Sociology Midterm

social construction of gender

a perspective holding that gender differences are a product of social and cultural norms and expectations, rather than biology

groupthink

a process by which the members of a group ignore ways of thinking and plans of action that go against the group consensus

glass ceiling

a promotion barrier that prevents a woman's upward mobility within an organization

community policing

a renewed emphasis on crime prevention rather than law enforcement to reintegrate policing within the community

According to Robert Merton, at a time when society as a whole is becoming more affluent, why do crime rates continue to rise?

a sense of relative deprivation among those at the bottom

nationalism

a set of beliefs and symbols expressing identification with a national community

network

a set of informal and formal social ties that links people together

middle class

a social class composed broadly of those working in white-collar and lower managerial occupations

lower class

a social class composed of those who work part time or not at all and whose household income is typically low

feminzation of poverty

an increase in the proportion of the poor who are female

intersex

an individual possessing both male and female genitalia

corporate culture

an organizational culture involving rituals, events, or traditions that are unique to a specific company

signifier

any vehicle of meaning and communication

Qualitative Methods

approaches to sociological research that often rely on personal and/or collective interviews, accounts, or observations of a person or situation

Conflict theorists would argue that laws

are used by the powerful to maintain their own privileged positions.

capitalism

an economic system based on the private ownership of wealth, which is invested and reinvested to produce a profit

Hypothesis

an idea or a guess about a given state of affairs, put forward as a basis for empirical testing

nonverbal communication

communication between individuals based on facial expression or bodily gesture rather than on language

surplus value

In Marxist theory, the value of a worker's labor power left over when an employer has repaid the cost of hiring the worker.

In the United States, men generally have more status, power, and prestige than women. This is an example of

gender inequality

dyad

group of two

agents of socialization

groups or social contexts within which processes of socialization take place

Boys who live in a disadvantaged community can become frustrated with their prospects for material success. Of the possible responses to this frustration that are listed below, which fits most closely with the work of Albert Cohen?

They join deviant subcultures and adopt deviant norms instead of middle-class values.

hidden curriculum

Traits of behavior or attitudes that are learned at school but not included within the formal curriculum-for example, gender differences.

Manifest functions of an activity are explicit, or intended, and latent functions are not. (True/False)

True

short-range downward mobility

social mobility that occurs when an individual moves from one position in the class structure to another of nearly equal status

hegemonic masculinity

social norms dictating that men should be strong, self-reliant, and unemotional

social roles

socially defined expectations of an individual in a given status or social position

pastoral societies

societies whose subsistence derives from the rearing of domesticated animals

instinct

a fixed pattern of behavior that has genetic origins and that appears in all normal animals within a given species

peer group

a friendship group composed of individuals of similar age and social status

nonbinary

a gender identity that does not fit squarely into the male-female gender binary classification

social security

a government program that provides economic assistance to persons faced with unemployment, disability, or old age

secondary group

a group characterized by its large size and impersonal, fleeting relationships

society

a group of people who live in a particular territory, are subject to a common system of political authority, and are aware of having a distinct identity from other groups

primary group

a group that is characterized by intense emotional ties, face-to-face interaction, intimacy, and a strong, enduring sense of commitment

reference group

a group that provides a standard for judging one's attitudes or behaviors

organization

a large group of individuals with a definite set of authority relations

encounter

a meeting between two or more people in a situation of face-to-face interaction

triad

group of three

pariah groups

groups that suffer from negative status discrimination- they are looked down on by most other members of society

out-groups

groups toward which one feels antagonism and contempt- "those people"

in-groups

groups toward which one feels particular loyalty and respect- the groups to which "we" belong

According to the textbook, members of the lower class today

have household income typically lower than $20,000.

rape culture

social context in which attitudes and norms perpetuate the treatment of women as sexual objects and instill in men a sense of sexual entitlement

gender

social expectations about behavior regarded as appropriate for the members of each sex

class

socioeconomic variations among groups of individuals that create variations in their material prosperity and power (no true definition)

structuration

the two-way process by which we shape our social world through our individual actions and by which we are reshaped by society

white privilege

the unacknowledged and unearned assets that benefit whites in their everyday lives

