category framed from biological features
Caster Semenya
broke world records (from Africa) and had to get sex determined to make sure she was female
Obergefell v. Hodges
court case that legalized same-sex marriage across the U.S. -right to marry guaranteed by 14th amendment
postmodern cultural imperialism
cultural appropriation most often benefits the dominant group, which takes an oppressed group's cultural symbols and turn them into a commodity for profit
individual discrimination
discrimination carried out by one person against another
institutional discrimination
discrimination carried out systematically by institutions (political, economic, educational, and others) that affect all members of a group who come into contact with it ex. loans given to white-only WW2 veterans (G.I. bill of rights) in Ira Katznelson's book "When Affirmative Action Was White"
Jeffrey McCune (2014)
ethnographic study on Chicago nightclub catering to black men -in their everyday lives, these men did interactional work necessary to keep their sexuality private and their masculine images in tact. -but on friday nights they would enjoy the coexistence of multiple identities -dancing to hip-hop with other black men helped them reinforce and accept dominant definitions of race, gender, and sexuality while also resisting and subverting them
microaggression
everyday uses of ordinary language that may send denigrating messages to members of certain social groups ex. aunt buying her baby nephew a shirt that says "ladies' man" -saying "gay" to things you don't like -asking a woman what her husband does
intersectionality
gender and sexuality are intertwined with other factors, such as race and class. -so it is difficult to separate out effects of gender on categories like marriage, education, and work
Bryon Burkhalter (1999)
had as study on an internet community based on African American culture. -to sound African American online you need to use "racially relevant" content like "sister" to refer to another African American woman
misogyny
hatred of women
Talcott Parsons
identified two complementary roles: instrumental role and expressive role
Patricia Williams (1997)
illustrates, membership in socially constructed categories of race and ethnicity often carry a high prices -we know look at ways the price is paid in health, family, education, work, and criminal justice
Anita Sarkessian
in 2012, she produced a video series stereotyping female characters in video games ("damsel in distress") and this got a lot of backlash from male viewers who gave her threats -they even made a video game w/ her face as a target for bloody assaults
gender and economy
in 2013, men earned around 50,033 and women earned 39,157 ratio is still 78:100, 78 cents earned by women for each dollar earned by line
LGBTQ
lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (sometimes "A" is added to include "allies")
patriarchy
literally meaning "rule of the father"; a male-dominated society
Laura Miller (1997)
makes the distinction that gender harassment is used to enforce traditional gender norms, like aggression in males and nurturing in females and also to punish violations of these norms -in her study, the men were more likely to be harassed by their drill sergeants, while women were more likely to be harassed by their fellow trainees
who reports never having been married more (males or females)?
males (35% vs 29%)
who reports being married more (males or females)?
males 54% vs 51%
transgender identity is not dependent upon_______
medical procedures
crime and gender
men are more likely to die violent deaths and be victims of assault -women are slightly more likely to be victims of personal theft and more likely to be victims of rape -women are more likely to be victimized by their intimidate partners -1994-2010-> 80% of spousal abuse victims were female -men represented in murder, theft, rape..etc charges -in one category-> women and girls outnumbered boys in prostitution (in 2013, 24,438 women arrested for prostitution and 11,124 men) -males perceived to be involved in violent and property crime, they are more scrutinized by police -90% of people in jail are men
conflict theory
men have had access to most o the society's material resources and privileges so they maintain their dominant status -these theorists see gender equality in much the same way as they see race and class inequality-> as manifestations of exploitation
federal cocaine offenders
more than 17,00 people convicted of crack possession (Blacks are the most), Hispanics had the most powder cocaine -unemployment rates high with minorities and so are dropout rates, and these may affect incarceration rates. -connections between declining marriage rates and incarceration
identity challenge
one is not black enough
William Julius Wilson (1980)
posited that openly racist gov't policies and individual racist attitudes were driving forces behind the creation of a black underclass but the underclass is now perpetuated by economic factors, not racial ones -this does not provide a good explanation for all forms of racial and ethnic stratification
passing
presenting yourself as a member of a different group than the stigmatized group you belong to ex. during slavery light-skinned" blacks tried to live as whites to avoid consequences in the racist society
diversity training
programs that educate and help non-minority workers understand experiences of minority colleagues to help reduce discrimination in workplace and lead to greater opportunities for minorities to succeed
symbolic interactionism
race and ethnicity are part of our identity as displayed through our presentations of self. -case study: some individuals (white ethnics and light-skinned nonwhites in particular) have the option to conceal their race or ethnicity in situations where it might be advantageous to do so. This may allow them as individuals to escape the effects of racial inequality but does not erase it from society at large.
