Sociology Midterm
Which of the following are examples of statuses that are relational or complementary?
A doctor having a patient
Which of the following is considered the dynamic aspect of a status?
A role
Which of the following most accurately defines a symbol?
A symbol is anything that stands for something else and has a particular meaning for people who share a culture.
Which of the following did W.E.B. du Bois (1868-1963) include as part of the "cure" for prejudice and discrimination?
All of these are correct
_____ is learning how to perform a role that a person will occupy in the future.
Anticipatory socialization
Before her interview at a potential new employer, Jayna makes sure to style her hair neatly, dress in a suit, and buy new business-appropriate shoes. By doing these things, which of the three expressive resources of impression management is Jayna working to control?
Appearance
_____ coined the term sociology and is often described as the "father of sociology."
Auguste Comte
According to a study in 1992 by Ritzer, why is sociology a powerful tool in understanding people's behavior and society at large?
Because it involves examining micro, macro, and micro-macro forces.
Which of the following is an example of informal deviance? Prostitution Murder Belching loudly Cyber theft Molestation
Belching loudly
Which of the following scenarios supports the argument that nurture shapes behavior?
Benjie's father, an alcoholic, suffered from liver damage. He advised his son from a young age to avoid such destructive habits, and Benjie grew up to have a healthy lifestyle.
Which of the following is true about social media's effects on families?
Cell phones have increased the frequency of interaction between parents.
Which of the following costs is not included in the calculation of the poverty line?
Child care
Identify the social stratification system in which people's positions are based on both birth and achievement.
Class system
How do feminists differ from other culture theorists?
Feminists are more likely to examine multicultural variations across groups.
A college dean threatens a student with suspension. Which of the following does this exemplify? Informal social control Secondary deviance Formal social control Primary deviance Positive sanction
Formal social control
_____ provides a foundation for understanding the purposes of socialization, but doesn't tell us how socialization works.
Functionalism
_____ refers to the habits of speech and lifestyle that determine where a person feels comfortable and knowledgeable.
Habitus
Which of the following statements supports the argument that nature shapes behavior?
Human development is innate.
Identify an advantage of multiculturalism.
It encourages intercultural dialogue.
Which of the following crimes is considered criminal deviance in the United States? Adult pornography Alcoholism Mental illness Suicide Intellectual property theft
Intellectual property theft
_____ is movement up or down a social class over one's lifetime.
Intragenerational mobility
Which of the following statements is true of U.S. children?
Most of them enjoy happy and healthy lives, but many do not.
Which of the following is an example of an achieved status?
Mother
_____ refers to messages sent without words.
Nonverbal communication
Identify the social stratification system in which a person's ability to change social positions is influenced by his or her achievements.
Open stratification system
Which of the following are core U.S. values?
Progress, equality, and democracy
_____ occurs when people receive direct or indirect rewards or punishments for particular behaviors.
Reinforcement
Which of the following is an effective way of minimizing role conflict and role strain?
Setting priorities
Which of the following statements is true of sociology?
Sociology can help people make more informed decisions.
Which of the following is a limitation of the symbolic interaction theory?
Symbolic interactionists ignore structural factors that create and reinforce inequality.
Identify a general characteristic of norms.
They are instrumental.
Why is ethnocentrism dysfunctional?
Viewing others as inferior generates hatred, discrimination, and conflict.
One of Jane Addams' (1860-1935) greatest intellectual legacies is her emphasis on ______.
applying knowledge to everyday problems
Amanda is a relationship therapist and usually indulges in gossip with her secretary after lunch. After meeting with her new clients, Amanda calls her secretary into her private office to have an informal chat. She tells her secretary that her new clients are the most ignorant people she has ever met. According to sociologist Erving Goffman, Amanda is in the _____.
back stage
Emily constantly suffered from severe headaches and blurred vision. At the age of fourteen, she was diagnosed with migraine. Her neurologist explained to her that women were more likely than men to suffer from such headaches. In the context of the nature-nurture debate, Emily's neurologist is most likely to support the theory that __________.
biology shapes behavior
Karl Marx believed that society is divided into ______.
capitalists and proletariat
According to Karl Marx, history is a series of _____.
class struggles between capitalists and workers
Social solidarity, or social cohesiveness and harmony, according to Émile Durkheim, is maintained by a(n) _____.
division of labor
An example of a tabooed behavior in U.S. society is _______.
eating human flesh
Unlike his predecessors and contemporaries, Marx maintained that _____.
economic issues produce divisiveness rather than social solidarity
Symbolic interaction theory is commonly criticized because ___________.
it overlooks the widespread impact of macro-level factors on our everyday behavior and relationships
A major cost of online interaction is _____________.
jeopardizing our privacy
Many people purchase an expensive car because it serves as a status symbol. The car's service as a status symbol is an example of a _________.
latent function
Macy sees her best friend lie to her mother about where she is going. Macy, however, does not lie. This illustrates the difference between ___________.
learning and performing behavior
Kira believes that her teacher doesn't like her as much as the other children in class. Kira now thinks that she is bad at schoolwork, and that she is unlikeable. This illustrates Kira's ___________.
looking-glass self
According to conservative economists, the increasing income and wealth gaps and low wages have _________.
made the United States less productive
The _____ of the purchase of a new car is to satisfy the requirement of transportation.
manifest function
Norms that members of a society consider very important because they maintain moral and ethical behavior are called _______.
mores
Communication processes are examples of _____.
nonmaterial facts
Sociologists can gauge _____, like communication processes, by observing everyday behavior and how people relate to each other.
nonmaterial facts
One of the criticisms of conflict theory is that it ______.
overemphasizes competition and coercion at the expense of order and stability
In the context of Mead's theory of the development of the self and role taking, children begin to learn role taking by emulating significant others during the _____ stage.
play
Victimless crimes are also known as _____. property crimes organizational crimes public order crimes organized retail crimes white-collar crimes
public order crimes
As children get older, they may have several _____ of people that shape their self-image, behavior, values, and attitudes in different contexts.
reference groups
Tom was a pessimist. His attitude cost him his friends and his peace of mind. After years of self-inflicted stress, Tom decided that he would become optimistic and see the brighter side of things. Tom has decided to undergo the process of _____.
resocialization
Social structure _____.
shapes people's actions
According to C. Wright Mills, a person's behavior is influenced by _____.
