Sociology of Education - Exam 1

Ethnic Group

A group that is set apart from others primarily because its a national origin or distinctive cultural patterns Ex. Puerto Ricans, Polish Americans

Racial Group

A group that is set apart from the others because of physical differences that have taken on a social significance Ex. white, african american

Gender Roles

A set of social expectations regarding behavior and attitudes based on a persons sex

Minority Group

A suboridinate group whose members have significantly less control of their lives than the members of a dominate or majority group have over theirs

benjamin roberts

In the 1840s Benjamin Roberts of Boston began a legal campaign to enroll his five-year-old daughter, Sarah, in a nearby school for whites. The Massachusetts Supreme Court ultimately ruled that local elected officials had the authority to control local schools and that separate schools did not violate black students' rights. The decision was cited over and over again in later cases to justify segregation. Black parents in Boston, however, refused to accept defeat. They organized a school boycott and statewide protests. In 1855 the Massachusetts legislature passed the country's first law prohibiting school segregation. This image, entitled Turned Away from School, appeared in the Anti-Slavery Almanac in 1839.

sectarian school and nonsectarian schools

In the private school world, you may see schools listed as nonsectarian or non-denominational, which essentially means that the institution does not adhere to a particular religious belief or tradition. Examples include schools like The Hotchkiss School and Annie Wright School. The opposite of a nonsectarian school is a sectarian school. These schools will describe their religious affiliations as Roman Catholic, Baptist, Jewish and so on. Examples of sectarian schools include Kent School and Georgetown Prep which respectively are Episcopal and Roman Catholic schools.

Langston Hughes

Although Hughes had trouble with both black and white critics, he was the first black American to earn his living solely from his writing and public lectures. , American writer who was an important figure in the Harlem Renaissance and made the African American experience the subject of his writings, which ranged from poetry and plays to novels and newspaper columns.

Ruby Bridges

American activist who became a symbol of the civil rights movement and who was at age six the youngest of a group of African American students to integrate schools in the American South.First black person to attend all white elematry school.

Symbolic Interactionalist Perspective

Approach that generalizes about everyday forms of social interaction in order to explain society as a whole, Micro Level analysis

Conflict Perspective

Assumes that social behavior is best understoon in terms of tension between groups over power or the allocation of resources

Social Conflict Theory

Inequality is based on one's position in social system (not merit) Inequality is based on one's postion in the social system, not merit and that schooling priveledges some children and disadvantages other. Ethnicity, race and geneder plays a key role. Schools privilege some children over others Change is inevitable and is rooted in tensions surrounding power and inequality Public education can be described as a tool for indoctrination and control Marx's views on schools, meritocratic ideals, false consciousness . He argued that schools contribute to a false consonsicouness the equivalent of teaching students that the oppressive conditions that shape their lives can not be changed they must accept they are not worthy . Weber's ideas on stratification: class, status, power * Status groups and their own symbols, values and beliefs * Insiders and Outsiders within system * Specialist v. Cultivated Man Change is inevitable as conflict of interest should lead to overthrow of existing power structures. The differences in achievement of students are not based primarly on their ability or intelligence rather schools reflect their needs of the powerful dominant group group in society and serve to perpetuate a capitalist sytem that reproduces social class.

informal education

Informal education takes place outside the classroom. Informal education is the wise, respectful and spontaneous process of cultivating learning. It works through conversation, and the exploration and enlargement of experience.

Prejudice

Irrational and negative belief about someone or a group

Thomas Jefferson

Jefferson understood that freedom depends on self-government: the cultivation of self-reliance, courage, responsibility, and moderation. Education contributes to both the knowledge and virtues that form a self-governing citizen. By proposing a bill in Virginia that would have established free schools every five to six square miles, Jefferson sought to teach "all children of the state reading, writing, and common arithmetic." With these skills, a child would become a citizen able to "calculate for himself," "express and preserve his ideas, his contracts and accounts," and "improve, by reading, his morals and faculties." Jefferson viewed this basic education as instrumental to securing "life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness" for Americans because it helps an individual "understand his duties" and "know his rights." Once taught reading and history, people can follow the news and judge the best way to vote. If the government infringes on their liberties, educated citizens can express themselves adequately to fight against it. By providing equal access to primary schools, Jefferson hoped to teach children "to work out their own greatest happiness, by showing them that it does not depend on the condition of life in which chance has placed them, but is always the result of a good conscience, good health, occupation, and freedom in all just pursuits." While Jefferson supported the idea of public education, he would not have placed schools under government supervision. Instead, he argued for the placement of "each school at once under the care of those most interested in its conduct." He would put parents in charge.Taxpayers would provide the resources for public education; the community would arrange the schooling. Although we today face a very different set of challenges than Jefferson, his reasoning remains relevant: Those most concerned with the school's performance, i.e., parents, will best manage education. We spend more than enough on our struggling education system. Empowering parents with control over dollars, instead of increasing the amount spent on schools, will improve educational outcomes.

blooms taxonomy

Knowledge "involves the recall of specifics and universals, the recall of methods and processes, or the recall of a pattern, structure, or setting." Comprehension "refers to a type of understanding or apprehension such that the individual knows what is being communicated and can make use of the material or idea being communicated without necessarily relating it to other material or seeing its fullest implications." Application refers to the "use of abstractions in particular and concrete situations." Analysis represents the "breakdown of a communication into its constituent elements or parts such that the relative hierarchy of ideas is made clear and/or the relations between ideas expressed are made explicit." Synthesis involves the "putting together of elements and parts so as to form a whole." Evaluation engenders "judgments about the value of material and methods for given purposes."