structural functionalism (approach to race and ethnicity)
racial and ethnic differences are a necessary part of society. Even racial inequality has functions that help maintain social order. case study: functions of racial inequality and conflict for society could include the creation of social cohesion within both the dominant and minority group
conflict theory (approach to race and ethnicity)
racial and ethnic differences create intergroup conflict; minority and majority groups have different interests and may find themselves at odds as they attempt to secure and protect their interests -case study: some members of majority groups (whites and men in particular) object to affirmative action programs that assist underrepresented groups. This can create conflict among racial groups in society.
majority group
refers to a category of people differentiated from the social majority, those who hold the majority of positions of social power in a society, and it may be defined by law. -A social group considered to have the most power in a particular place (and sometimes the most members). Usually in terms of representation in the media, business positions (like owning companies), or representation in politics. Often tied to statistical majorities, but not always dependent.
Peggy McIntosh
reintroduced "unpacking the invisible knapsack" of white privilege
Friedrich Engels
said capitalists (the owners of property) benefited from maintaining patriarchal families with women in private sphere and men in public workplace -women do the work of reproducing the labor force w/o receiving the direct compensation and they serve as an inexpensive "reserve army" of labor when the need arises -if private property were abolished, the material inequalities producing social classes would disappear and there would no longer be powerful interests forcing women into domestic roles
Zilch Eisenstein (1979)
said that men stand to lose a lot if gender segregation disappears -they would have to do more unpaid work, pay to have their homes kept up and children cared for -they would have to find jobs in larger and more competitive markets -they would lose some power and prestige
Kara Smith (2005)
says gender role socialization happens before birth because the gender reveal -her research shows that the baby's sex changes how she talks to her fetus
Rodney King and the LA riots
series of riots, lootings, arsons, and civil disturbances that occurred in Los Angeles County, California in April and May 1992. The unrest began in South Central Los Angeles on April 29, after a trial jury acquitted four officers of the Los Angeles Police Department for usage of excessive force in the videotaped arrest and beating of Rodney King. It then spread throughout the Los Angeles metropolitan area as thousands of people rioted over a six-day period following the announcement of the verdict. -A man whose beating by Los Angeles police in 1991 was caught on camera and sparked riots after the acquittal of the four officers involved. Rioters ran through the streets -- looting businesses, torching buildings and attacking those who were in the wrong place at the wrong time. The violence was responsible for more than 50 deaths and $1 billion in property damage.
racism
set of beliefs about the claimed superiority of one racial or ethnic group; used to justify inequality and often rooted in the assumption that differences among groups are genetic -stems from differences among groups that are biologically based, come from a negative view of a group's cultural characteristics
gender
the physical, behavioral, and personality, traits that a group considers normal for its male and female members
France Windance Twine
sociologist that had an ethnographic study of white woman that have families with black men. -these women lose some of their whiteness and become "honorary blacks" -shows "interracial intimacy and the racism that accompanies it is a gendered experience"
Omi and Winant
sociologists argue that race isn't just a secondary phenomenon that results from the class system: it permeates both lived experience and larger-scale activity, such as the economy and the government -they wrote "Racial Formation in the United States" and said "although the concept of race invokes biologically based human characteristics" which particular features are chosen to make racial distinctions "is always and necessarily a social and historical process"
Classic Marxist approach
sociologists in 1960s looked for source of racism in capitalist hierarchies
intersex
term used to describe a person whose chromosomes or sex characteristics are neither exclusively male nor exclusively female
cisgender
term used when gender identity and/or expression aligns with the sex assigned at birth
gender nonconforming
term used when gender identity and/or expression differs from societal expectations about gender roles -can be multiple genders (bigender, trigender, pangender), no gender (non gender), or genderfluid (gender fluctuates overtime).