social factors such as religion, ethnicity, and politics
Auguste Comte saw sociology as the scientific study of two aspects of society, namely _____.
social statics and social dynamics
Keri is a daughter, a parole officer, and a softball player. These positions make up Keri's _____.
status set
Harriet Martineau emphasized the importance of _____.
systematic data collection through observation and interviews
A major criticism of symbolic interaction theories of socialization is that _____.
they credit people with more free will than they have
Sociologists are especially interested in criminal deviance, behavior that violates laws, because it __________. always follows a synchronous pattern is easy to measure threatens people's lives or property has consistent statistics, unlike noncriminal deviances is ignored by other theorists
threatens people's lives or property
Weber posited that an understanding of society requires a "subjective" understanding of behavior. Such understanding is known as _____.
verstehen
Emilia was a careless, pampered adult. Her life took a complete turn after she became a mother. Responsibility came naturally to her, and she began to enjoy taking care of her baby round the clock. The dramatic change in Emilia's behavior is an example of _____.
voluntary resocialization
Which of the following crimes involves a practice known as e-fencing? White-collar crime Corporate crime Organized retail crime Violent crime Victimless crime
Organized retail crime
In _____, a social scientist observes a person's facial expressions, gestures, and listens to his/her words.
direct observational understanding
According to sociologist James White, which of the following best describes theories?
Theories are "tools" that don't profess to know "the truth" but "may need replacing" over time as our understanding of society becomes more sophisticated.
Which of the following statements is true about roles?
They are based on mutual obligations.
Which of the followings statements best describes folkways?
They are norms that involve everyday customs, practices, and interaction.
Which of the following most accurately describes those individuals who are classified as working poor?
They are people who work at least 27 weeks a year but whose wages fall below the official poverty level.
Which of the following groups is most likely to focus on capitalism, social inequality, and power differences? Symbolic interactionists Functionalists Conflict theorists Rational choice theorists Feminists
Conflict theorists
Which of the following is an example of nonmaterial culture?
Customs
Which of the following is an example of a resource that people can bring to a relationship?
All of these are correct.
Which of the following is a difference between ascribed and achieved statuses?
Ascribed statuses cannot be controlled, whereas achieved statuses can be controlled and changed.
Which of the following statements is true about the demographic variations among Internet users?
Asian Americans are the most connected group in the United States.
The first step of resocialization in total institutions is__________.
being subjected to degradation ceremonies
Unlike upper-middle class, those in the lower-middle class __________.
have less freedom from supervision in their jobs
The proportion of women who have ever suffered physical violence varies significantly across cultures, from 16 percent in East Asia to 66 percent in central sub-Saharan Africa. This supports the position that ______________.
humans are influenced by their environment
Thomas is conducting a study on the work patterns and personal habits of his family members. He shadows them each day to record their daily interactions with each other and with the outside world—be it at school, work, or even the supermarket. In this scenario, such a study of the everyday interactions of people is most likely part of _____.
microsociology
Corporate crimes are also known as _____. hate crimes cybercrimes property crimes victimless crimes organizational crimes
organizational crimes
Two of the most important roles in adulthood are work and _____.
parenthood
In the context of labeling theory, _____ is the initial act of breaking a rule. primary deviance secondary deviance formal deviance tertiary deviance violent deviance
primary deviance
In the context of Robert Merton's strain theory of deviance, _____ is a mode of adaptation in which people feel so alienated that they want to change the social structure entirely by substituting new goals and means for the current ones. ritualism retreatism conformityIncorrect. Functionalist Perspectives on Deviance rebellion innovation
rebellion
Every Halloween, James and his family decorate their house based on the themes of various horror films. The residents of their neighborhood look forward to visiting their house every year. This annual practice of James and his family is a _____.
ritual
In the context of Robert Merton's strain theory of deviance, _____ is a mode of adaptation in which people do not expect to be rich but get the necessary education and experience to obtain or keep a job. innovation rebellion conformity retreatism ritualism
ritualism
In the context of Robert Merton's strain theory of deviance, _____ is a mode of adaptation in which people do not expect to be rich but get the necessary education and experience to obtain or keep a job. retreatism rebellion conformity ritualism innovation
ritualism
Carter is a full-time college student and works at a factory for 30 hours each week. He feels exhausted and is having a hard time dealing with the demands of his roles at college and the factory he works in. Carter is experiencing _____.
role conflict
Statuses, roles, groups, organizations, and institutions make up _____.
social structures
The lifelong process through which people learn culture and become functioning members of society is called _____.
socialization
Ben and Michael are part of the local basketball team. The team is expected to train every day and follow a disciplined lifestyle. The players are also expected to maintain the highest possible standards of behavior and conduct. These expectations suggest that Ben and Michael are a part of a _____.
subculture
Sociology has many _____, which offer specific theories that reinforce and illustrate functionalist, conflict, feminist, and interactionist approaches.
subfields
Two of the best known explanations of deviance offered by _____ are differential association theory and labeling theory. symbolic interactionists conflict theorists rational choice theorists functionalists feminist theorists
symbolic interactionists
Popular culture refers to ___________.
the beliefs, practices, activities, and products that are widespread among a population
Status inconsistency is _____.
the conflict that arises from occupying social positions that are ranked differently
During natural disasters at home and abroad, many Americans are enormously generous. Which of the following core U.S. values does this best illustrate?
Humanitarianism
According to Mead, the _____ is creative, imaginative, impulsive, spontaneous, self-centered, and sometimes unpredictable.
I
According to conflict theorists, growing inequality is dysfunctional for society. Which of the following scenarios illustrates one of the consequences of inequality?
In one large city, studies have found that the rates of extreme poverty have increased.
_____ are primarily middle-class crimes that include offenses such as software piracy, bootlegging musical recordings and movies, selling company trade secrets, and copyright violations. Blue-collar crimes Corporate crimes Informal deviances Intellectual property thefts Hate crimes
Intellectual property thefts
Which of the following is a characteristic of culture?
It is shared.
Which of the following is a criticism of the poverty line?
It is too high because it doesn't include the value of noncash benefits.
Which of the following is true about silence?
It means different things to different people, depending on context.
Which of the following is a criticism of functionalism?
It overlooks diversity and social change.
Which of the following statements best describes wealth?
It refers to the economic assets that a person or family owns.
Why is ethnocentrism functional?
It reinforces conformity and maintains stability.
Which of the following statements is true about a master status?