Ray Rist

Labeling Theory-the theory that deviance is the result of how others interpret a behavior and that individuals who are labeled deviant often internalize this judgment as a part of their self-identity

Accomplishment of Natural Growth

Lower/Working Class (Wild Flower) Key Elements of Approach: Parent cares for child and allows child to grow Organization of Daily Life: Child "hangs out" particularly with kin Language Use: Rare for child to question or challenge adults School Connections: Strong extended family ties Interventions in Institutions: Sense of powerlessness and frustration Consequences:Emerging sense of constraint on the part of the child

Key Branches of Philosophy

Metaphysics Study of Existence Epistemology -Know That: memorization, knowing that things exist -know how: being able to use knowledge, knowing how to do things Ethics Study of Action Politics Study of Force Aesthetics Study of Art

Racism

Belief that one race is superior to another

meritocracy

That all have an equal chance of achieving. ​ a social system, society, or organization in which people get success or power because of their abilities, not because of their money or social position:

common school reform

Common School Reform (CSR), 1830-1860 - CSR- First attempt to create a national education system. - Push for trained teachers - Expansion of curriculum from moral development to skills and literacy - Mandatory Enrollment

Collective Identity

Common culture that blacks share, thing that a group of people share

14th amendment

The 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, ratified in 1868, granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States—including former slaves—and guaranteed all citizens "equal protection of the laws." One of three amendments passed during the Reconstruction era to abolish slavery and establish civil and legal rights for black Americans, it would become the basis for many landmark Supreme Court decisions over the years.

critical pedagogy

Critical pedagogy is a teaching method that aims to help in challenging and actively struggling against any form of social oppression and the related customs and beliefs. It is a form of theory and practice which serves to let pupils gain a critical awareness Critical pedagogy is a type of pedagogy in which criticism of the established order and social criticism are essential. Critical pedagogy wants to question society in its understanding of the role that education has. From this point of view, social critique is necessary if one does not want an upbringing and education that contributes to the reproduction of inequality may be defined as an approach to education which encourages students , first, to become conscious of the social oppressions or dominations around them (racism, sexism, etc.) and, second, to reflect on the actions which may be required to become free (emancipated) from those oppressions or dominations.

Pierre Bourdieu

Cultural Capital-the general cultural background, knowledge, disposition and skills that are passed down from one generation to the next Ex. Essay question about seeing snow/having a pet

Empirical Evidence

Data that can be observed or documented using the human senses

rational choice theory

Decisions based on Costs and Rewards. If the benefits outweigh the cost people are likely to act inn order to keep receiving benefits. If cost outweigh benefits the person will seek other course of action. In education weighing cost and benefits influences decision about educational choices by student, teacher, in conduct of school experience.

Brown v Board of Education

Declared that separate facilities were un equal and unconstitutional

Talcott Parsons

Developed modern functional theory. He saw education as performing certain important task or functions for society such as preparing young people for roles in democractic society. Parson argued that female elematry schools teachers play a role in transitioning children from the home and protection of mother to schools where a more impersonal female role socializes children to meet the less personal and more universal demands of society.

Public Interest defined during the 2005 National Education Summit

Emphasis on global economy and how students should be prepared to enter the workforce after school

Ways of knowing and indigenous knowledge*

Empiricism (Experience) and Rationalism (Reason) Science tends to be the blending of the two. Additional Ways of Knowing- Faith, Tenacity, Intuition, Emotion, Memory, Cultural Norms, Language, Imagination, and Traditional (Indigenous) Knowledge and Cosmology indigenous knowledge: create lessons that reflect the culture and the people in their aboriginal homelands. Utilize community as an integral resource. Make use of native language environment is related to ceremonies and rituals and should be shared appropriate to the culture.

Emile Durkheim*

Examines interlocking connection between educational systems, needs/wants of a society, and historical context- happenings of society at that time... Changes in society reflected in educational system...not immediate Ex. Middle Ages/Renaissance Education is a reflection of society but also a constraint- imposes ways of being for good of society. Its purpose is to instill moral values and create social solidarity . Moral Values are the foundation of the stability of a society and must be reinforced in educational institutions.Providing a common moral code necessary for social cohension in society. Believes that education should be a meritocracy (examines role of institution and teachers Ex. Jesuits) his values and cohension set the tone for present day functionalism approach. He argued education should be under the control of the state free from special interest group

experiential learning

Experiential learning is a process through which students develop knowledge, skills, and values from direct experiences outside a traditional academic setting.

