Sociology Midterm
social construction of gender
a perspective holding that gender differences are a product of social and cultural norms and expectations, rather than biology
groupthink
a process by which the members of a group ignore ways of thinking and plans of action that go against the group consensus
glass ceiling
a promotion barrier that prevents a woman's upward mobility within an organization
community policing
a renewed emphasis on crime prevention rather than law enforcement to reintegrate policing within the community
According to Robert Merton, at a time when society as a whole is becoming more affluent, why do crime rates continue to rise?
a sense of relative deprivation among those at the bottom
nationalism
a set of beliefs and symbols expressing identification with a national community
network
a set of informal and formal social ties that links people together
middle class
a social class composed broadly of those working in white-collar and lower managerial occupations
lower class
a social class composed of those who work part time or not at all and whose household income is typically low
feminzation of poverty
an increase in the proportion of the poor who are female
intersex
an individual possessing both male and female genitalia
corporate culture
an organizational culture involving rituals, events, or traditions that are unique to a specific company
signifier
any vehicle of meaning and communication
Qualitative Methods
approaches to sociological research that often rely on personal and/or collective interviews, accounts, or observations of a person or situation
Conflict theorists would argue that laws
are used by the powerful to maintain their own privileged positions.
capitalism
an economic system based on the private ownership of wealth, which is invested and reinvested to produce a profit
Hypothesis
an idea or a guess about a given state of affairs, put forward as a basis for empirical testing
nonverbal communication
communication between individuals based on facial expression or bodily gesture rather than on language
surplus value
In Marxist theory, the value of a worker's labor power left over when an employer has repaid the cost of hiring the worker.
In the United States, men generally have more status, power, and prestige than women. This is an example of
gender inequality
dyad
group of two
agents of socialization
groups or social contexts within which processes of socialization take place
Boys who live in a disadvantaged community can become frustrated with their prospects for material success. Of the possible responses to this frustration that are listed below, which fits most closely with the work of Albert Cohen?
They join deviant subcultures and adopt deviant norms instead of middle-class values.
hidden curriculum
Traits of behavior or attitudes that are learned at school but not included within the formal curriculum-for example, gender differences.
Manifest functions of an activity are explicit, or intended, and latent functions are not. (True/False)
True
short-range downward mobility
social mobility that occurs when an individual moves from one position in the class structure to another of nearly equal status
hegemonic masculinity
social norms dictating that men should be strong, self-reliant, and unemotional
social roles
socially defined expectations of an individual in a given status or social position
pastoral societies
societies whose subsistence derives from the rearing of domesticated animals
instinct
a fixed pattern of behavior that has genetic origins and that appears in all normal animals within a given species
peer group
a friendship group composed of individuals of similar age and social status
nonbinary
a gender identity that does not fit squarely into the male-female gender binary classification
social security
a government program that provides economic assistance to persons faced with unemployment, disability, or old age
secondary group
a group characterized by its large size and impersonal, fleeting relationships
society
a group of people who live in a particular territory, are subject to a common system of political authority, and are aware of having a distinct identity from other groups
primary group
a group that is characterized by intense emotional ties, face-to-face interaction, intimacy, and a strong, enduring sense of commitment
reference group
a group that provides a standard for judging one's attitudes or behaviors
organization
a large group of individuals with a definite set of authority relations
encounter
a meeting between two or more people in a situation of face-to-face interaction
triad
group of three
pariah groups
groups that suffer from negative status discrimination- they are looked down on by most other members of society
out-groups
groups toward which one feels antagonism and contempt- "those people"
in-groups
groups toward which one feels particular loyalty and respect- the groups to which "we" belong
According to the textbook, members of the lower class today
have household income typically lower than $20,000.
