Sociology of Sport Chapter 10

the six bullet points under "Women as Sport Fans"

-62 percent of women say they watch sport on television -female viewers outnumber male viewers in the Kentucky derby, and bot olympics -55 percent of women watch the NFL -women are beginning to hold office and coaching positions for the NFL -37 percent of viewers for NASCAR are female -women make up 32 percent of MLS fans

When did the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) come into existence?

1996 after the success of the women's basketball team in the 1996 Olympic Games

At the 2000 Olympics, how many countries sent no female athletes?

36 countries of the of the 123 participating nations (30%)

What percent of women's college sports teams are coached by females?

43 percent

In 1920, the Olympics invited only _____ women and more than _______ men.

64 women and more than 2,500 men

What did the book say about Caitlyn Jenner?

She won a gold medal in the decathlon before turning into a transgender

The sporting world changed greatly with the passage in 1972 of the federal:

Title IX legislation, granting females equal opportunity for sport participation

The U.S. Women's National Soccer Team is not paid as much as the men's team, despite having:

a higher success rate on the pitch and with viewership

Girls of color and those from low-income families typically:

end their participation in sport sooner than peers that are white or from middle or higher income families

Despite the remarkable progress made by girls and women in sport:

equity remains a pressing challenge

Shortly after the passage of Title IX, massive changes began to be made in:

high school and college sport

As girls and women flocked to sport participation, what posed a recurrent issue?

improper athletic footwear

Why are dropped sports called "unintended consequences"?

in recognition of the fact that authors of title IX never intended to harm mens sports by opening women's sport

Moreover, when they do play, they typically must tolerate:

inferior facilities, equipment, coaching, and publicity

What did the chapter say about the Women's Sports Foundation and Billie Jean King?

its main vision is to advance the lives of girls and women through sports and physical activity

Women's sport at every level of competition has begun to attract:

large numbers of spectators

Girls tend to start sport participation a year or two ________ than boys do.

later

Girls living in urban and rural areas enter sport:

later and drop out earlier than those living in suburban communities

Girls tend to start participating in sport _______ and drop out of it ________ than boys.

later and drop out of it sooner

Up through the 1950s, leaders of women's sport:

limited the types of acceptable sport and encouraged girls to not become "too competitive"

The sports hijab enables Muslim women to:

maintain modesty, even when playing a sport

Were women allowed to compete at the first modern Olympics in 1896?

no

Girls, particularly those of color, have far fewer:

opportunities than boys to participate in sport

The Office for Civil Rights published guidelines in 1975 to clarify what it meant to comply with Title IX. To be eligible for federal funding, schools and colleges had to meet any of what three tests?

proportionality test history of progress test accommodation of interest test

Female athletes may be looked at as _______________ regardless of whether they want to be seen that way.

sex objects

The sports bra symbolizes the duplicity in society's view of women both as:

strong athletes and as sex objects

The imbalance in sport participation between boys and girls was dramatic until:

the 1970's

What does gender binary mean?

the classification system that only includes two genders

Teenage female athletes are also less likely than nonathletes to:

to get pregnant, more likely to stain from sexual intercourse at an early age

Research has shown that teenage female athletes are less likely than nonathletes to:

use illicit drugs, to be suicidal or to smoke

The argument against paying women the same amount as men usually goes something like this:

women aren't as strong women don't play the same level women play different formats

Since the ancient Olympic games, gender has played a role in whether:

women should be allowed to participate in a sporting event

In 1996, at the Atlanta Olympics, basketball player Sheryl Swoopes became the first:

women to endorse a shoe - the air "swoopes"

Female sport participation rates have not grown in all countries, especially those where:

women's rights lag those of men

Because of Title IX, many athletic directors have completely dropped less popular, non-revenue-producing men's sports, such as:

wrestling, tennis, golf, gymnastics, and swimming

Be sure to know the five bullet points under "Popularity of Women's Sport" on page 265. For example, what did the book say about the University of Utah?

- battle of the sexes tennis match -baylor vs notre dame drew a record crowd -2018-2019 season nine womens teams had higher attendance rates than male -2018 US open women's final attracted more viewers than men -university of Utah women's gym set an attendance record in a 2011 dual with U of Florida

What are some suggested guidelines for media images of female athletes?