Boston Latin school

First secondary school in new world.

noah webster

Noah Webster Jr. (October 16, 1758 - May 28, 1843) was an American lexicographer, textbook pioneer, English-language spelling reformer, political writer, editor, and prolific author. He has been called the "Father of American Scholarship and Education". His blue-backed speller books taught five generations of American children how to spell and read. Webster's name has become synonymous with "dictionary" in the United States, especially the modern Merriam-Webster dictionary that was first published in 1828 as An American Dictionary of the English Language. Born in West Hartford, Connecticut, Webster graduated from Yale College in 1778. He passed the bar examination after studying law under Oliver Ellsworth and others, but was unable to find work as a lawyer. He found some financial success by opening a private school and writing a series of educational books, including the "Blue-Backed Speller." A strong supporter of the American Revolution and the ratification of the United States Constitution, Webster hoped his educational works would provide an intellectual foundation for American nationalism; however, by 1820 he became a critic of the society he helped create. In 1793, Alexander Hamilton recruited Webster to move to New York City and become an editor for a Federalist Party newspaper. He became a prolific author, publishing newspaper articles, political essays, and textbooks. He returned to Connecticut in 1798 and served in the Connecticut House of Representatives. Webster founded the Connecticut Society for the Abolition of Slavery in 1791 but later became somewhat disillusioned with the abolitionist movement. In 1806, Webster published his first dictionary, A Compendious Dictionary of the English Language. The following year, he started working on an expanded and comprehensive dictionary, finally publishing it in 1828. He was very influential in popularizing certain spellings in the United States. He was also influential in establishing the Copyright Act of 1831, the first major statutory revision of U.S. copyright law. While working on a second volume of his dictionary, Webster died in 1843, and the rights to the dictionary were acquired by George and Charles Merriam.

organic solidarity*(see if you can find in reading)

Organic solidarity is social unity based on a division of labor that results in people depending on each other; it contrasts with mechanical solidarity. In sociology, organic solidarity explains what binds technologically advanced, industrialized societies together. Developed by Emile Durkheim in 1893, the concept of organic solidarity likens individual workers to specific bodily organs and a group of people to a body. Different bodily organs serve different functions; without these organs the body would die, and so would the individual organs. Similarly, in a society characterized by organic solidarity, individual workers perform different kinds of labor, without which society could not function, nor could individual workers thrive

Social Institutions

Organized patterns of belief and behaviors centered on the basic of social needs. Ex. the government, the family, religion

Findings from Bemmet, Luts and Jayrams Study

Participation: Working Class-structual Middle-Organized, sports, violin Working class-not cultural its structural, based on neighborhoods

Paulo Freire

Pedagogy of the Oppressed : Examining relations between colonizers/colonized (oppressors/oppressed) • Greatly influenced by Franz Fanon and Karl Marx • Developed the idea of the The Banking Concept Praxis-based ( a process/development of a new consciousness and process of authentication where we recognize ourselves and who we want to be) • Grassroots Education • His work is foundational to Critical Pedagogy and Restorative Justice • Critical pedagogy may be defined as an approach to education which encourages students , first, to become conscious of the social oppressions or dominations around them (racism, sexism, etc.) and, second, to reflect on the actions which may be required to become free (emancipated) from those oppressions or dominations.

deschooling

Philosophically, it refers to the belief that schools and other learning institutions are incapable of providing the best possible education for some or most individuals. Some extend this concept beyond the individual and call for an end to schools in general. This is based on the belief that most people learn better independently, outside of an institutional environment, at a self-determined pace, using appropriate technical infrastructure. This is the meaning of the term as used by Illich. is a term used by both education philosophers and proponents of alternative education and/or homeschooling,

place based education

Place-based education (PBE) immerses students in local heritage, cultures, landscapes, opportunities and experiences, using these as a foundation for the study of language arts, mathematics, social studies, science and other subjects across the curriculum. PBE emphasizes learning through participation in service projects for the local school and/or community.

place-based education

Place-based education (PBE) immerses students in local heritage, cultures, landscapes, opportunities and experiences, using these as a foundation for the study of language arts, mathematics, social studies, science and other subjects across the curriculum. PBE emphasizes learning through participation in service projects for the local school and/or community.

Tracking

Placing students into different curricular paths intended to accommodate varying levels of academic work

Trouble

Private Matter, values by an individual are felt by her/him to be threatened Ex. I can't get a job

Symbolic interaction

Processes and Interactions within schools/ individuals as active players. Symbols are the concept or ideas that we use to frame our interactions. These concepts can be expressed by words or gestures they define reality and affect our sense of self and social hierarchies that surround us. Symbols deine what experiences are good or bad they create our social reality. Development of self through social interaction. Students learn through interactions how they are different from others based on individual experiences, social class and status. Symbols can also be used status symbols students who cant afford it are losers. Being labeled in certain level readind group students find out whther they are good or bad.