rape culture
social context in which attitudes and norms perpetuate the treatment of women as sexual objects and instill in men a sense of sexual entitlement
gender
social expectations about behavior regarded as appropriate for the members of each sex
class
socioeconomic variations among groups of individuals that create variations in their material prosperity and power (no true definition)
structuration
the two-way process by which we shape our social world through our individual actions and by which we are reshaped by society
white privilege
the unacknowledged and unearned assets that benefit whites in their everyday lives
Triangulation
the use of multiple research methods as a way of producing more reliable empirical data than are available from any single method
Culture
the values, norms, and material goods characteristic of a given group
life course
the various transitions and stages people experience during their lives
materialist conception of history
the view developed by Karl Marx according to which material or economic factors have a prime role in determining historical change
biological essentialism
the view that differences between men and women are natural and inevitable consequences of the intrinsic biological natures of men and women
Multiculturalism
the viewpoint according to which ethnic groups can exist separately and share equally in economic and political life
measures of central tendency
the ways of calculating averages
Someone claims that socialization only takes place during infancy; a sociologist would counter this by saying socialization takes place
throughout our entire lives.
clock time
time as measured by the clock, in terms of hours, minutes, and seconds
When David Harvey observed how technology shrinks the relative distances between places (measured in terms of travel time or cost), he coined the phrase:
time-space compression
According to the chapter, compared with larger societies—particularly modern societies, such as the United States—most hunting and gathering groups are egalitarian. (true/false)
true
Ciera is doing sociological research. She asks, "What are the historical childbearing trends in America versus Japan?" This is a Comparative question. (true/False)
true
According to Erving Goffman, reality is neither fixed nor static but created through
human interactions
cognition
human thought processes involving perception, reasoning, and remembering
values
ideas held by individuals or groups about what is desirable, proper, good, and bad
Working-class children are most likely to do which of the following after graduating from high school?
immediately start working
Oprah Winfrey was born into poverty and raised by a single mother, yet today she is one of the richest women in America. According to the textbook, the social position we are born into affects our life chances, but our class position is also
in some part achieved.
Young Hee does not identity as male or female. Young Hee would most likely identify as
nonbinary
Candace is doing a comparative study to compare different societies' expectations of how husbands should treat their in-laws. Candace will be analyzing
norms
mores
norms that are widely adhered to and have great moral or social . significance
Folkways
norms that guide casual or everyday interactions
corporate crime
offenses committed by large corporations in society, including pollution, false advertising, and violations of health and safety regulations
symbol
one item used to stand for or represent another
institutional racism
patterns of discrimination based on ethnicity that have become structured into existing social institutions
income
payment, usually derived from wages, salaries, or investments
Sarah is a college admissions officer who does not hold prejudicial attitudes about Hispanic people. She negatively evaluates a Hispanic applicant because she has "no cultural flavor" in her application. This shows that
people who are not prejudiced can discriminate
prolateriat
people who sell their labor for wages, according to Marx
working poor
people who work but whose earnings are not enough to lift them above the poverty line
compulsion of proximity
people's need to interact with others in their presence
relative poverty
poverty defined according to the living standards of the majority in any given society
comparative research
research that compares one set of findings on one society with the same type of findings on other societies
agency
the ability to think, act, and make choices independently
infanticide
the intentional killing of a newborn
Today, the gap between rich and poor in the United States is the largest it has been since
1947, when the United States started to measure the gap.
______ refers to the psychological, social, and cultural differences between women and men.
gender
generalized other
A concept in the theory of George Herbert Mead, according to which the individual takes over the general values of a given group or society during the socialization process.
minority group
A group of people in a minority in a given society who, because of their distinct physical or cultural characteristics, find themselves in situations of inequality within that society
linguistic relativity hypothesis
A hypothesis, based on the theories of Sapir and Whorf, that perceptions are relative to language.
medicare
A program under the U.S. Social Security Administration that reimburses hospitals and physicians for medical care provided to qualifying people over 65 years old.
working class
A social class broadly composed of people working in blue-collar, or manual, occupations.
upper class
A social class broadly composed of the more affluent members of society, especially those who have inherited wealth, own businesses, or hold large numbers of stocks (shares).
iron law of oligarchy
A term coined by Weber's student Robert Michels meaning that large organizations tend toward centralization of power, making democracy difficult.
life chances
A term introduced by Max Weber to signify a person's opportunities for achieving economic prosperity.
dependency culture
A term popularized by Charles Murray to describe individuals who rely on state welfare provision rather than entering the labor market. The dependency culture is seen as the outcome of the "paternalistic" welfare state that undermines individual ambition and people's capacity for self-help.