Triangulation

the use of multiple research methods as a way of producing more reliable empirical data than are available from any single method

Culture

the values, norms, and material goods characteristic of a given group

life course

the various transitions and stages people experience during their lives

materialist conception of history

the view developed by Karl Marx according to which material or economic factors have a prime role in determining historical change

biological essentialism

the view that differences between men and women are natural and inevitable consequences of the intrinsic biological natures of men and women

Multiculturalism

the viewpoint according to which ethnic groups can exist separately and share equally in economic and political life

measures of central tendency

the ways of calculating averages

Someone claims that socialization only takes place during infancy; a sociologist would counter this by saying socialization takes place

throughout our entire lives.

clock time

time as measured by the clock, in terms of hours, minutes, and seconds

When David Harvey observed how technology shrinks the relative distances between places (measured in terms of travel time or cost), he coined the phrase:

time-space compression

According to the chapter, compared with larger societies—particularly modern societies, such as the United States—most hunting and gathering groups are egalitarian. (true/false)

true

Ciera is doing sociological research. She asks, "What are the historical childbearing trends in America versus Japan?" This is a Comparative question. (true/False)

true

According to Erving Goffman, reality is neither fixed nor static but created through

human interactions

cognition

human thought processes involving perception, reasoning, and remembering

values

ideas held by individuals or groups about what is desirable, proper, good, and bad

Working-class children are most likely to do which of the following after graduating from high school?

immediately start working

Oprah Winfrey was born into poverty and raised by a single mother, yet today she is one of the richest women in America. According to the textbook, the social position we are born into affects our life chances, but our class position is also

in some part achieved.

Young Hee does not identity as male or female. Young Hee would most likely identify as

nonbinary

Candace is doing a comparative study to compare different societies' expectations of how husbands should treat their in-laws. Candace will be analyzing

norms

mores

norms that are widely adhered to and have great moral or social . significance

Folkways

norms that guide casual or everyday interactions

corporate crime

offenses committed by large corporations in society, including pollution, false advertising, and violations of health and safety regulations

symbol

one item used to stand for or represent another

institutional racism

patterns of discrimination based on ethnicity that have become structured into existing social institutions

income

payment, usually derived from wages, salaries, or investments

Sarah is a college admissions officer who does not hold prejudicial attitudes about Hispanic people. She negatively evaluates a Hispanic applicant because she has "no cultural flavor" in her application. This shows that

people who are not prejudiced can discriminate

prolateriat

people who sell their labor for wages, according to Marx

working poor

people who work but whose earnings are not enough to lift them above the poverty line

compulsion of proximity

people's need to interact with others in their presence

relative poverty

poverty defined according to the living standards of the majority in any given society

comparative research

research that compares one set of findings on one society with the same type of findings on other societies

agency

the ability to think, act, and make choices independently

infanticide

the intentional killing of a newborn

Today, the gap between rich and poor in the United States is the largest it has been since

1947, when the United States started to measure the gap.

______ refers to the psychological, social, and cultural differences between women and men.

gender

generalized other

A concept in the theory of George Herbert Mead, according to which the individual takes over the general values of a given group or society during the socialization process.

minority group

A group of people in a minority in a given society who, because of their distinct physical or cultural characteristics, find themselves in situations of inequality within that society

linguistic relativity hypothesis

A hypothesis, based on the theories of Sapir and Whorf, that perceptions are relative to language.

medicare

A program under the U.S. Social Security Administration that reimburses hospitals and physicians for medical care provided to qualifying people over 65 years old.

working class

A social class broadly composed of people working in blue-collar, or manual, occupations.

upper class

A social class broadly composed of the more affluent members of society, especially those who have inherited wealth, own businesses, or hold large numbers of stocks (shares).

iron law of oligarchy

A term coined by Weber's student Robert Michels meaning that large organizations tend toward centralization of power, making democracy difficult.

life chances

A term introduced by Max Weber to signify a person's opportunities for achieving economic prosperity.

dependency culture

A term popularized by Charles Murray to describe individuals who rely on state welfare provision rather than entering the labor market. The dependency culture is seen as the outcome of the "paternalistic" welfare state that undermines individual ambition and people's capacity for self-help.