Issue

Public matter, some value cherished by public is felt to be threatened Ex. achievement gap, divorce rates

No Child Left Behind 2002

Requires states to measure progress and punish schools not meeting goals for standardized state exams

Quantitive research

Research that collects and reports data primarily in numerical form

Qualitative Research

Research that relies on what is seen in naturalistic settings more than statistical data

labeling theory

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy and its Impact on Schooling (Tracking, Gender) Schools impact how children think of themselves teachers expectation based on students race, class, ethnic background, gender, religion and other characterstics affect students self-perception and achievement levels. Interactions within the school heavily influences how children think about themselves and their future.

social stratification

Sociologists use the term social stratification to describe the system of social standing. Social stratification refers to a society's categorization of its people into rankings of socioeconomic tiers based on factors like wealth, income, race, education, and power. You may remember the word "stratification" from geology class. The distinct vertical layers found in rock, called stratification, are a good way to visualize social structure. Society's layers are made of people, and society's resources are distributed unevenly throughout the layers. The people who have more resources represent the top layer of the social structure of stratification. Other groups of people, with progressively fewer and fewer resources, represent the lower layers of our societ

Status group*

Status groups and their own symbols, values and beliefs * Insiders and Outsiders within system * Specialist v. Cultivated Man subcultures based on social status of the group in society such as working class or upper class. Each status group has its own set of symbols (sneakers that are cool) , values (how important is it to go to college) and beliefs (whether studying and learning are important) that are known to the individuals of the group, but not fully understood or aviable to outsiders of the group. Insiders- whose status culture is reinforced through the schools experience and outsiders who face barriers to success in school.

allegory of the cave

For Plato, education is personal and it is the transition from darkness to light, where light represents knowledge and truth. He believed that everyone is capable of learning, but it is down to whether the person desires to learn or not. The people in the cave needed to desire an education with their whole body and soul; thus, education is the formation of character, which involves the turning around of the soul.Plato says that philosophical education requires a reorientation of the whole self; it is a transformative experience. He believed that education is not just a matter of changing ideas or changing some practices, it is a process that transforms ones entire life because it involves the turning around of the soul. Education is the movement of the self, the transformation of the self. For example, in order for the prisoners to learn they had to not only turn their head around, but also turn their whole body around which included their soul, and passions in their mind, to educate themselves. Therefore, education is a complete transformation of ones value system; "it requires a 'turning around' and 'ascent' of the soul — what we might call a spiritual awakening, or the finding and following of a spiritual path."[10] By this, Plato means seeing the world in a different way, in the correct way. In conclusion, Plato appears to be suggesting that we need to force ourselves to want to learn about the truth. Seeking knowledge is not an easy journey; it is a struggle, and once you see the world differently you cannot go back. For example, when the prisoner turned around he realised that the shadows on the wall were less real than the objects in the back that were casting the shadows; what he thought was real all his life was merely an illusion. If the prisoner did not question his beliefs about the shadows on the wall, he would never have discovered the truth. Hence, Plato believes that critical thinking is vital in education. When you try to tell others about the truth, they will not always accept it, as people are often happy in their ignorance. In the allegory of the cave the prisoner had to be forced to learn at times; for Plato, education in any form requires resistance, and with resistance comes force.According to Plato, education is seeing things differently. Therefore, as our conception of truth changes, so will our education. He believed that we all have the capacity to learn but not everyone has the desire to learn; desire and resistance are important in education because you have to be willing to learn the truth although it will be hard to accept at times.So, the teacher in the allegory of the cave guided the prisoner from the darkness and into the light (light represents truth); education involves seeing the truth. Plato believed that you have to desire to learn new things; if people do not desire to learn what is true, then you cannot force them to learn. The prisoner had to have the desire and persistence to learn. In the same way, students themselves have to be active — nobody can get an education for you; you have to get it for yourself, and this will sometimes be a painful process. A teacher can fill students with facts, but it is up to the student to understand them. According to Plato, a teacher's job is to lead you somewhere, and to make you question your beliefs so that you can come to your own conclusion about things; thus, education is a personal journey.

lion guardians

Founded in 2007, Lion Guardians has trained and supported communities at seven different sites to successfully protect lions across the continent. In the Amboseli-Tsavo ecosystem of southern Kenya, our core site, we are proud to protect one of the continent's few free-roaming and growing lion populations.

Catherine Beecher

Founded schools, trained teachers and writing about improving womens education.was a nineteenth century teacher and writer who promoted equal access to education for women and advocated for their roles as teachers and mothers. Embracing traits associated with femininity such as nurturance, Beecher argued that women were uniquely suited to the moral and intellectual development of children, either as mothers or as educators.

dramaturgy

Goffman: everyday interactions are based on codes or systems that represent rules of a larger society. He compared social life for individuals to frontstage and backstage behavior on which people perform differently depending on the impression they wish to project onto the audience.

Oaks view on Tracking

Hates tracking, this it is ludacris

John Hughes

Hughes' arguments for state support of parochial schools led to the creation of the U.S. parochial school system. He publicly defended Catholicism against the anti-Catholic Know-Nothing movement and fought the radical Irish press established in New York by political exiles

Max Weber

Idea of stratfication. Conflict in society was not based soley in economic relations. Inequalities and poteintial conflict were sustained in different distrubution of status, power and class. He focused on power relations between groups and differences in status that creates a structure of inequality in society. Create the concept of status group. The tyranny of educational creditenials as a prerequieste for a high status position maintains inequlity in the social order of society. While education is used by individuals and society as a mean to attain desired ends it create unequal groups in ociety.