Bureaucracy
A type of organization marked by a clear hierarchy of authority and the existence of written rules of procedure and staffed by full-time, salaried officials.
secondary deviance
According to Edwin Lemert, following the act of primary deviance, secondary deviation occurs when an individual accepts the label of deviant and acts accordingly.
primary deviance
According to Edwin Lemert, the actions that cause others to label one as a deviant.
social self
According to the theory of George Herbert Mead, the identity conferred upon an individual by the reactions of others. A person achieves self-consciousness by becoming aware of this social identity.
labeling theory
An approach to the study of deviance that suggests that people become "deviant" because certain labels are attached to their behavior by political authorities and others.
differential association
An interpretation of the development of criminal behavior proposed by Edwin H. Sutherland, according to whom criminal behavior is learned through association with others who regularly engage in crime
poverty line
An official government measure to define those living in poverty in the United States.
quantitative methods
Approaches to sociological research that draw on objective and statistical data and often focuses on documenting trends, comparing subgroups, or exploring correlations.
The proportion of female CEOs in corporate America has been increasing. What is one explanation for this change?
As more women move up into higher-level occupational positions, the resulting networks can foster further advancement for other women.
Which of the following statements best represents variation in racial and ethnic identification across countries?
Countries base racial and ethnic categorization on different traits, including skin color, cultural group membership, regional origin, and religion.
organized crime
Criminal activities carried out by organizations established as businesses.
white-collar crime
Criminal activities carried out by those in white-collar, or professional, jobs.
emerging economies
Developing countries that over the past two or three decades have begun to develop a strong industrial base, such as Singapore and Hong Kong.
Anomie, "a feeling of aimlessness or despair provoked by modern social life," was central to this sociologist's work on suicide.
Emile Durkheim
Marxist theories come out of the functionalist perspective in sociology. (True/False)
False
liberal feminism
Form of feminist theory that believes that gender inequality is produced by unequal access to civil rights and certain social resources, such as education and employment, based on sex. Liberal feminists tend to seek solutions through changes in legislation that ensure that the rights of individuals are protected.
radical feminism
Form of feminist theory that believes that gender inequality is the result of male domination in all aspects of social and economic life.
industrialized societies
Highly developed nation-states in which the majority of the population work in factories or offices rather than in agriculture, and most people live in urban areas.
Sociology can be considered a science because it does which of the following?
It uses systematic methods of empirical investigation to study a phenomenon.
cultural capital
Noneconomic or cultural resources that parents pass down to their children, such as language or knowledge. These resources contribute to the process of social reproduction, according to Bourdieu.
Refugees
People who are forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion.
Bourgeoisie
People who own companies, land, or stocks (shares) and use these to generate economic returns.
social category
People who share a common characteristic (such as gender or occupation) but do not necessarily interact or identify with one another.
developmental questions
Questions that sociologists pose when looking at the origins and path of development of social institutions
agrarian societies
Societies whose means of subsistence are based on agricultural production (crop growing).
biological determinism
The belief that differences we observe between groups of people, such as men and women, are explained wholly by biological causes.
Which statement is an accurate characterization of the concept of race?
The concept of race plays an important role in the reproduction of patterns of power and inequality.
nuclear family
a family group consisting of an adult or adult couple and their dependent children
industrialization
The emergence of machine production, based on the use of inanimate power resources (such as steam or electricity).
developing world
The less-developed societies, in which industrial production is either virtually nonexistent or only developed to a limited degree. The majority of the world's population live in less-developed countries.
In modern societies, death is most commonly associated with old age, but a few hundred years ago, death was most commonly associated with infancy. How do sociologists understand this transformation?