Bureaucracy

A type of organization marked by a clear hierarchy of authority and the existence of written rules of procedure and staffed by full-time, salaried officials.

secondary deviance

According to Edwin Lemert, following the act of primary deviance, secondary deviation occurs when an individual accepts the label of deviant and acts accordingly.

primary deviance

According to Edwin Lemert, the actions that cause others to label one as a deviant.

social self

According to the theory of George Herbert Mead, the identity conferred upon an individual by the reactions of others. A person achieves self-consciousness by becoming aware of this social identity.

labeling theory

An approach to the study of deviance that suggests that people become "deviant" because certain labels are attached to their behavior by political authorities and others.

differential association

An interpretation of the development of criminal behavior proposed by Edwin H. Sutherland, according to whom criminal behavior is learned through association with others who regularly engage in crime

poverty line

An official government measure to define those living in poverty in the United States.

quantitative methods

Approaches to sociological research that draw on objective and statistical data and often focuses on documenting trends, comparing subgroups, or exploring correlations.

The proportion of female CEOs in corporate America has been increasing. What is one explanation for this change?

As more women move up into higher-level occupational positions, the resulting networks can foster further advancement for other women.

Which of the following statements best represents variation in racial and ethnic identification across countries?

Countries base racial and ethnic categorization on different traits, including skin color, cultural group membership, regional origin, and religion.

organized crime

Criminal activities carried out by organizations established as businesses.

white-collar crime

Criminal activities carried out by those in white-collar, or professional, jobs.

emerging economies

Developing countries that over the past two or three decades have begun to develop a strong industrial base, such as Singapore and Hong Kong.

Anomie, "a feeling of aimlessness or despair provoked by modern social life," was central to this sociologist's work on suicide.

Emile Durkheim

Marxist theories come out of the functionalist perspective in sociology. (True/False)

False

liberal feminism

Form of feminist theory that believes that gender inequality is produced by unequal access to civil rights and certain social resources, such as education and employment, based on sex. Liberal feminists tend to seek solutions through changes in legislation that ensure that the rights of individuals are protected.

radical feminism

Form of feminist theory that believes that gender inequality is the result of male domination in all aspects of social and economic life.

industrialized societies

Highly developed nation-states in which the majority of the population work in factories or offices rather than in agriculture, and most people live in urban areas.

Sociology can be considered a science because it does which of the following?

It uses systematic methods of empirical investigation to study a phenomenon.

cultural capital

Noneconomic or cultural resources that parents pass down to their children, such as language or knowledge. These resources contribute to the process of social reproduction, according to Bourdieu.

Refugees

People who are forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion.

Bourgeoisie

People who own companies, land, or stocks (shares) and use these to generate economic returns.

social category

People who share a common characteristic (such as gender or occupation) but do not necessarily interact or identify with one another.

developmental questions

Questions that sociologists pose when looking at the origins and path of development of social institutions

agrarian societies

Societies whose means of subsistence are based on agricultural production (crop growing).

biological determinism

The belief that differences we observe between groups of people, such as men and women, are explained wholly by biological causes.

Which statement is an accurate characterization of the concept of race?

The concept of race plays an important role in the reproduction of patterns of power and inequality.

nuclear family

a family group consisting of an adult or adult couple and their dependent children

industrialization

The emergence of machine production, based on the use of inanimate power resources (such as steam or electricity).

developing world

The less-developed societies, in which industrial production is either virtually nonexistent or only developed to a limited degree. The majority of the world's population live in less-developed countries.

In modern societies, death is most commonly associated with old age, but a few hundred years ago, death was most commonly associated with infancy. How do sociologists understand this transformation?