Sociological Imagination

An awareness of the relationship between an individual and the wider society

James Coleman

Argued that school-based factors explained little of the achievement differences between black/white

Functionalist Perspective

Emphasizes the way in which parts of society are structured to maintain its stability, Society is a machine

learning webs

In Deschooling Society Ivan Illich argued that a good education system should have three purposes: to provide all that want to learn with access to resources at any time in their lives; make it possible for all who want to share knowledge etc. to find those who want to learn it from them; and to create opportunities for those who want to present an issue to the public to make their arguments known (1973a: 78). He suggests that four (possibly even three, he says) distinct channels or learning exchanges could facilitate this.

Michael Apple's description of Gender and Teaching Overtime

In general there seems to be a relatively strong relationship between the large number of woman in the occupation and the slow transformation of the job

sociology of education

"Sociologists of Education provide valuable insights into the interactions, structures and processes of educational systems.

forms of socialization

* Primary Socialization : Family Attitude, Values, Actions learned (primarily nonverbal) and personalities shaped * acceptances and learning as a set of norms and values Secondary Socialization : School Learning what is appropriate within a larger society, socializes individuals on shared values of meritocratic society, universalizes norms reciprocal solization Parents do socialize children, but socialization in families is reciprocal. Reciprocal socialization is socialization that is bidirectional; children socialize parents just as parents socialize children. These reciprocal interchanges and mutual influence processes (Other forms of socialization often studied: Reciprocal Socialization, Reverse Socialization, Developmental Socialization, Anticipatory Socialization, Adult Socialization and Resocialization)

Findings from Fordham and Ogbus Study

-"Coping with the Burden of acting White", suggests that black students use to resolve the tension between the expectations of school authorities and the demands of peers for conformity to a group-sanctioned attitudes and behaviors that validate black identity -Claim that a major reason why black students do poorly in school is b/c they experience ambivalence and dissonance in regard to academic effort and success

Horace Mann's view of School's

-Believed public ed was a solution to social problems -School should instill a common political creed in all

Thomas Jefferson's View of Schools

-Believes in Meritocracy-an educational system that gives an equal chance to all -Wanted free elementary schools for all white girls and boys, regardless of family income, and to continue boys education

Bowles and Gintes

-Conflict Theorists -Believed that schools train the wealthy to take up places at the economy while conducting the poor to accept their lowly status in the class structure Upper/middle-creative, independent Lower/working-follow rules, respect authority

Reasons For Achievement Gap (Race)

-Difference in Resources -Difference in teacher expectation -Socioeconomic status of family-how much money family has

Findings from Bennet, Lutz, Jayarams Study

-Investigates class differences in: # of structured activities in which children participate, the types of activities the participate in, parents expressed beliefs about children's involvement in activities, structured influences on participation -Qualitative Data

Higher Education Patterns In regards to Genders

-Research finds-woman are less likely to drop out of highschool, men are more likely to forego college or delay college enrollment, once enrolled in college women tend to get better grades and higher persistence to obtain a degree

Findings from Condrons and Rosignos Study

-Study the disparities in spending within a large urban school district -how disparities in spending are associated with racial and socioeconomic class composition -Findings on Achievement-instructional spending and operations, maintenance spending were associated with better physical conditions of the school and higher attendance rates -Conclusion, inequality in spending appears to correspond to the racial and socioeconomic class composition of school

Functions Of Schooling

-Teach Basic cognitive skills (reading, writing, math) -Teach basic laws of society -Socialize children into various roles, behaviors and values of society

Achievement Gap

-The disparity in academic performance between groups of students -may refer to grades, test scores, course selection, dropout rates and college completion rates -Sources of Racial Education Disparity: Socioeconomic status of the family, segregation of schools, material resource difference across schools and differential teacher expectations

Social Construction of Race

-There are no systematic differences b/t races that affect peoples social behavior and abilites -societies label physical differences that people consider important

Public Mission of Public Education- Kober

1.To provide universal access to free education 2. To guarantee equal opportunity for all educators 3. To unify a diverse population 4. To prepare people for citizenship in a democratic society 5. To prepare people to become economically self-suffiectent 6. To improve social conditions

Brown v. Board of Education

1954 case that overturned Separate but Equal standard of discrimination in education.was a landmark 1954 Supreme Court case in which the justices ruled unanimously that racial segregation of children in public schools was unconstitutional. Brown v. Board of Education was one of the cornerstones of the civil rights movement, and helped establish the precedent that "separate-but-equal" education and other services were not, in fact, equal at all.