It usually makes the biggest impression.
Wyatt and Jayden are cousins. They are both black, and were both born to parents in professional occupations. Wyatt lives in Chicago, Illinois, while Jayden lives in Charlotte, North Carolina. Both went to college. Wyatt has moved up to the lower-upper class, while Jayden has remained a member of the middle class. This illustrates how which of the following factors affects social mobility?
Place
In the context of social stratification, _____ is the ability to influence or control the behavior of others despite opposition.
Power
_____ is the process of unlearning old ways of doing things and adopting new attitudes, values, norms, and behavior.
Resocialization
Owain's manager showed him a lot of appreciation for efficiently handling a complicated project. This appreciation made Owain confident and enthused, and he put in more effort into all his future projects. According to Charles Horton Cooley, which phase of the development of the looking-glass self is Owain going through?
Response
_____ is the actual behavior of a person who occupies a status.
Role performance
_____ refers to the difficulties due to conflicting demands within the same role.
Role strain
Who among the following exhibits a dominant I part of the self as described by Mead?
Samuel insists that he wants to ride to school on a pony instead of a bicycle.
_____ are rewards for good or appropriate behavior and/or penalties for bad or inappropriate behavior.
Sanctions
Identify the practice that illustrates a cultural universal.
Taking medicines when sick
Which of the following is NOT an example of popular culture?
The Royal Shakespeare Society
Identify a statement that is true of high-status people according to conflict theorists. They have lesser opportunities for deviance. Most of their crimes are criminalized. The crimes they commit have few penalties. They consistently detained by the police. It is hard for them to hide their deviance.
The crimes they commit have few penalties.
Which of the following statements is true about gestures?
The same gesture may have different meanings in different countries.
Which of the following statements is true of theories?
Theories produce knowledge, guide our research, and help us analyze our findings.
Which of the following is a key function of socialization?
Transmitting culture to the next generation
Which of the following leads to the emergence of countercultures?
When people believe they cannot achieve their goals within the existing society
According to Karl Marx, which of the following terms is used to describe those individuals who own and control wealth and the means of production?
Capitalist class
_____ include a vast array of illicit activities such as conspiracies to stifle free market competition, price-fixing, tax evasion, and false advertising. Corporate crimes Informal deviances Blue-collar crimes Intellectual property thefts Cybercrimes
Corporate crimes
Jack, an American, relocates to Japan for an assignment. After moving, it took him a few months to get used to the food, language, and cultural norms. Which of the following terms can be used to describe Jack's initial state of disorientation?
Culture shock
_____ refers to deliberately using digital media to communicate false, embarrassing, or hostile information about someone.
Cyberbullying
Which of the following groups has the highest percentage of members living in poverty in America as of 2015?
American Indians
Which of the following is an example of a violent crime? Cybercrime Motor-vehicle theft Robbery Arson Intellectual property theft
Robbery
Which of the following statements is true of the views supported by the functionalist theory?
Society is a complex system of interdependent parts that work together to ensure a society's survival.
Which of the following statements is true about poverty?
The more risk factors, the more likely that someone will experience poverty.
_____ include gestures, facial expressions, and eye contact.
Visual cues
All sociological theories analyze __________.
why society is organized the way it is and why we behave as we do
According to functionalists, deviance is dysfunctional because it ____________. decreases confidence in institutions destroys social unity provides permanent safety valves bolsters the economy
decreases confidence in institutions
Unlike social scientists, biologists focus on the role of _____ in human development.
heredity
Place of residence is an example of a(n) ______.
material fact
The behavior expected of a person who has a particular status is called a(n) _____.
role
Mackenzie is a congresswoman. As part of her job, she is a committee member, orator, and supervisor of her staff. These responsibilities make up Mackenzie's _____.
role set
One of the criticisms of feminist theories of society is __________.
they tend to downplay social class inequality.
Who among the following is typically a child's most powerful role model?
A parent
Which of the following shape our beliefs, behavior, and experiences?
All of these are correct
Which of the following age groups is most likely to have the lowest poverty rate in the United States?
Americans aged 65 and older
Which of the following is a similarity between the FBI's Uniform Crime Report (UCR) and the U.S. Department of Justice's National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)? Both include data of reported and unreported crime. Both interview people about being crime victims. Both provide only estimates of U.S. crime and not the actual figures.
Both provide only estimates of U.S. crime and not the actual figures.
The members of the King family own a few banks and factories in their hometown. Their control over capital and the means of production of most goods has resulted in the family acquiring great wealth and power. Which of the following terms can be used to describe the King family?
Bourgeoisie
Which of the following is an example of a property crime? Rape Burglary Aggravated assault Trafficking Kidnapping
Burglary
Identify an example of material culture.
Clothing
Mary works in an office and has two young children. To make sure that her children arrive at school on time, Mary shifts her office timing so that she can work from 9:00 am to 2:00 pm on weekdays and also on Saturdays. Which coping strategy is Mary using to deal with the role conflict that she faces?
Compartmentalizing roles
Which of the following groups is most likely to focus on capitalism, social inequality, and power differences? Symbolic interactionists Rational choice theorists Conflict theorists
Conflict theorists
Matthew comes from an influential family. Despite having poor grades in high school, he was granted admission to a prestigious school in the country based on his family name. Which of the following sociological perspectives is supported by this scenario?
Conflict theory
Robert was the CEO of a large manufacturing company. He was caught embezzling millions of dollars of corporate funds. He was convicted of his crime, and is currently serving a very long jail term. Which of the criticisms of conflict theory does this example illustrate? Conflict theory downplays street crimes. Conflict theory exaggerates the importance of capitalism. Conflict theory focuses almost entirely on men as both victims and offenders. Conflict theory overlooks the fact that some affluent people don't always get away with crimes. Conflict Perspectives on Deviance Conflict theory ignores the ways that crime is functional for society.
Conflict theory overlooks the fact that some affluent people don't always get away with crimes.
In the context of Robert Merton's strain theory, which of the following modes of adaptation do most people use to resolve their social strain? Conformity Rebellion Ritualism Retreatism Innovation
Conformity
_____ is the belief that no culture is better than another and should be judged by its own standards.
Cultural relativism
Which of the following is a key point made by symbolic interactionists?
Cultural symbols forge identities that change over time.
Which of the following is a belief of conflict theorists?
Culture benefits some groups more than others.