The life course is influenced by cultural and material circumstances.
self-identity
The ongoing process of self-development and definition of our personal identity through which we formulate a unique sense of ourselves and our relationship to the world around us.
social exclusion
The outcome of multiple deprivations that prevent individuals or groups from participating fully in the economic, social, and political life of the society in which they live.
ethnocentrism
The tendency to look at other cultures through the eyes of one's own culture, and thereby misrepresent them.
culture of poverty
The thesis, popularized by Oscar Lewis, that poverty is not a result of individual inadequacies but is instead the outcome of a larger social and cultural atmosphere into which successive generations of children are socialized. The culture of poverty refers to the values, beliefs, lifestyles, habits, and traditions that are common among people living under conditions of material deprivation.
scientific racism
The use of scientific research or data to justify or reify beliefs about the superiority or inferiority of particular racial groups. Much of the "data" used to justify such claims are flawed or biased.
ideal type
a "pure type" constructed by emphasizing certain traits of a social item that do not necessarily exist in reality
marxism
a body of thought deriving its main elements from Karl Marx's ideas
transformational feminism
a branch of feminist theory that highlights the way that global processes- including colonialism, racism, and imperialism- shape gender relations and hierarchies
underclass
a class of individuals situated at the bottom of the class system, normally composed of people from ethnic minority backgrounds
toxic masculinity
a cluster of potentially destructive values or behaviors that historically have been part of the boys' socialization, such as the devaluation of and aggression toward women
social aggregate
a collection of people who happen to be together in a particular place but do not significantly interact or identify with one another
social group
a collection of people who regularly interact with one another on the basis of shared expectations concerning behavior and who share a sense of common identity
anomie
a concept first brought into wide usage by Émile Durkheim, referring to a situation in which social norms lose their hold over individual behavior
hate crime
a criminal act by an offender who is motivated by some bias, such as racism, sexism, or homophobia
stereotype
a fixed and inflexible category
participant observation
a method of research widely used in sociology and anthropology in which the researcher takes part in the activities of the group or community being studied
sanction
a mode of reward or punishment that reinforces socially expected forms of behavior
pluralism
a model for ethnic relations in which all ethnic groups in a society retain their independent and separate identities, yet share equally in the rights and powers of citizenship
nation-state
a particular type of state, characteristic of the modern world, in which a government has sovereign power within a defined territorial area, and the population are citizens who know themselves to be part of a single nation
transgender
a person who identifies as or expresses a gender identity that differs from their sex at birth
feminist theory
a sociological perspective that emphasizes the centrality of gender in analyzing the social world and particularly the experiences of women
conflict theories
a sociological perspective that emphasizes the role of political and economic power and oppression as contributing to the existing social order
Intersectionality
a sociological perspective that holds that our multiple group memberships affect our lives in ways that are distinct from single group memberships
psycopath
a specific personality type; such individuals lack the moral sense and concern for others held by most normal people
black feminism
a strand of feminist theory that highlights the multiple disadvantages of gender, class, and race that shape the experiences of nonwhite women
Human Resource Management
a style of management that regards a company's workforce as vital to its economic competitiveness
deviant subculture
a subculture whose members hold values that differ substantially from those of the majority
language
a system of symbols that represent objects and abstract thoughts
Symbolic Interactionism
a theoretical approach developed by George Herbert Mead that emphasizes the role of symbols and language as core elements of all human interaction
functionalism
a theoretical perspective based on the notion that social events can best be explained in terms of the functions they perform; the contributions they make to society
looking-glass self
a theory developed by Charles Horton Cooley that proposes that the reactions we elicit in social situations create a mirror in which we see ourselves
broken windows theory
a theory proposing that even small acts of crime, disorder, and vandalism can threaten a neighborhood and render it unsafe
pilot study
a trial run in survey research
Laura attends a prestigious university on a full scholarship. Most of her classmates come from upper-class backgrounds. Her own family has trouble making ends meet, and they encourage her to do well in school. They believe that if she works hard, she will be able to escape poverty and achieve the same economic stability as that of her fellow classmates. This belief in the merit of individual achievement is an example of
a value
standard deviation
a way of calculating the spread of a group of figures
Which of the following best reflects the definition of ethnography?