- clothing should be authentic to the sport -female athletes should look like an athlete -should have appropriate clothes -certain body parts shouldn't be a focus -what if the woman in the photo was your daughter

_____________ was invented in 1977.

The sports bra

What did the chapter say about Brandi Chastain?

after winning the 1999 women's world soccer cup, she ripped off her jersey to reveal a sports bra. It sparked debate on whether she was revealing her body to the male audience, or showing off a strong muscular body just as the men do

The most perplexing question facing Title IX enforcement on college campuses focuses on:

american football and 85 scholarships awarded for football at most D1 schools

Successful female athletes are often judged more by their:

appearance than by their athletic success

The IOC has continued testing:

chromosomes and hormones, but still have not constituted what normal hormones should be for a female

Athletic opportunities for girls and women remain:

clearly unequal

Some female followers of Islam are unable to participate in sport competition because of a:

decree that women should be covered in public

Things changed in the 1990s, when athletic shoe companies began:

designing and marketing shoes specifically for female feet

The social system in many nations, particularly Middle Eastern ones:

discourage women and girls from sports participation

Research has shown that introducing girls to sport and physical activity at an early age is:

essential in helping them make exercise a lifelong habit

For centuries, sport participated in assigning a limited role to women by:

excluding them from participation and resisting efforts to include women in sport

Nike declared 2019 the year of the woman and has increased their:

female centered products, including sport hijabs for women

In terms of women as leaders in sport, perhaps the most disappointing percentage is for:

female coaches in collegiate women's sports

The athletic shoe industry has benefited considerably from the increase in:

female participation in fitness and sport activities

What did the book say about Renée Richards?

first professional athlete to successfully change the rules that prevented her form competing in women's tournaments after gender reassignment surgery

Some people have proposed that colleges leave __________ out of Title IX compliance.

football

Sport plays an important role in giving a spotlight to how:

gender affects us in society

Currently the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and many other sport governing bodies run on the:

gender binary system

___________________________ still exists within youth, college, and professional sport organizations all around the globe.

gender discrimination

In the years following the passage of the Title IX legislation, the number of ____________________ playing sport has changed dramatically. For example:

girls and women

Females who are physically active also achieve:

higher academic performance and attend college at a higher rate over peers who are inactive

In 2019, all 28 members of the U.S. Women's National Team filed a lawsuit against the U.S. Soccer Federation for:

institutional gender discrimination

Problems with sex verification testing include:

invalid screening tests failure to understand problems of intersex singling out women based on lab results stigmatization emotional trauma

What are some of the reasons that people gave for excluding women from sport?

lack of interest physical activity harms the female body they can't compete with men

Various sport experiences help women develop critical skills needed for building a successful career. For example:

leading, handling pressure, taking pride in accomplishment and working as part of a team

Modern athletic shoes are now made to accommodate the typical differences between:

male and female feet

As compared with _____, ______ still struggle to make a career in professional sport, and in many cases the financial compensation barely covers their expenses.

mens, women

Male athletes have consistently had____________________________________________ than that of their female counterparts.

more endorsement deals, and a higher salary

In the sport world, it was the passage of Title IX that ultimately helped women and girls to be:

on and even playing field with boys and men

Ample evidence shows that moderate and consistent levels of sport and other physical activity are essential to:

overall good health and well being for both girls and women

Prior to the development of the WNBA, women were playing professional basketball:

overseas because there was no opportunities for women to play basketball professionally in the US

During the ancient Olympic games, women were not allowed to:

participate in the olympics or watch them, if caught they were to be thrown off a cliff

Orthopedists named _____________________________ as a major cause of the high incidence of sport injuries in women and girls.

poorly fitting shoes

Many female athletes are conflicted about:

posing to show off their bodies

They are also more likely than nonathletes to have a:

positive body image

It wasn't until the late 1970s that experts began to concertedly affirm the:

positive values of sport

In countries dominated by __________________________________________________, females are virtually excluded from sport participation.

poverty, famine, political instability, and strict religious views

At the college level, female college athletes receive only 45% of all ________________. Significant inequities also exist across the board in terms of:

scholarships; overall budgets, recruiting budgets, transportation, facilities, and uniforms

Since women and girls started participating in sports, strong, confident female athletes have always had their:

sexuality questioned

By age 14, girls drop out of sport at a rate _________________________ than that of boys.

six times higher

Forced to wear ________________________________, female athletes suffered in silence.

sneakers designed for male feet

Women now spend 80% of all:

sport apparel dollars and control 60 percent of all money spent on mens athletic clothing

As girls and women have moved into sport, they have sparked changes in:

sport clothing by demanding attire that fits their unique needs

As women's participation in sport exploded, females also became avid:

sport fans

Many Muslim women couldn't play sports until the invention of the:

sports hijab

What did the book say about U.S. fencer Ibtihaj Muhammad?

the first female athlete who haas worn a sports hijab to earn a medal at the olympics