Kamala's grandparents taught her what to do on holidays when she was a child. This illustrates which characteristic of culture?
Culture is transmitted from one generation to the next.
_____ include defrauding consumers with bogus financial investments, embezzling, sabotaging computer systems, hacking, and stealing confidential personal and business information. Informal deviances Intellectual property thefts Violent crimes Cybercrimes Victimless crimes
Cybercrimes
_____ include defrauding consumers with bogus financial investments, embezzling, sabotaging computer systems, hacking, and stealing confidential personal and business information. Victimless crimes Intellectual property thefts Cybercrimes
Cybercrimes
_____ is the repeated use of electronic communications to harass, threaten, or frighten someone.
Cyberstalking
Which of the following practices illustrates a cultural universal?
Dancing on special occasions
Which of the following is NOT an effective way to deal with role conflict and role strain?
Denying that there is a problem
Martha argues that low-income countries are poor because their leaders are corrupt and their strict policies deter foreign direct investment. She believes that such policies act as a barrier for poor countries when competing in global markets. In this case, which of the following theories is Martha most likely to use to support her views in explaining why inequality is universal?
Dependency theory
Ramzil, a student of economics, argues that high-income countries benefit because poor countries provide cheap labor and are subjected to exploitation by the rich nations as they are not powerful enough to protest. Which of the following theories supports Ramzil's opinion?
Dependency theory
_____ asserts that people learn deviance through interaction. Anomie Labeling theory Differential association theory Strain theory Social control theory
Differential association theory
_____ asserts that people learn deviance through interaction. Differential association theory Symbolic Interaction Perspectives on Deviance Strain theory Labeling theory Anomie Social control theory
Differential association theory
_____ asserts that people learn deviance through interaction. Social control theory Strain theory Anomie Labeling theory Differential association theory
Differential association theory
Timothy and Kiley were asked to violate a norm by their sociology professor. They chose to go to the mall and use the up escalator to go down and the down escalator to go up. They watched the reactions of others and wrote a paper describing the experience. Which of the following methodological tools were Timothy and Kiley using?
Ethnomethodology
_____ is the study of how people construct and learn to share definitions of reality that make everyday interactions possible.
Ethnomethodology
Jane, a wife, a mother of two children, and a national-level athlete, works as a kindergarten teacher. She faces difficulties at home because of the challenges she faces in playing these contradictory roles and decides to get a divorce from her husband. Which of the following coping strategies does Jane use to deal with the role conflict she faced?
Exiting roles
Which of the following statements is true about facial expressions?
Facial expressions don't always show true emotions.
Alicia believes that men shape the social stratification system and control a disproportionate share of wealth, prestige, and power. As a result, women are largely invisible. Which of the following perspectives is most likely to support Alicia's opinion?
Feminist perspectives
A college dean threatens a student with suspension. Which of the following does this exemplify? Positive sanction Primary deviance Informal social control Formal social control
Formal social control
Which of the following is a primary characteristic of functionalists' perspective on deviance? Functionalists consider deviance as a normal part of society. Functionalists consider deviance as a socially constructed behavior. Functionalists argue that anomie decreases the likelihood of deviance. Functionalists draw a strong association between capitalism and deviance. Functionalists view deviance as purely functional.
Functionalists consider deviance as a normal part of society.
Which of the following is a primary characteristic of functionalists' perspective on deviance? Functionalists consider deviance as a socially constructed behavior. Functionalists draw a strong association between capitalism and deviance. Functionalists argue that anomie decreases the likelihood of deviance. Functionalists view deviance as purely functional. Functionalists consider deviance as a normal part of society.
Functionalists consider deviance as a normal part of society.
_____ is unequal access to wealth, power, status, prestige, and other valued resources because of one's sex.
Gender stratification
Which of the following is an example of a ritual?
Hanging up lights during Christmas
_____ are criminal offenses motivated by the fact or perception that the victims differ from the perpetrator. Hate crimes Organized crimes White-collar crimes Street crimes Organizational crimes
Hate crimes
_____ diminishes teens' and young adults' ability to develop decision-making and problem-solving skills.
Helicopter parenting
How does high culture differ from popular culture?
High culture is the cultural expression of a society's highest social classes, whereas popular culture is widespread among a population.
Who among the following can be termed helicopter parents?
Ian's parents are overanxious about his college admission and have made him apply to ten different universities.
Which of the following statements is true of caste system?
In a caste system, social positions are ascribed at birth.
_____ are primarily middle-class crimes that include offenses such as software piracy, bootlegging musical recordings and movies, selling company trade secrets, and copyright violations. Informal deviances Blue-collar crimes Hate crimes Corporate crimes Intellectual property thefts
Intellectual property thefts
_____ is the process of learning cultural behaviors and expectations so deeply that people accept them without question.
Internalization
Which of the following statements is true of modernization theory?
It blames poor nations for their poverty and other problems.
Which of the following is a consequence of cultural lag?
It can create confusion about what is right and wrong.
Which of the following is true of a status set?
It changes throughout a person's life course.
Which of the following statements most accurately describes the ideal culture?
It comprises the beliefs, values, and norms that people say they hold or follow.
Which of the following is true of nonmaterial culture?
It consists of the ideas that people create to interpret and understand the world.
Which of the following is a criticism of U.S. cultural imperialism?
It displaces authentic local culture.
Which of the following is a criticism of labeling theory? It doesn't explain why people are deviant before labeling occurs. It doesn't explain impulsive crimes triggered by rage or fear. It ignores structural factors that create or reinforce deviance and crime. It doesn't explain why crime rates have declined since 2000 despite poverty. It doesn't explain how labeling increases deviant behavior.
It doesn't explain why people are deviant before labeling occurs.
Which of the following statements is true of conflict theory?
It examines how and why groups disagree, struggle over power, and compete for scarce resources.
Identify the way in which immigration affects social mobility.
It fuels upward mobility.
Which of the following is true of the FBI's Uniform Crime Report (UCR)? It contains an exhaustive list of property crimes. It primarily deals with corporate crime, kidnapping, and Internet crimes. It offers a more accurate picture of many offenses than other reports. It overcomes the limitations of victimization surveys. It includes crimes reported to the police and arrests made each year.
It includes crimes reported to the police and arrests made each year.
Which of the following statements best describes relative poverty?
It is defined as not having enough money to maintain an average standard of living.
Identify an accurate statement about intergenerational mobility.