a way of studying people firsthand using participant observation or interviewing
social facts
according to Émile Durkheim, the aspects of social life that shape our actions as individuals (studied scientifically)
organic solidarity
according to Émile Durkheim, the social cohesion that results from the various parts of a society functioning as an integrated whole
feminism
advocacy of the rights of women to be equal with men in all spheres of life
Sociobiology
an approach that attempts to explain the behavior of both animals and human beings in terms of biological principles
During rush week, the brothers of the Alpha Gamma Gamma fraternity always make fun of their rival fraternity, Lambda Lambda Lambda. This teasing increases the bonding and sense of loyalty among Alpha Gamma Gamma members. Such camaraderie suggests they are members of
an in-group
self-consciousness
awareness of one's distinct social identity as a person separate from others
Discrimination
behavior that denies to the members of a particular group resources or rewards that can be obtained by others
Some critics argue that women are not fit to be in leadership positions because of their gender. Which perspective are these critics exemplifying?
biological essentialism
When Caroline argues that moral consensus is important for maintaining order and stability in society, she is taking which perspective in sociology?
functionalist perspective
When Gabriel says he is sick of facetiming, and would rather see his girlfriend face-to-face, this is called:
compulsion of proximity
Joe is a straight-A student and wants to go to a four-year college after high school. When his friends encourage him to skip class and hang out with them, he refuses to do so because he doesn't want to jeopardize his GPA. This is an example of
control theory
subcultures
cultural groups within a wider society that hold values and norms distinct from those of the majority
Counterculture
cultural groups within a wider society that largely reject the values and norms of the majority
ethnicity
cultural values and norms that distinguish the members of a given group from others
manifest functions
functions of a particular social activity that are known to and intended by the individuals involved in the activity
gender typing
designation of occupations as either male or female, with female jobs receiving lower pay and status than male jobs
race
differences in human physical characteristics used to categorize large numbers of individuals
public issues
difficulties or problems that are linked to the institutional and historical possibilities of social structure
personal troubles
difficulties that are located in individual biographies and their immediate milieu, a seemingly private experience
Although Anthony, an African American, was more productive at work than Francisco, a Hispanic American, Anthony was given a raise but not Francisco because the owner believed that Hispanic Americans are better workers than African Americans. Denying Francisco a raise is an example of
discrimination
Uniform Crime Report (UCR)
documents that contain official data on crime that is reported to law enforcement agencies who then provide the data to the FBI
The research performed by Solomon Asch where he asked groups of participants to identify which lines were of equal length illustrated that
even if it makes them feel uncomfortable, many people are willing to discount their own perceptions rather than go against group consensus.
data
factual information used as a basis for reasoning, discussion, or calculation
empirical investigation
factual inquiry carried out in any area of sociological study
According to Charles Darwin, basic human emotional expressions vary widely, depending on the culture one is in. (true/false)
false
According to George Herbert Mead's theory of socialization, children develop a super-ego by coming to see themselves as others see them. (true/false)
false
Paul Kaguora designs a research project where he asks standardized questions of a nationally representative sample population. This is an experiment. (true/false)
false
Postindustrial society is characterized by an increase in the importance of the physical production of goods. (true/false)
false
The concept of regionalization refers to the work of demographers, who use global spatial analysis techniques. (true/false)
false
The following scenario represents successful social reproduction: "Before dying out, a civilization leaves behind detailed written records of its history." (true/false)
false
The last step in the research process is 'define the research problem.' (true/false)
false
When Dey studies the interactions between students and teachers on Baylor's campus, her research would be considered macrosociology. (true/false)
false
When Jane arrived at the party, her friend Alyssa came over immediately to say hello. According to Erving Goffman, this is an example of interactional vandalism. (true/false)
false
information technology
forms of technology based on information processing and requiring microelectronic circuitry
Kai, a boy born in Louisiana, is likely to be treated a specific way because of his gender starting at what age?