The life course is influenced by cultural and material circumstances.

self-identity

The ongoing process of self-development and definition of our personal identity through which we formulate a unique sense of ourselves and our relationship to the world around us.

social exclusion

The outcome of multiple deprivations that prevent individuals or groups from participating fully in the economic, social, and political life of the society in which they live.

ethnocentrism

The tendency to look at other cultures through the eyes of one's own culture, and thereby misrepresent them.

culture of poverty

The thesis, popularized by Oscar Lewis, that poverty is not a result of individual inadequacies but is instead the outcome of a larger social and cultural atmosphere into which successive generations of children are socialized. The culture of poverty refers to the values, beliefs, lifestyles, habits, and traditions that are common among people living under conditions of material deprivation.

scientific racism

The use of scientific research or data to justify or reify beliefs about the superiority or inferiority of particular racial groups. Much of the "data" used to justify such claims are flawed or biased.

ideal type

a "pure type" constructed by emphasizing certain traits of a social item that do not necessarily exist in reality

marxism

a body of thought deriving its main elements from Karl Marx's ideas

transformational feminism

a branch of feminist theory that highlights the way that global processes- including colonialism, racism, and imperialism- shape gender relations and hierarchies

underclass

a class of individuals situated at the bottom of the class system, normally composed of people from ethnic minority backgrounds

toxic masculinity

a cluster of potentially destructive values or behaviors that historically have been part of the boys' socialization, such as the devaluation of and aggression toward women

social aggregate

a collection of people who happen to be together in a particular place but do not significantly interact or identify with one another

social group

a collection of people who regularly interact with one another on the basis of shared expectations concerning behavior and who share a sense of common identity

anomie

a concept first brought into wide usage by Émile Durkheim, referring to a situation in which social norms lose their hold over individual behavior

hate crime

a criminal act by an offender who is motivated by some bias, such as racism, sexism, or homophobia

stereotype

a fixed and inflexible category

participant observation

a method of research widely used in sociology and anthropology in which the researcher takes part in the activities of the group or community being studied

sanction

a mode of reward or punishment that reinforces socially expected forms of behavior

pluralism

a model for ethnic relations in which all ethnic groups in a society retain their independent and separate identities, yet share equally in the rights and powers of citizenship

nation-state

a particular type of state, characteristic of the modern world, in which a government has sovereign power within a defined territorial area, and the population are citizens who know themselves to be part of a single nation

transgender

a person who identifies as or expresses a gender identity that differs from their sex at birth

feminist theory

a sociological perspective that emphasizes the centrality of gender in analyzing the social world and particularly the experiences of women

conflict theories

a sociological perspective that emphasizes the role of political and economic power and oppression as contributing to the existing social order

Intersectionality

a sociological perspective that holds that our multiple group memberships affect our lives in ways that are distinct from single group memberships

psycopath

a specific personality type; such individuals lack the moral sense and concern for others held by most normal people

black feminism

a strand of feminist theory that highlights the multiple disadvantages of gender, class, and race that shape the experiences of nonwhite women

Human Resource Management

a style of management that regards a company's workforce as vital to its economic competitiveness

deviant subculture

a subculture whose members hold values that differ substantially from those of the majority

language

a system of symbols that represent objects and abstract thoughts

Symbolic Interactionism

a theoretical approach developed by George Herbert Mead that emphasizes the role of symbols and language as core elements of all human interaction

functionalism

a theoretical perspective based on the notion that social events can best be explained in terms of the functions they perform; the contributions they make to society

looking-glass self

a theory developed by Charles Horton Cooley that proposes that the reactions we elicit in social situations create a mirror in which we see ourselves

broken windows theory

a theory proposing that even small acts of crime, disorder, and vandalism can threaten a neighborhood and render it unsafe

pilot study

a trial run in survey research

Laura attends a prestigious university on a full scholarship. Most of her classmates come from upper-class backgrounds. Her own family has trouble making ends meet, and they encourage her to do well in school. They believe that if she works hard, she will be able to escape poverty and achieve the same economic stability as that of her fellow classmates. This belief in the merit of individual achievement is an example of

a value

standard deviation

a way of calculating the spread of a group of figures

Which of the following best reflects the definition of ethnography?