It is movement up or down a social class over two or more generations.
Which of the following most accurately defines absolute poverty?
It is not having enough money to afford the basic necessities of life, such as food, clothing, and shelter.
Which of the following most accurately describes the feminization of poverty?
It refers to the disproportionate number of the poor who are women.
Which of the following is true about personal space?
It reflects power and status.
Identify a true statement about cultural capital.
It sets up boundaries between social classes.
Which of the following statements is true about a master status?
It usually makes the biggest impression
According to symbolic interactionists, many people are content, instead of challenging policies that benefit primarily the top 1 percent. Which of the following scenarios illustrates one of the reasons for this?
John believes that most people are upwardly mobile, and that he and his children will be rich.
Kalpana is studying deviance in girls aged 14-18. Specifically, she is interviewing the girls about how other people describe them, then interviewing their parents and teachers about the behaviors the girls display. Which theory is Kalpana most likely using in her research? Functionalist theory Labeling theory Symbolic Interaction Perspectives on Deviance Conflict theory Differential association theory Feminist theory
Labeling theory
_____ are formally defined norms about what is permissible or illegal.
Laws
Which of the following is an example of the rehabilitation approach to controlling deviance? Lengthy probationary periods Capital punishment Preventing prisoners from engaging in activities Learning carpentry in prison "Three strikes" style sentencing
Learning carpentry in prison
Which of the following terms refers to the opportunities people have to access social and economic resources that improve their quality of life?
Life chances
Which of the following is a similarity between statuses and roles?
Like statuses, roles are relational.
Which of the following is a criticism of feminist theories?
Many feminist scholars do not explain why so many women succeed despite patriarchal barriers.
_____ are forms of communication designed to reach large numbers of people.
Mass media
_____ consists of the physical objects that people make, use, and share.
Material culture
According to feminist theories, which of the following statements is true about verbal interactions?
Men show conversational dominance by speaking more frequently and for longer periods.
For functionalists, social stratification is based on _____, or people's accomplishments.
Meritocracy
Which of the following is a victimless crime? Persuading unassuming people to send money and gifts Impersonating the FBI to get personal and financial data of online customers Lending money as loans at illegal rates Offering sexual services to people for money Hacking into an organization's server
Offering sexual services to people for money
_____ refers to activities of individuals and groups that supply illegal goods and services for profit. Cybercrime Organizational crime White-collar crime Street crime Organized crime
Organized crime
Which of the following crimes involves a practice known as e-fencing? Corporate crime Victimless crime Organized retail crime White-collar crime Violent crime
Organized retail crime
The inequity caused by _____ diminishes women's control over their lives and increases their invisibility as victims. Democracy Matriarchy Feminism Patriarchy Egalitarianism
Patriarchy
Sarah is fourteen years old and is very conscious of her looks and other people's opinion of her. With reference to Cooley's concept, who among the following is most likely to help Sarah develop a positive looking-glass self during this age?
Peers
Which of the following statements is true of the views supported by symbolic interaction theory?
People act on the basis of the meaning they attribute to others.
Which of the following statements is true about later life?
People age 65 and older often must learn to play new roles.
According to differential association theory, which of the following is true? Only a minority of children who grow up in poor, urban, disadvantaged communities join gangs and/or commit crimes. There is a strong association between capitalism, social inequality, power, and deviance. Children who grew up in an environment that taught conformity rather than deviance later rebel and become deviant. People are the products of their socialization. People are deviant when they experience blocked opportunities to achieve the culturally approved goal of economic success.
People are the products of their socialization.
Which of the following is an example of a material fact?
Population size
Which of the following terms refers to respect, recognition, or regard attached to social positions?
Prestige
_____ refer to public rituals that mark the transition from one social position to another.
Rites of passage
_____ are formal and repeated behaviors that unite people.
Rituals
Which of the following is an example of a folkway?
Saying "please" and "thank you"
_____ proposes that individuals seek through their interactions to maximize their rewards and minimize their costs.
Social exchange theory
Which of the following is true of social interaction?
Social interaction can be interpreted in various ways across cultures and groups over time.
_____ maintain that people learn new attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors through interaction with other people, especially during childhood.
Social learning theories
Which of the following is a difference between social statics and social dynamics?
Social statics investigates how principles of social order explain a particular society, while social dynamics explores how individuals and societies change over time.
Kuldeep is 15 years old and wants a car for his birthday. However, he understands that he cannot get a driver's license for another year and that it would be illegal to drive without one. Therefore, he decides to wait for a year. Which of the key functions of socialization does this scenario illustrate?
Socialization controls our behavior.
_____ is an overall ranking of a person's position in society based on income, education, and occupation.
Socioeconomic status (SES)
Which of the following best describes the term sociology?
Sociology is the scientific study of human behavior in society.
In the context of the functions of play, which of the following most likely provides children with constructive ways to channel their energy and intelligence?
Sports and hobbies
Which of the following is true of street crimes? Street crimes are random. Offenders of street crimes are easily caught. Most offenders of street crimes are above the age of 55. Street crimes are committed by ordinary people. Street crimes do not involve violence.
Street crimes are committed by ordinary people.
_____ is the best predictor of violence and crime. Attachment Structural inequality
Structural inequality
_____ is the best predictor of violence and crime. Structural inequality Conflict Attachment Social control Community involvement
Structural inequality
In his classic study _____, Durkheim relied on extensive data collection to draw conclusions about social integration.
Suicide
Which of the following crimes is considered a noncriminal deviance? Human trafficking Cyber crime Molestation Suicide Intellectual property theft
Suicide
Which of the following is NOT a role that teachers play in the classroom?
Surrogate
Justin went to art school and is now a successful artist. He attributes his career choice to the environment at home. He believes that his parents' successful careers in similar fields shaped and influenced his decision. Which of the following perspectives is most likely to support Justin's belief?
Symbolic interaction perspectives
_____ forbid acts that violate social customs, religious or moral beliefs, or laws.
Taboos
Andrew believes that social stratification is based on people's accomplishments. According to him, people will be motivated to do better if they are rewarded for what they do and how well, rather than their ascribed status. Which of the following sociological explanations supports Andrew's beliefs?
The Davis-Moore thesis
Identify a statement that is true of high-status people according to conflict theorists. They consistently detained by the police. It is hard for them to hide their deviance. The crimes they commit have few penalties. They have lesser opportunities for deviance. Most of their crimes are criminalized.