from the moment he is born
latent functions
functional consequences that are not intended or recognized by the members of a social system in which they occur
The money a person gets from a wage, salary, or investments is ______; the assets an individual owns are ______.
income; wealth
scapegoats
individuals or groups blamed for wrongs that were not of their doing
focused interaction
interaction between individuals engaged in a common activity or in direct conversation with one another
unfocused interaction
interaction occurring among people present in a particular setting but not engaged in direct face-to-face communication
Jamison spends most of his time at school and work, which leaves him with little time to socialize with family and friends. Lately, he has been feeling socially isolated because he
is interacting mostly with large and impersonal secondary groups.
blue and pink collar jobs
jobs that typically pay low wages and often involve manual or low-skill labor
_______ are norms governments define as principles that their citizens must follow; _______ are any type of behavior that violates these norms.
laws; crimes
transformational leaders
leaders who are able to instill in the members of a group a sense of mission or higher purpose, thereby changing the nature of the group itself
transactional leaders
leaders who are concerned with accomplishing the group's tasks, getting group members to do their jobs, and making certain that the group achieves its goals
formal organization
means by which a group is rationally designed to achieve its objectives, often using explicit rules, regulations, and procedures
suffragettes
members of early women's movements who pressed for equal voting rights for women and men
deviance
modes of action that do not conform to the norms or values held by most members of a group or society
wealth
money and material possessions held by an individual or group
intergenerational mobility
movement up or down a social stratification hierarchy from one generation to another
intragenerational mobility
movement up or down a social stratification hierarchy within the course of a personal career
impression management
preparing for the presentation of one's social role
An example of ______ is when humans endow nonhumans with human capacities, making them viable others in social interaction.
projection
comparative questions
questions concerned with drawing comparisons among different human societies
Theorectical questions
questions posed by sociologists when seeking to explain a particular range of observed events
factual questions
questions that raise issues concerning matters of fact
informal networks
relations that exist in groups and organizations developed on the basis of personal connections; ways of doing things that depart from formally recognized modes of procedure
formal relations
relations that exist in groups and organizations, laid down by the norms, or rules, of the official system of authority
oligarchy
rule by a small minority within an organization or society
norms
rules of conduct that specify appropriate behavior in a given range of social situations
A white applicant who was rejected by a prestigious university argues that she was not admitted because racial minorities were given special advantages in the application process. What term would be used to characterize her argument?
scapegoating
response cries
seemingly involuntary exclamations individuals make when, for example, they are taken by surprise, drop something inadvertently, or want to express pleasure
ideology
shared ideas or beliefs that serve to justify the interests of dominant groups
Jacob and Amara both graduated from college with high GPAs and good resumes in the field of accounting. A year after graduation, Jacob was working as a waiter, while Amara was working at an accounting firm headed by her father's best friend. Amara likely got this job because
she had an advantage due to her father's social networks.