Abiel smith school

The Abiel Smith School, located at 46 Joy Street, was constructed between 1834 and 1835. It was built by the City of Boston to house the African School and was one of the earliest buildings designed by architect Richard Upjohn. Starting in 1787, many black Bostonians fought tirelessly against the inequality and discrimination in public schools. At that early date, numerous community members, including Prince Hall, petitioned the state legislature claiming that it was unjust for their taxes to support the education of white children when the city had no school for black children. However, a small number of African American children did attend the city's white schools in the early 1800s. In 1798, sixty members of the black community organized the African School in order to educate their children. This school first met in the home of Primus Hall. It moved into the first floor room of the African Meeting House in 1808. At this date, the African American children who were enrolled in Boston public schools moved their enrollment to the African School. In 1812, the Boston School Committee finally became worn down by decades of petitions and requests; they officially recognized the African School and started providing partial funding ($200 yearly), but the condition of this school remained poor and space was inadequate. In 1815 white businessman Abiel Smith died and bequeathed $4,000 for the education of African American children in Boston. The school committee used interest from this money to fund the African School and they later used a portion of it to construct the Abiel Smith School. The Abiel Smith School was opened on March 3, 1835, but the conditions in this school were inferior to those of the white schools in Boston and the black community continued to fight for equal opportunities in education.

NCLB

The NCLB law—which grew out of concern that the American education system was no longer internationally competitive—significantly increased the federal role in holding schools responsible for the academic progress of all students. And it put a special focus on ensuring that states and schools boost the performance of certain groups of students, such as English-language learners, students in special education, and poor and minority children, whose achievement, on average, trails their peers. States did not have to comply with the new requirements, but if they didn't, they risked losing federal Title I money.

New England Primer

The New-England Primer, the principal textbook for millions of colonists and early Americans. First compiled and published about 1688 by Benjamin Harris, a British journalist who emigrated to Boston, the primer remained in use for more than 150 years.Although often called "the little Bible of New England," The New-England Primer gained popularity not only in New England but also throughout colonial America and parts of Great Britain; an estimated six to eight million copies had been sold by 1830. Less than 100 pages in length, this early textbook proved significant in both reflecting the norms of Puritan culture and propagating those norms into early American thought. In The New-England Primer, Harris provided a tool of reform that promoted literacy, proliferated compulsory education, and solidified a Calvinist ethic in colonial America.

Sex

The biological distinction between females and males Ex. Females have the ability to have birth, males do not

Thomas Theorem

The idea that if people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences -Ex. Eye color/Opera Video

The Acting White Hypothesis

The premise that black students are driven towards low school performance because of radicalized peer pressure

Education

The social institution through which individuals acquire knowledge and skills and learn cultural norms and values

Gender

The socially constructed cultural expectation associated with woman and men Ex. woman a free to wear dressed but men are generally discourage from doing so

sociological imigination

The sociological imagination is the concept of being able to "think ourselves away" from the familiar routines of our daily lives in order to look at them anew. Mills defined sociological imagination as "the vivid awareness of the relationship between experience and the wider society."

Sociology

The systematic study of the relationship between individuals and society

title IX

Title IX is a comprehensive federal law that prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex in any federally funded education program or activity. The principal objective of Title IX is to avoid the use of federal money to support sex discrimination in education programs and to provide individual citizens effective protection against those practices. Title IX applies, with a few specific exceptions, to all aspects of federally funded education programs or activities. In addition to traditional educational institutions such as colleges, universities, and elementary and secondary schools, Title IX also applies to any education or training program operated by a recipient of federal financial assistance.

two-eyed seeing

To build bridges and to help these cultures find ways to live in mutual respect of each other strengths and ways. Students learn to from one eye with the strengths of indegious ways of knowing and from the other eye with the strengths of western ways of knowing and to use both eyes together.

Maureen T. Hallinan's view on Tracking

Tracking has problems but could be improved in design/execution

Discrimination

Unequal treatment that gives advantage to one group of people over another without justifiable cause

Concerted Cultivation

Upper/Middle Class Families (Home Grown Garden) Key Elements of Approach: Parents actively fosters and asses child's talents, opinions, and skills Organization of Daily Life: Multiple child leisure activities are orchestrated by students Language Use: Children are able to challenge adults, ask questions School Connections: Weak extended family ties Interventions in Institutions: training of child to intervene on his or her own behalf Consequences: Emerging sense of entitlement on the part of the child