The crimes they commit have few penalties.
In a growing field known as "fetal origins", scientists are finding that the nine months of pregnancy constitute the most consequential period of our lives, permanently influencing the brain, other organs, and behavior. This supports which of the following arguments?
The environment influences children's genetic makeup and behavior.
Which of the following is true of white-collar crimes? They are primarily middle-class crimes. The offenses do not involve violence. They involve a lot of violence. They are not as serious as property crimes. They are not lucrative as most offenders are caught easily.
The offenses do not involve violence.
Which of the following statements is true of upper-upper-class people?
They are the old rich who have been wealthy for generations.
Identify a similarity between conflict theorists and Melvin Tumin in their opinions of the Davis-Moore thesis.
They both maintain that social stratification is dysfunctional because it hurts individuals and societies.
Which of the following is a purpose of mores?
They define must behavior.
Which of the following statements is true of symbols?
They distinguish one culture from another.
Which of the following statements is true of feminist theories?
They emphasize that women should be freed from traditionally oppressive expectations, constraints, roles, and behavior.
With reference to social stratification, which of the following is a criticism of conflict theorists?
They exaggerate the existence and effects of economic inequality.
Which of the following is true about our interpretation of others' perceptions of us?
They may be totally wrong.
Which of the following is a criticism of feminist theories?
They often overlook gender, social class, and generational gaps.
_____ is a period of both extreme helplessness and enormous physical and cognitive growth.
Toddlerhood
_____ are settings where people are isolated from the rest of society, stripped of their former identities, and required to conform to new rules and behavior.
Total institutions
Tom drifts in and out of jobs. Owing to his lack of education and skills, it is very difficult for him to find a stable job with a steady income. Despite having some earnings, he depends on government programs to make ends meet. Which of the following terms can be used to describe Tom's social status?
Underclass
Which of the following abilities are required for critical sociological thinking?
Understand how public policies affect private troubles
When does deviance become a crime? When it is informal When it violates a society's formal laws When it is universal When it is stigmatized When religious leaders condemn it
When it violates a society's formal laws
Identify a statement that is true about verbal interactions according to feminist theories.
Women are more likely than men to do conversational maintenance work.
Which of the following is a belief of feminist theorists?
Women often have to juggle domestic and workplace responsibilities.
Jamal's boss is an older black man who has worked in his field for decades. Jamal really values his boss' advice and good opinion. Knowing that his boss appreciates and respects him makes Jamal feel valued and competent. In the context of symbolic interaction theory, Jamal's boss is an example of _________.
a significant other
Sasha's friends are all close in age to her, and they all like the same TV shows. In the context of sociology, Sasha's friends are an example of _______.
a social group
For most people, the word status signifies prestige. For sociologists, status is _________.
a social position that a person occupies in society
Deviance is __________. a negative label that changes a person's self-concept a violation of society's formal laws a reproduction of social norms and mores a violation of social norms illegal activities committed by high-status individuals
a violation of social norms
Deviance is __________. a negative label that changes a person's self-concept illegal activities committed by high-status individuals a reproduction of social norms and mores a violation of society's formal laws a violation of social norms
a violation of social norms
A(n) _____ is a social position that a person attains through personal effort or assumes voluntarily.
achieved status
In industrial capitalist systems, workers feel _____ because they don't own or control either the means of production or the product.
alienated
A(n) _____ is a social position that a person is born into.
ascribed status
Marlin is a 33-year-old male and the father of two children. Marlin's sex is an example of a(n) _____.
ascribed status
Adam's parents allow him two sleepovers a month at his friend's place on the condition that he puts in an extra hour of study every day. In terms of parenting styles, Adam's parents exhibit _____.
authoritative parenting
According to functionalists, deviance is functional because it __________. impedes social change increases confidence in institutions bolsters the economy reduces tension and insecurity increases trust in personal and formal relationships
bolsters the economy
Angela returned to her parents' home when she lost her job and could no longer afford to pay rent or buy food. She was deep in debt and needed her parents' support to find another job in a difficult economy. Angela belongs to a group of young adults termed _____.
boomerang children
For Marx, _____ is a class system in which conflict between the classes is common and society is anything but cohesive.
capitalism
Aaron and his friends engage in illegal activities online. They sell cars online for a full or partial payment but do not deliver the vehicle. At times, they also ask for the Social Security numbers of unassuming buyers in the pretense of verifying their credibility. In this case, Aaron and his friends are engaged in _____. organizational crime victimless crime violent crime corporate crime computer crime
computer crime
Postmodern theory analyzes _________.
contemporary societies characterized by postindustrialization, consumerism, and global communications
One of the shortcomings of the FBI's Uniform Crime Report (UCR) is that it does not include ________. corporate crime, kidnapping, and Internet crimes. nonviolent crimes. crimes against women.
corporate crime, kidnapping, and Internet crimes.
Many women, especially white women, who are unhappy with their bodies, turn to _____.
cosmetic surgery
During the 1960s, Scott and his friends were part of a youth group that wanted to free itself from the restrictions of the society. The group sought to find new meaning in life and deliberately questioned authority. From this scenario, it can be inferred that Scott and his friends belonged to a(n) _____.
counterculture
Those who endorse a _____ model believe that crime rates increase when offenders don't fear apprehension or punishment. crime analysis reconciliation crime control prevention rehabilitation
crime control
Carmen and her family moved to the United States from Mexico when she was six years old. At home, Carmen and her family speak Spanish and celebrate Mexican holidays. However, Carmen speaks English in school and participates in American sports during the weekends. This scenario is an example of ________.
cultural integration
Lisa, a sociology student, believes that one should always be proud of his or her own culture because it is superior to other cultures in many ways. Her classmate, Melanie, however, believes that all cultures are equal and have their own worth. Given this scenario, it can be said that Melanie believes in _____.
cultural relativism
We have all internalized cultural norms and values. Thus, to some degree, we are all ______.
culture bound
Cultural universals are ________.
customs and practices that are common to all societies
Some criminologists suggest that criminals learn more about being a criminal in prison than they might learn on streets. This situation represents a(n) _____.
dysfunction
Among the top arrests, the only crime with no gender gap is ____________. fraud property crime embezzlement prostitution forgery and counterfeiting
embezzlement
In the context of symbolic interaction, _____ refers to a type of doublespeak that uses words or phrases that avoid a harsh, unpleasant, or distasteful reality.