racial microaggressions
small slights, indignities, or acts of disrespect that are hurtful to people of color even though they are often perpetuated by well-meaning whites
power
the ability of individuals or the members of a group to achieve aims or further the interests they hold
Assimilation
the acceptance of a minority group by a majority population, in which the new group takes on the values and norms of the dominant culture
assimilation
the acceptance of a minority group by a majority population, in which the new group takes on the values and norms of the dominant culture
sociological imagination
the application of imaginative thought to the asking and answering of sociological questions
racism
the attribution of characteristics of superiority or inferiority to a population sharing certain physically inherited characteristics
postmodernism
the belief that society is no longer governed by history or progress; highly pluralistic and diverse with no grand narrative
sex
the biological and anatomical differences distinguishing females from males
social identity
the characteristics that other people attribute to an individual
gender binary
the classification of sex and gender into two distinct, opposite and disconnected forms of masculine and feminine
aging
the combination of biological, psychological, and social processes that affect people as they grow older
sex segregation
the concentration of men and women in different occupations
social constraint
the conditioning influence on our behavior by the groups and societies of which we are members
interactional vandalism
the deliberate subversion of the tacit rules of conversation
Regionalization
the division of social life into different regional settings or zones
patriarchy
the dominance of and privilege afforded to men over women
globalization
the economic, political, and social interconnectedness of individuals throughout the world
second shift
the excessive work hours borne by women relative to men; these hours are typically spent on domestic chores following the end of a day of work outside the home
social stratification
the existence of structured inequalities between groups in society in terms of their access to material or symbolic rewards
Ethnography
the first hand study of people using participant observation or interviewing
Endogamy
the forbidding of marriage or sexual relations outside one's social group
dominant group
the group that possess more wealth, power, and prestige in a society
prejudice
the holding of preconceived ideas about an individual or group, ideas that are resistant to change even in the face of new information
melting pot
the idea that ethnic differences can be combined to create new patterns of behavior drawing on diverse cultural sources
gender inequality
the inequality between men and women in terms of wealth, income, and status
gender socialization
the learning of gender roles through social factors such as schooling, the media, and family
means of production
the means whereby the production of material goods is carried on in a society, including not just technology but the social relations between producers
correlation coefficient
the measure of the degree of correlation between variables
absolute poverty
the minimal requirements necessary to sustain a healthy existence
immigration
the movement of people into one country from another for the purpose of settlement
emigration
the movement of people out of one country in order to settle in another
material culture
the physical objects that society creates that influence the ways in which people live
cultural relativism
the practice of judging a culture by its own standards
segregation
the practice of keeping racial and ethnic groups physically separate, thereby maintaining the superior position of the dominant group
theory of racial formation
the process by which social, economic, and political forces determine the content and importance of racial categories
racialization
the process by which understandings of race are used to classify individuals or groups of people
social interaction
the process by which we act and react to those around us
resocialization
the process of learning new norms, values, attitudes, and behaviors
civil inattention
the process whereby individuals in the same physical setting demonstrate to one another that they are aware of each other's presence
social reproduction
the process whereby societies have structural continuity over time
informed consent
the process whereby the investigator informs potential participants about the risks and benefits involved in the study
relative deprivation
the recognition that one has less than his or her peers
structure
the recurrent patterned arrangements and hierarchies that influence or limit the choices and opportunities available to us
status
the social honor or prestige that a particular group is accorded by other members of a society
social position
the social identity an individual has in a given group or society
social capital
the social knowledge and connections that enable people to accomplish their goals and extend their influence
Socialization
the social processes through which children develop an awareness of social norms and values and achieve a distinct sense of self
race socialization
the specific verbal and nonverbal messages that older generations transmit to younger generations regarding the meaning and significance of race
Ethnomethodology
the study of how people make sense of what others say and do in the course of day-to-day social interaction
microsociology
the study of human behavior in contexts of face-to-face interaction
sociology
the study of human groups and societies, giving particular emphasis to analysis of the industrialized world
macrosociology
the study of large-scale groups, organizations, or social systems
genocide
the systematic, planned destruction of a racial, political, or cultural group
displacement
the transferring of ideas or emotions from their true source to another object
Danny is examining U.S. culture for the possibility that different immigrant communities in the United States maintain more or less separate cultures but might still manage to participate equally in economic and political life. His study focuses on multiculturalism. (true/false)
true
Functionalists argue that social roles remain relatively stable over time. (true/false)
true
Lucinda hears about the common practice among Nordic parents of leaving babies in their strollers outside of restaurants and shops. Although this is an accepted practice in Nordic society, Lucinda concludes that Nordic parents are neglectful and that this behavior should lead to arrest. Lucinda is engaging in ethnocentrism. (true/false)
true
Technological advances may be used for good or ill, but they are nevertheless transformative. (true/false)
true
The exchange of information about human emotion through facial expressions, gestures, and movements of the body is called non-verbal communication. (true/false)
true
social mobility
upward or downward movement of individuals or groups among different social positions
cultural universals
values or modes of behavior shared by all human cultures
time-space
when and where events occur
cultural appropriation
when members of one cultural group borrow elements of another group's culture