a way of studying people firsthand using participant observation or interviewing

social facts

according to Émile Durkheim, the aspects of social life that shape our actions as individuals (studied scientifically)

organic solidarity

according to Émile Durkheim, the social cohesion that results from the various parts of a society functioning as an integrated whole

feminism

advocacy of the rights of women to be equal with men in all spheres of life

Sociobiology

an approach that attempts to explain the behavior of both animals and human beings in terms of biological principles

During rush week, the brothers of the Alpha Gamma Gamma fraternity always make fun of their rival fraternity, Lambda Lambda Lambda. This teasing increases the bonding and sense of loyalty among Alpha Gamma Gamma members. Such camaraderie suggests they are members of

an in-group

self-consciousness

awareness of one's distinct social identity as a person separate from others

Discrimination

behavior that denies to the members of a particular group resources or rewards that can be obtained by others

Some critics argue that women are not fit to be in leadership positions because of their gender. Which perspective are these critics exemplifying?

biological essentialism

When Caroline argues that moral consensus is important for maintaining order and stability in society, she is taking which perspective in sociology?

functionalist perspective

When Gabriel says he is sick of facetiming, and would rather see his girlfriend face-to-face, this is called:

compulsion of proximity

Joe is a straight-A student and wants to go to a four-year college after high school. When his friends encourage him to skip class and hang out with them, he refuses to do so because he doesn't want to jeopardize his GPA. This is an example of

control theory

subcultures

cultural groups within a wider society that hold values and norms distinct from those of the majority

Counterculture

cultural groups within a wider society that largely reject the values and norms of the majority

ethnicity

cultural values and norms that distinguish the members of a given group from others

manifest functions

functions of a particular social activity that are known to and intended by the individuals involved in the activity

gender typing

designation of occupations as either male or female, with female jobs receiving lower pay and status than male jobs

race

differences in human physical characteristics used to categorize large numbers of individuals

public issues

difficulties or problems that are linked to the institutional and historical possibilities of social structure

personal troubles

difficulties that are located in individual biographies and their immediate milieu, a seemingly private experience

Although Anthony, an African American, was more productive at work than Francisco, a Hispanic American, Anthony was given a raise but not Francisco because the owner believed that Hispanic Americans are better workers than African Americans. Denying Francisco a raise is an example of

discrimination

Uniform Crime Report (UCR)

documents that contain official data on crime that is reported to law enforcement agencies who then provide the data to the FBI

The research performed by Solomon Asch where he asked groups of participants to identify which lines were of equal length illustrated that

even if it makes them feel uncomfortable, many people are willing to discount their own perceptions rather than go against group consensus.

data

factual information used as a basis for reasoning, discussion, or calculation

empirical investigation

factual inquiry carried out in any area of sociological study

According to Charles Darwin, basic human emotional expressions vary widely, depending on the culture one is in. (true/false)

false

According to George Herbert Mead's theory of socialization, children develop a super-ego by coming to see themselves as others see them. (true/false)

false

Paul Kaguora designs a research project where he asks standardized questions of a nationally representative sample population. This is an experiment. (true/false)

false

Postindustrial society is characterized by an increase in the importance of the physical production of goods. (true/false)

false

The concept of regionalization refers to the work of demographers, who use global spatial analysis techniques. (true/false)

false

The following scenario represents successful social reproduction: "Before dying out, a civilization leaves behind detailed written records of its history." (true/false)

false

The last step in the research process is 'define the research problem.' (true/false)

false

When Dey studies the interactions between students and teachers on Baylor's campus, her research would be considered macrosociology. (true/false)

false

When Jane arrived at the party, her friend Alyssa came over immediately to say hello. According to Erving Goffman, this is an example of interactional vandalism. (true/false)

false

information technology

forms of technology based on information processing and requiring microelectronic circuitry

Kai, a boy born in Louisiana, is likely to be treated a specific way because of his gender starting at what age?