euphemism
In _____, a social scientist tries to grasp the intention and context of a person's behavior.
explanatory understanding
Matt notices Julie laughing in the school hallway with a friend. Matt knows that Julie probably just heard a joke or saw something funny in the hallway. Matt is using Max Weber's verstehen of _______.
explanatory understanding
The United States has, along with multiple other countries, engaged in sanctions against North Korea in an effort to deter their production of nuclear weapons. In the context of cultural change, this is an example of _____.
external pressure
Miller, a doctor, performs normal checkups, treats common illnesses, and advises patients along with many other activities that are related to his profession. These activities reflect Dr. Miller's _____ for his role.
formal behaviors
Speaking the same language binds people together because they can communicate with one another. This is an example of ________.
functionalist theory
The term _____ refers to the norms, values, and expectations of society as a whole that affect a person's behavior.
generalized other
Darryl has decided that Muslims are the cause of all problems in his community. During Eid Al-Adha services at the local mosque, he scrawled racist and hate-filled graffiti on the building, and tried to attack people coming out of the building. This is an example of a(n) ___________. hate crime organizational crime organized crime victimless crime white-collar crime
hate crime
In an interview for a job, Karen displays herself as being smart and funny and hides her rude and self-centered temperament. Karen is using _____.
impression management
Aaron was four years old when he saw his elder brother Charlie throw a firecracker into a fire. There was a loud explosion, and Charlie's face got burnt. Therefore, Aaron learnt from a young age never to play with fire. This scenario is an example of _____.
indirect reinforcement
Bryan's mother taught him to be kind and honest. Even when faced with the opportunity to be dishonest for personal gain, Bryan chooses to follow his mother's words and be honest. In this case, Bryan's behavior illustrates ___________. primary deviance negative sanction formal social control informal social control positive sanction
informal social control
Sarah comes from a lower-middle-class family. Her parents were teachers and relied on both their incomes to run their household. Sarah got into medical school on a scholarship and is now a doctor in a well-reputed hospital. Sarah's movement to the upper-middle class is an example of _____.
intergenerational mobility
Steven was a stockbroker, but because of his illicit drug habit, lost his job. After he completed treatment, he found a job as a manager of a retail store. Steven has experienced __________.
intragenerational mobility
One of the common criticisms of the functionalist theory is that it _______.
is so focused on order and stability that it often ignores social change
Income differs from wealth in that income __________.
is usually spent on everyday expenses
One of the criticisms of symbolic interactionist theory is __________.
it doesn't address the linkages between culture and subcultures
The _____ is a self-image based on how we think others see us.
looking-glass self
Jennifer is studying how welfare policies affect working families. She has paid several visits to families that have agreed to participate in her study and has interviewed them. She has also requested them to fill out a questionnaire about the issues in their daily lives, such as the household budget and marital harmony. With this information, Jennifer is trying to link the effects of welfare policies to these family issues. The study conducted by Jennifer is part of _____.
macrosociology
According to Robert Merton, one of the institutionalized means for achieving the cultural goal of economic success is to ____________. follow shortcuts to economic success quit education and start working be introverts at the workplace make sacrifices emphasize seeking quick gratification
make sacrifices
A(n) _____ overrides other statuses and forms an important part of a person's social identity.
master status
Alexei loves to wear brightly colored button-down shirts—the brighter the better. This is an example of _________.
material culture
Sociologists can determine _____ by examining demographic characteristics such as age, place of residence, and population size.
material facts
Janis is a regular coffee-drinker. She finds that her day just doesn't go right if she doesn't start it with a cup of coffee. When she misses her regular fix, she suffers from headaches and a lack of focus. When she mentioned this to her therapist, her therapist diagnosed her with "caffeine withdrawal", a mental disorder. This is an example of ___________. dysfunctional deviance medicalization of deviance informal deviance differential association theory labeling theory
medicalization of deviance
Unlike Auguste Comte, Émile Durkheim ____.
not only acknowledged the importance of scientific methods to study society but also used them
In the context of labeling theory, _____ is the initial act of breaking a rule. tertiary deviance violent deviance formal deviance secondary deviance primary deviance
primary deviance
As he was growing up, Elon's parents taught him that as a young black man, he needed to dress well, be articulate, and to never display anger as a way to keep him safe and counteract negative stereotypes about black men. This is an example of ____________.
racial socialization
Raphael lives in a society where nonconsensual sexual acts are commonly depicted in popular TV shows, books, and movies, often as "romantic". Many of the women he knows have been sexually assaulted. None of the perpetrators have been prosecuted. This is an example of ___________. criminal culture a glass ceiling feminist culture patriarchy rape culture
rape culture
Jameila scored straight A's in her class tests. As a reward for her hard work, her parents took her to her favorite amusement park for an entire day. This action of Jameila's parents is an example of _____.
reinforcement
Cameron was scheduled to present his history paper on Thursday between 1:00 pm and 3:00 pm. His anthropology final was scheduled for 3:00 pm on the same day. He was stressed because of the different activities he had to perform as a student majoring in Humanities. Cameron is experiencing _____.
role strain
Saami is four years old, and loves to play "house" where he gets to be the "mommy" of the house. Saami's behavior is an example of __________.
role taking
Each status is associated with one or more _____.
roles
As a child, Connor was repeatedly told that he was terrible at math. Many of his teachers told him he would never understand math, instead of giving him the help he needed to understand the subject. As an adult, Connor avoids anything to do with math, as he finds it confusing. This is an example of a(n) ___________.
self-fulfilling prophecy
For contemporary sociologists, social facts include collecting and analyzing data on _____, such as collective behavior and social movements.
social currents
The term _____ can be defined as an organized pattern of behavior that governs people's relationships.
social structure
Since he was a year old, Adrian was carefully coached by his parents so that he grew up to be a well-mannered, confident, and generous person. His parents believed in leading by example. Adrian carried the values he learnt at home wherever he went—to school, to college, and to his workplace. He imparted these values to his children and grandchildren. The process that Adrian went through is known as _____.