Gardners multiple intelligence

Verbal Linguistic intelligence (sensitive to the meaning and order of words as in a poet): Use activities that involve hearing, listening, impromptu or formal speaking, tongue twisters, humor, oral or silent reading, documentation, creative writing, spelling, journal, poetry. Logical-mathematical intelligence (able to handle chains of reasoning and recognize patterns and orders as in a scientist): Use activities that involve abstract symbols/formulas, outlining, graphic organizers, numeric sequences, calculation, deciphering codes, problem solving. Musical intelligence (sensitive to pitch, melody, rhythm, and tone as in a composer): Use activities that involve audio tape, music recitals, singing on key, whistling, humming, environmental sounds, percussion vibrations, rhythmic patterns, music composition, tonal patterns. Spatial intelligence (perceive the world accurately and try to re-create or transform aspects of that world as in a sculptor or airplane pilot): Use activities that involve art, pictures, sculpture, drawings, doodling, mind mapping, patterns/designs, color schemes, active imagination, imagery, block building. Bodily Kinesthetic intelligence (able to use the body skillfully and handle objects adroitly, as in an athlete or dancer): Use activities that involve role playing, physical gestures, drama, inventing, ball passing, sports games, physical exercise, body language, dancing. Interpersonal intelligence (understand people and relationship as in a salesman or teacher) and think by bouncing ideas off of each other (socializes who are people smart): Use activities that involve group projects, division of labor, sensing others' motives, receiving/giving feedback, collaboration skills. Intrapersonal intelligence (possess access to one's emotional life as a means to understand oneself and others exhibited by individuals with accurate views of themselves): Use activities that involve emotional processing, silent reflection methods, thinking strategies, concentration skills, higher order reasoning, "centering" practices, meta-cognitive techniques. Naturalist (connected to the intricacies and subtleties in nature such as Charles Darwin and Meriwether Lewis of Lewis and Clark fame): Use activities that involve bringing the outdoors into the class, relating to the natural world, charting, mapping changes, observing wildlife, keeping journals or logs.

Functionalism

Views society as a machine. Examines social life necessary to establishment and maintenance of social order.Education as an institution in society operates, along with other institution to facilitate the stability of society. Each part of society- education, family, political and economic system, health, religion work together to create a functioning social system. -shared values and consensus among members are an important component of the system -Passing on knowledge and behavior is a primary function of schools necessary to maintain order and fill needed positions in society. Inequality is inevitable in society because the most challenging positions require attracting the most talented individuals who must spend time and money getting the necessary education to fill important role in society.School as part of a large system in which people who deicate themselves for training for higher level occupations would receive greater reward in terms of money and prestige. Achievemnt in school is based on merit not ones status. Support capitalism through the distrubtion of labor allowing those with most merit earn highest positions. _socialization teaching childrens to be members of society -Teaching children to be productive members of society. Societies use education to pass on values, skills and knowledge necessary for survival. Selection and training of individuals for postions in society. Grades, test, degree is part of the selection process prevelant in competive society with formal education. It determine the field of study they want to do and ultimately their status in society. Promoting change and innovation. Institution of higher ed are expected to generate new knowledge, technology and ideas to produce students with up to date skills and information required to lead industry. Latent function of education. Provides unseen latent functions , unintended consequences of education , like school keeps children off th street until they can become mebers of society and youth to congerate to like dating, friendships, gangs.

John Dewey

Was an educational reformer. He was a pragmatist philopsher mean he believed reality must be experienced. Human beings learn through a hands on approach. -Without education you would die -Education gains meaning through the environment -education must be practical -education is life itselfs continuity and interaction essential to education -Education should prepare them for a democratic society -schools should reflect life outside the classroom

The banking concept

a process/development of a new consciousness and process of authentication where we recognize ourselves and who we want to beThe "banking" concept of education is a method of teaching and learning where the students simply store the information relayed to them by the teacher. In a "banking" type of environment, a classroom is structured in a way that the primary duty of students is to remember and accurately recall the information provided by the instructor. They are not asked to participate in any other way, and simply absorb the information.

Social Science

a discipline that studies the social features of humans and the ways in which they interact and change Ex. Anthropology, Economics

school vouchers

a government-funded voucher redeemable for tuition fees at a school other than the public school that a student could attend free.

Credentialism

a process of social selection in which class advantage and social status are linked to the possession of academic qualifications

Conflict Theory

a theoretical framework in which society is viewed as composed of groups that are competing for scarce resources

pragmatism

a view that rejected the dualistic epistemology and metaphysics of modern philosophy in favor of a naturalistic approach that viewed knowledge as arising from an active adaptation of the human organism to its environment. On this view, inquiry should not be understood as consisting of a mind passively observing the world and drawing from this ideas that if true correspond to reality, but rather as a process which initiates with a check or obstacle to successful human action, proceeds to active manipulation of the environment to test hypotheses, and issues in a re-adaptation of organism to environment that allows once again for human action to proceed.

Horace Mann*(read about him more in reading)

advocate for nonsectarian schools. Most famous propent of common school reform. wanted longer school terms and wanted more training for teachers. Advocated educated workers are more productive and schooling could add to the value of industrial output. He believed that woman special role in education system, women naturally suited to teach.

Credentialism

an increase in the lowest level of education needed to enter a field

George H. Mead

believed that people develop self-images through interactions with other people. He argued that the self, which is the part of a person's personality consisting of self-awareness and self-image, is a product of social experience.Mead's work focuses on the way in which the self is developed. Mead's theory of the social self is based on the perspective that the self emerges from social interactions, such as observing and interacting with others, responding to others' opinions about oneself, and internalizing external opinions and internal feelings about oneself.