from the moment he is born

latent functions

functional consequences that are not intended or recognized by the members of a social system in which they occur

The money a person gets from a wage, salary, or investments is ______; the assets an individual owns are ______.

income; wealth

scapegoats

individuals or groups blamed for wrongs that were not of their doing

focused interaction

interaction between individuals engaged in a common activity or in direct conversation with one another

unfocused interaction

interaction occurring among people present in a particular setting but not engaged in direct face-to-face communication

Jamison spends most of his time at school and work, which leaves him with little time to socialize with family and friends. Lately, he has been feeling socially isolated because he

is interacting mostly with large and impersonal secondary groups.

blue and pink collar jobs

jobs that typically pay low wages and often involve manual or low-skill labor

_______ are norms governments define as principles that their citizens must follow; _______ are any type of behavior that violates these norms.

laws; crimes

transformational leaders

leaders who are able to instill in the members of a group a sense of mission or higher purpose, thereby changing the nature of the group itself

transactional leaders

leaders who are concerned with accomplishing the group's tasks, getting group members to do their jobs, and making certain that the group achieves its goals

formal organization

means by which a group is rationally designed to achieve its objectives, often using explicit rules, regulations, and procedures

suffragettes

members of early women's movements who pressed for equal voting rights for women and men

deviance

modes of action that do not conform to the norms or values held by most members of a group or society

wealth

money and material possessions held by an individual or group

intergenerational mobility

movement up or down a social stratification hierarchy from one generation to another

intragenerational mobility

movement up or down a social stratification hierarchy within the course of a personal career

impression management

preparing for the presentation of one's social role

An example of ______ is when humans endow nonhumans with human capacities, making them viable others in social interaction.

projection

comparative questions

questions concerned with drawing comparisons among different human societies

Theorectical questions

questions posed by sociologists when seeking to explain a particular range of observed events

factual questions

questions that raise issues concerning matters of fact

informal networks

relations that exist in groups and organizations developed on the basis of personal connections; ways of doing things that depart from formally recognized modes of procedure

formal relations

relations that exist in groups and organizations, laid down by the norms, or rules, of the official system of authority

oligarchy

rule by a small minority within an organization or society

norms

rules of conduct that specify appropriate behavior in a given range of social situations

A white applicant who was rejected by a prestigious university argues that she was not admitted because racial minorities were given special advantages in the application process. What term would be used to characterize her argument?

scapegoating

response cries

seemingly involuntary exclamations individuals make when, for example, they are taken by surprise, drop something inadvertently, or want to express pleasure

ideology

shared ideas or beliefs that serve to justify the interests of dominant groups

Jacob and Amara both graduated from college with high GPAs and good resumes in the field of accounting. A year after graduation, Jacob was working as a waiter, while Amara was working at an accounting firm headed by her father's best friend. Amara likely got this job because

she had an advantage due to her father's social networks.

racial microaggressions

small slights, indignities, or acts of disrespect that are hurtful to people of color even though they are often perpetuated by well-meaning whites

power

the ability of individuals or the members of a group to achieve aims or further the interests they hold

Assimilation

the acceptance of a minority group by a majority population, in which the new group takes on the values and norms of the dominant culture

assimilation

the acceptance of a minority group by a majority population, in which the new group takes on the values and norms of the dominant culture

sociological imagination

the application of imaginative thought to the asking and answering of sociological questions

racism

the attribution of characteristics of superiority or inferiority to a population sharing certain physically inherited characteristics

postmodernism

the belief that society is no longer governed by history or progress; highly pluralistic and diverse with no grand narrative

sex

the biological and anatomical differences distinguishing females from males

social identity

the characteristics that other people attribute to an individual

gender binary

the classification of sex and gender into two distinct, opposite and disconnected forms of masculine and feminine

aging

the combination of biological, psychological, and social processes that affect people as they grow older

sex segregation

the concentration of men and women in different occupations

social constraint

the conditioning influence on our behavior by the groups and societies of which we are members

interactional vandalism

the deliberate subversion of the tacit rules of conversation

Regionalization

the division of social life into different regional settings or zones

patriarchy

the dominance of and privilege afforded to men over women

globalization

the economic, political, and social interconnectedness of individuals throughout the world

second shift

the excessive work hours borne by women relative to men; these hours are typically spent on domestic chores following the end of a day of work outside the home

social stratification

the existence of structured inequalities between groups in society in terms of their access to material or symbolic rewards