transgender
term used when gender identity and/or expression is different from the sex assigned at birth
cultural appropriation
the adoption of cultural elements belonging to an oppressed group by members of the dominant group, without permission and often for the dominant group's gain ex. Halloween costumes (Pocahantes)
heteronormativity
the belief that heterosexuality is and should be the norm
sexism
the belief that one sex, usually male, is superior to the other
population transfer
the forcible removal of a group of people from the territory that they have occupied ex. Palestine/Israel, Mormon pioneer trail, Native Americans
sexual orientation or identity
the inclination to feel sexual desire toward people of a particular gender or toward both genders
gender role socialization
the lifelong process of learning to be masculine or feminine, primarily through agents of socialization
third wave
the most recent period of feminist activism, focusing on issues of diversity, globalization, and the variety of identities women can possess -focused on intersectionality; more concerned with personal identity and freedom; globalization and rights of women in all countries; environmental and animal rights -this movement includes if not, most college students
segregation
the physical and legal separation of groups by race or ethnicity
embodied identity
those elements of identity that are generated through others' perceptions of our physical traits
essentialists
those who believe gender roles have a genetic or biological origin and therefore cannot be changed -"non-changing"
constructionists
those who believe that notions of gender are socially determined, such that a dichotomous binary system is just one possibility among many -mainstream, gender is a social construction
coming out
to openly declare one's true identity to those who might not be aware of it; short for "coming out of the closet," a phrase used to describe how gays and lesbians have felt compelled to keep their sexual orientation secret
interactionism
unlike the other perspectives that look at gender from a microsociological perspective, interactionists emphasize how gender is socially constructed and maintained in our everyday lives -they say that gender is so important to ourselves that we can barely interact with anyone without determining that person's gender identity -gender is learned through the process of socialization;gender inequalities are reproduced through interactions with family, peers, schools, and the media
queer
used to apply to gay men to mean "odd"
reading others through "myriad cues"
we make ourselves readable to others by self-presentations. Our identity is contracted in the negotiations between what we project and what others recognize. Even master statuses like race, gender.. are negotiated this way.
Rachel Dolezal
white woman who identified as black; civil rights activist; then accused of cultural appropriations
"white privilege"
whites in a society enjoy certain unearned advantages not available to others and that whites are unaware of the unequal benefits they possess
feminist theory
women's movement dedicated to securing same rights and freedoms for both women and men in society -focuses on enhancing scholarly understanding of gender inequities in society -theory focuses on "writing women back in" to scholarship in history, literature, art, and the social and natural sciences
Patricia Hill Collins (2006), bell hooks (1990), and Gloria Anzaldua (1987)
writers; argue that race must be explained in the terms in which it is experienced, not as over arching general theories. -no physical trait defines race
Tomas Almaguer
wrote a book "Racial Fault Lines: The Historical Origins of White Supremacy in California (2008)" -he looks at the history of race relations in California during the late 19th century. -he describes racial hierarchy that placed white on top, followed by Mexicans, blacks, Asians, and Native Americans at bottom. -rather than only looking at class, he looks at how white supremacy ideology became institutionalized. Racist beliefs became a part of political and economic life during that period
Richard Blanca
wrote a poem "One Today" that pres. Obama read at his inauguration -poem discussed, analyzed, scrutinized, and evaluated by pundits and ordinary citizens alike for months afterward. -first Latino and openly gay
C.J. Pascoe
wrote an ethnography called "Dude, you're a fag", and it shows how powerful peer groups can be in enforcing gender roles and the assumptions of sexuality