Public Education

education that is publicly financed, tuition free, accountable to public authorities and accessible to all students Ex. traditional schools, charter and magnet, vocational and alternative

deschooling*

informal learning. Proponent of alternative education and homeschooling.

charter schools

is a school that receives government funding but operates independently of the established state school system in which it is located.[1][2] Charter schools are an example of public asset privatization.[3] In exchange for exemptions from many of the state laws and regulations that govern traditional public schools, charters are bound to the terms of a contract, or "charter," that lays out a school's mission, academic goals, fiscal guidelines, and accountability requirements.

service learning

is an educational approach that combines learning objectives with community service in order to provide a pragmatic, progressive learning experience while meeting societal needs. Service-learning involves students in service projects to apply classroom learning for local agencies that exist to effect positive change in the community.

pedagogy

is the academic discipline that deals with the theory and practice of teaching and how these influence student learning.[1][2][3] Pedagogy informs teacher actions, judgments, and teaching strategies by taking into consideration theories of learning, understandings of students and their needs, and the backgrounds and interests of individual students.[4][5] Pedagogy includes how the teacher interacts with students and the social and intellectual environment the teacher seeks to establish.

manifest/latent functions

manifest: There are several major manifest functions associated with education. The first is socialization. Beginning in preschool and kindergarten, students are taught to practice various societal roles. The French sociologist Émile Durkheim (1858-1917), who established the academic discipline of sociology, characterized schools as "socialization agencies that teach children how to get along with others and prepare them for adult economic roles" (Durkheim 1898). Indeed, it seems that schools have taken on this responsibility in full. This socialization also involves learning the rules and norms of the society as a whole. In the early days of compulsory education, students learned the dominant culture. Today, since the culture of the United States is increasingly diverse, students may learn a variety of cultural norms, not only that of the dominant culture. School systems in the United States also transmit the core values of the nation through manifest functions like social control. One of the roles of schools is to teach students conformity to law and respect for authority. Obviously, such respect, given to teachers and administrators, will help a student navigate the school environment. This function also prepares students to enter the workplace and the world at large, where they will continue to be subject to people who have authority over them. Fulfillment of this function rests primarily with classroom teachers and instructors who are with students all day. latent: Education also fulfills latent functions. As you well know, much goes on in a school that has little to do with formal education. For example, you might notice an attractive fellow student when he gives a particularly interesting answer in class—catching up with him and making a date speaks to the latent function of courtship fulfilled by exposure to a peer group in the educational setting. The educational setting introduces students to social networks that might last for years and can help people find jobs after their schooling is complete. Of course, with social media such as Facebook and LinkedIn, these networks are easier than ever to maintain. Another latent function is the ability to work with others in small groups, a skill that is transferable to a workplace and that might not be learned in a homeschool setting. The educational system, especially as experienced on university campuses, has traditionally provided a place for students to learn about various social issues. There is ample opportunity for social and political advocacy, as well as the ability to develop tolerance to the many views represented on campus. In 2011, the Occupy Wall Street movement swept across college campuses all over the United States, leading to demonstrations in which diverse groups of students were unified with the purpose of changing the political climate of the country.

title I

of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act, as amended (ESEA) provides financial assistance to local educational agencies (LEAs) and schools with high numbers or high percentages of children from low-income families to help ensure that all children meet challenging state academic standards. Federal funds are currently allocated through four statutory formulas that are based primarily on census poverty estimates and the cost of education in each state.

Schooling

organized institution by trained teachers

magnet schools

school typically focuses on individually themed curricula. The educational themes that some magnet schools focus on include, Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Fine and Performing Arts International Baccalaureate, International Studies Career and Technical Education (CTE) and World Languages (immersion and non-immersion) Magnet Schools attract children of various socio-economic backgrounds, race and academic achievement levels. They are free and open to anyone; due to high demand, most schools determine student acceptance by a lottery system. Magnet schools are accountable to state standards and, in many cases, exceed those standards.Who operates and provides oversight? Same district administration and school board as public schools Adherence to state requirements Must adhere to state requirements

Schools

the primary arena of formal education

Institutional Discrimination

unequal treatment that results from the structural organization, policies, and procedures of social institutions such as government, business, and schools

neoindigenous

urban youth of color. connects groups of people by shared experience. understand the oppression the youth go through, the space they inhabit and the way these phenomon affects what happens in social settings like classrooms. in urban area have developed ways to live within socioeconomic disadvantages while maintain their diginity and identity.

Feminist Theory

views inequality in gender as central to all behavior and organization

Dame school*

were small, private schools run by working class women and occasionally men in their own homes.

Plessy v. Fergusion

• One of first major cases that challenged the meaning of the 14 th amendment post-slavery (amendment that granted citizenship and civil and • Case upheld the constitutionality of separate but equal (Homer Plessey, Rail Cars, 1892) • Jim Crow Laws became commonplacePlessy v. Ferguson was a landmark 1896 U.S. Supreme Court decision that upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation under the "separate but equal" doctrine. The case stemmed from an 1892 incident in which African-American train passenger Homer Plessy refused to sit in a car for blacks. Rejecting Plessy's argument that his constitutional rights were violated, the Supreme Court ruled that a law that "implies merely a legal distinction" between whites and blacks was not unconstitutional. As a result, restrictive Jim Crow legislation and separate public accommodations based on race became commonplace.