Ethnography

the first hand study of people using participant observation or interviewing

Endogamy

the forbidding of marriage or sexual relations outside one's social group

dominant group

the group that possess more wealth, power, and prestige in a society

prejudice

the holding of preconceived ideas about an individual or group, ideas that are resistant to change even in the face of new information

melting pot

the idea that ethnic differences can be combined to create new patterns of behavior drawing on diverse cultural sources

gender inequality

the inequality between men and women in terms of wealth, income, and status

gender socialization

the learning of gender roles through social factors such as schooling, the media, and family

means of production

the means whereby the production of material goods is carried on in a society, including not just technology but the social relations between producers

correlation coefficient

the measure of the degree of correlation between variables

absolute poverty

the minimal requirements necessary to sustain a healthy existence

immigration

the movement of people into one country from another for the purpose of settlement

emigration

the movement of people out of one country in order to settle in another

material culture

the physical objects that society creates that influence the ways in which people live

cultural relativism

the practice of judging a culture by its own standards

segregation

the practice of keeping racial and ethnic groups physically separate, thereby maintaining the superior position of the dominant group

theory of racial formation

the process by which social, economic, and political forces determine the content and importance of racial categories

racialization

the process by which understandings of race are used to classify individuals or groups of people

social interaction

the process by which we act and react to those around us

resocialization

the process of learning new norms, values, attitudes, and behaviors

civil inattention

the process whereby individuals in the same physical setting demonstrate to one another that they are aware of each other's presence

social reproduction

the process whereby societies have structural continuity over time

informed consent

the process whereby the investigator informs potential participants about the risks and benefits involved in the study

relative deprivation

the recognition that one has less than his or her peers

structure

the recurrent patterned arrangements and hierarchies that influence or limit the choices and opportunities available to us

status

the social honor or prestige that a particular group is accorded by other members of a society

social position

the social identity an individual has in a given group or society

social capital

the social knowledge and connections that enable people to accomplish their goals and extend their influence

Socialization

the social processes through which children develop an awareness of social norms and values and achieve a distinct sense of self

race socialization

the specific verbal and nonverbal messages that older generations transmit to younger generations regarding the meaning and significance of race

Ethnomethodology

the study of how people make sense of what others say and do in the course of day-to-day social interaction

microsociology

the study of human behavior in contexts of face-to-face interaction

sociology

the study of human groups and societies, giving particular emphasis to analysis of the industrialized world

macrosociology

the study of large-scale groups, organizations, or social systems

genocide

the systematic, planned destruction of a racial, political, or cultural group

displacement

the transferring of ideas or emotions from their true source to another object

Danny is examining U.S. culture for the possibility that different immigrant communities in the United States maintain more or less separate cultures but might still manage to participate equally in economic and political life. His study focuses on multiculturalism. (true/false)

true

Functionalists argue that social roles remain relatively stable over time. (true/false)

true

Lucinda hears about the common practice among Nordic parents of leaving babies in their strollers outside of restaurants and shops. Although this is an accepted practice in Nordic society, Lucinda concludes that Nordic parents are neglectful and that this behavior should lead to arrest. Lucinda is engaging in ethnocentrism. (true/false)

true

Technological advances may be used for good or ill, but they are nevertheless transformative. (true/false)

true

The exchange of information about human emotion through facial expressions, gestures, and movements of the body is called non-verbal communication. (true/false)

true

social mobility

upward or downward movement of individuals or groups among different social positions

cultural universals

values or modes of behavior shared by all human cultures

time-space

when and where events occur

cultural appropriation

when members of one cultural group borrow elements of another group's culture