socialization
Labeling theory holds that ___________. socialization explains gender gaps in arrests people learn deviance through interaction with significant others deviance is caused by societal inequities caused by capitalism deviance is both functional and dysfunctional society's reaction to behavior is a major factor in defining deviance
society's reaction to behavior is a major factor in defining deviance
Labeling theory holds that ___________. society's reaction to behavior is a major factor in defining deviance deviance is both functional and dysfunctional people learn deviance through interaction with significant others socialization explains gender gaps in arrests deviance is caused by societal inequities caused by capitalism
society's reaction to behavior is a major factor in defining deviance
A sociologist is conducting a study on a small group of poverty-stricken individuals. She understands that an individual's impoverished status results from larger economic situations and unemployment rates in the local community rather than the individual's personal problems. The sociologist is using _______.
sociological imagination
Brendon is a pastor at the local church. To earn extra money, he transports vegetables to a retail market during weekends. This is an example of _____.
status inconsistency
Doctor, teacher, and brother are examples of _____.
statuses
Because common sense is _____, it ignores facts that challenge cherished beliefs.
subjective
In the context of social stratification, _____ address micro-level issues such as how people learn their social positions in everyday life and how such learning affects their attitudes, behavior, and lifestyles.
symbolic interactionists
Karl Marx, like Auguste Comte and Émile Durkheim, tried to explain the societal changes that were taking place during _____.
the Industrial Revolution
Biologists focus on heredity in human development, whereas sociologists focus on learning, socialization, and culture. This difference of opinion is called ___________.
the nature-nurture debate
Sociologists are especially interested in criminal deviance, behavior that violates laws, because it __________. always follows a synchronous pattern is ignored by other theorists is easy to measure threatens people's lives or property has consistent statistics, unlike noncriminal deviances
threatens people's lives or property
In _____, parents focus on their own needs, spend little time interacting with the children, and know little about their interests or whereabouts.
uninvolved parenting
Global stratification refers to ____________.
worldwide inequality patterns that result from differences in wealth, power, and prestige
Which of the following is true of intellectual property thefts? The offenders are always high-status people. They are primarily middle-class crimes. They are obsolete since the year 2000. They are seldom reported to the police. The offenders are easy to catch.
They are primarily middle-class crimes.
_____ include a vast array of illicit activities such as conspiracies to stifle free market competition, price-fixing, tax evasion, and false advertising. Informal deviances Corporate crimes Intellectual property thefts Blue-collar crimes Cybercrimes
Corporate crimes
_____ include a vast array of illicit activities such as conspiracies to stifle free market competition, price-fixing, tax evasion, and false advertising. Intellectual property thefts Informal deviances Corporate crimes Cybercrimes Blue-collar crimes
Corporate crimes
_____ consists of an array of subsidies, tax breaks, and assistance that the government has created for businesses.
Corporate welfare
According to conflict theorists, which of the following is a reason that capitalism produces crime? It engenders greater societal equality than other economic systems. Greed and self-interest perpetuate conformity. It is a competitive system that encourages corporate crime. People and groups in power have a relaxed view of crime. It is unconnected to laws, power, and social class.
It is a competitive system that encourages corporate crime.
Which of the following is true of the FBI's Uniform Crime Report (UCR)? It includes crimes reported to the police and arrests made each year. It overcomes the limitations of victimization surveys. It offers a more accurate picture of many offenses than other reports. It contains an exhaustive list of property crimes. It primarily deals with corporate crime, kidnapping, and Internet crimes.
It includes crimes reported to the police and arrests made each year.
Which of the following is a characteristic of deviance? Perceptions of deviance remain the same across all human beings irrespective of age, caste, ethnicity, gender, or religion. Traits and beliefs are not considered as deviance. Perceptions of deviance are defined by every individual instead of being defined or influenced by laws. Public attitudes and perception of deviance are independent of each other. Perceptions of deviance can change over time.
Perceptions of deviance can change over time.
Which of the following is one of the criticisms of feminist theories of deviance? They overemphasize the effects of capitalism. They don't explain why crime rates have declined despite poverty. They focus primarily on male but not female violence and crime. They downplay street crimes, even though victim injuries are costly to society. They focus primarily on structural issues that affect people.
They focus primarily on male but not female violence and crime.
Which of the following is true of stigmatized individuals? They are respected in the society as they are changed individuals. They are kept in separate prisons designed especially for them. They are kept in mental asylums for the safety of others. They may hide information about some aspect of their deviance. They have an aversion toward music, sports, and other lifestyle activities.
They may hide information about some aspect of their deviance.
Which of the following is true of stigmatized individuals? They are respected in the society as they are changed individuals. They may hide information about some aspect of their deviance. They are kept in separate prisons designed especially for them. They have an aversion toward music, sports, and other lifestyle activities. They are kept in mental asylums for the safety of others.
They may hide information about some aspect of their deviance.
Damion moved with his family to a new urban neighborhood. In his old neighborhood in the countryside, he used to greet people on the road while walking, whereas in his new neighborhood, this behavior is considered inappropriate. Damion is confused by this difference in social norms and is unsure of how to react. In this case, Damion is most likely experiencing _____. deviance sanctioning obedience anomie
anomie
Those who endorse a _____ model believe that crime rates increase when offenders don't fear apprehension or punishment. crime analysis rehabilitation reconciliation crime control prevention
crime control
Those who endorse a _____ model believe that crime rates increase when offenders don't fear apprehension or punishment. crime control Controlling Deviance and Crime rehabilitation reconciliation prevention crime analysis
crime control
Those who endorse a _____ model believe that crime rates increase when offenders don't fear apprehension or punishment. crime control reconciliation prevention crime analysis rehabilitation
crime control
According to Robert Merton, Americans are taught to strive toward the American dream of economic success. He termed these aspirations as _____. cultural strains cultural goals institutionalized goals cultural means institutionalized results
cultural goals
According to Robert Merton, Americans are taught to strive toward the American dream of economic success. He termed these aspirations as _____. institutionalized results cultural goals institutionalized goals Functionalist Perspectives on Deviance cultural means cultural strains
cultural goals
According to functionalists, deviance is dysfunctional because it ____________. decreases confidence in institutions provides permanent safety valves bolsters the economy destroys social unity is cheap and inexpensive
decreases confidence in institutions
According to functionalists, deviance is dysfunctional because it ____________. destroys social unity decreases confidence in institutions is cheap and inexpensive bolsters the economy Functionalist Perspectives on Deviance provides permanent safety valves
decreases confidence in institutions
In the context of labeling theory, _____ is the initial act of breaking a rule. tertiary deviance violent deviance primary deviance secondary deviance formal deviance
primary deviance
