Sociology Set F
discrimination
DISCRIMINATION Unequal treatment of various categories of people Prejudice refers to attitudes Discrimination is a matter of action Positive or negative Subtle to blatant
Emile Durkheim
1858-1917, first used statistical methods in study of human groups, first to teach university sociology course, showed human behavior to be explained by social factors rather than psychology one. Organic solidarity (social unity)
Types of Statuses: Ascribed
Assigned according to qualities beyond a person' s control, no choice. ex: Older/younger Sibling
Functionalism
Assumes that society is overall orderly and stable/also assumes consensus among members
Dysfunction
An element or process of a society that may disrupt the social system or reduce its stability
Thick Identity
Has a large impact on someone's life
Thin Identity
Has relatively little impact on someone's life
Dangers of bias
Have to be neutral. Stop assuming
Edgell
Looked at how middle class families negotiated decision making withing the family. Women had the bulk of the decision making responsibilities for buying food, children's clothes, decorating the home, wereas men were mainly reposnsible for decisions about where and when to move home, holiday destinations and major purchases like cars. Men had responsibility for more important decisions for the family.
Supranational
Political/Economic System Larger than One Country -Global -United Nations (political) -WTO (economic) -Regional -European Union (political, economic) -ASEAN (economic) -NATO (security)
social mobility
changes in peoples position in a system of social stritification
culture
characteristics common in members of a certain group
authoritarian personality
characterozed by excessive respect to authority, low tolerance of differences, feeling insecure and low confidence
Morality
The beliefs that hd true to you
Bourgeoisie
The capitalist class
Me
The self perceived as n object by the "I", the self as one imagines others perceive one
Time-Space Compression
The sense that the distance and time separating individuals has decreased -Product of technological development in transportation and communication
Economics
The study of the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.
Modernization
The transition of a society from premodern/traditional to modern -Typically associated with industrialization and economic development
measurement
a procedure for determining the value of a variable in a specific case
factual
asked to find empirical answers to questions concerning who, what, when, where, how often, and how much
euthanasia
assisting in the death of a person suffering from an incurable disease
social structure
any relatively stable pattern of social behaviour
socioeconomic status
composite ranking based on various dimensions of soicial inequality
Marxist Version Of Reflection Theory
argues that cultural objects reflect the material labor and production relationships that went into making them.
Media Effects
can be placed into four categories according to their duration and intention: short-term and deliberate long-term and deliberate short-term and unintentional long-term and unintentional
role conflict
the tension caused by competing demands between two or more roles pertaining to different statuses
Remember!
"You OCCUPY a status, but you PLAY a role" ex: Status: team captain, Top 10 Role: Deciding what is best for the team, get good grades
Norms
- Formal (Laws) and Informal (unwritten standards) - Folkways are informal (violated without consequence)
What aspects of US society could lead to "structural inequalities"?
- access to education, stigmas, slavery
Globalization and health
-Bad environment makes places have poor health -no incentive to invest in research for medical needs in other countries
The conflict perspective
-Emphasized disorder, instability -the main source of conflict is a resource scarcity -power determines who gains and who loses
The functionalist perspective
-Function - System -Dysfunctional(Manifest, Latent)
"Hegemonic Masculinity"
-Inability to show emotions -Inability to choose feminine work -Inability to be a primary caregiver -Inability to be who you want to be Sexism hurts men too
Weakness in Bureaucracy:
-Lose sight of original goals (Red Tape: calling a company and sending you to 10 different people) -Oligarchies: Rule by the few -Peter Principle: people promoted that are not qualified -Parkinson's Law: Work expands to fill the time available for its completion
How is the concept of a "nation" socially constructed?
-Membership is arguably arbitrary -Borders are not "natural"
Theoretical perspective
-provides set of assumptions,the functionalist perspective-society, the conflict perspective-society everywhere
To the extent that the "Golden Arches Theory of Conflict Prevention" is correct, why might it be correct?
-shows that country has integrated into local economy, transnational corporation, less likely to do something to disrupt that
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Heirarchy
1) Astronomy 2) Physics 3) Chemistry 4) Biology 5) sociology
what is patient eligibility for physician assisted suicide?
18+, state resident, capable of communicating health care decisions, death from terminal illness in 6 months or less, physically ill
percentage of remarried divorcees
85%
American Paradox
90% get married, yet US has highest divorce rate of any comparable Western country
Social inequality
A condition in which members of society have differing amounts of wealth, prestige, or power.
polygyny
A form of marriage that unites one man and two or more women (Most common)
Society
A large social grouping that shares the same geographical territory and is subject to that same political authority and dominate cultural expectations
Relative poverty
A measurement of poverty based on a percentage of the median income on a given location
Ethnography/participation observatoin
A naturalistic method based on studying people in their own environment in order to understand the meanings they attribute to their activities it is conducted through participant observation, a methodology whereby the researcher observes and becomes a member in a social setting
Taboos
A norm ingrained so deeply that even thinking about violating them evokes strong feelings of disgust, horror, or revulsion
serial monogamy
A person may have several spouses in her/his life but only one spouse at a time.
Nation-State
A political type of organization/institution with: -Exclusive control ("sovereignty") of a well-defined territory -Well-defined membership that comprise the "nation" (citizenship) -Previously: role of education
Estate System
A politically based system of stratification characterized by limited social mobility
Status
A recognizable social position that an individual occupies
Culture
A set of beliefs, traditions, and practices; the sum of social categories and concepts we embrace in addition, everything but the natural environment around us
kinship
A social bond based on common ancestry, marriage, or adoption
Bourgeois society
A society of commerce in which the maximization of profit is primarily business incentive
Meritocracy
A society where status and mobility are based on individual attributes, ability, and achievement
Generalization
A statement that goes beyond the indivual case and its applied to a broader group
social issues for medicine
AMA (most powerful health care organization), fee for service, defensive medicine
Types of Statuses: Achieved
Acquired through an individual's direct efforts. Could be good for bad. ex: Cheer Captain, Top 10, Detentions
What are the advantages of greater cultural globalization? What are the disadvantages?
Advantages: -cultural awareness, diversity Disadvantages: -resistance(increase nationalism), false sense of diversity(not authentic), leads to death of cultures, creates dominant culture
What are the advantages of greater economic globalization? What are the disadvantages?
Advantages: wider market, cheaper products, find resources you may lack, improves relationships between countries Disadvantages: Local industries might die, global recession, environmental consequences, makes some countries dominant
bell hooks
Ain't I a Woman? (1981) White Feminists Ignore women of color Ignore class differences May have power over women of color Conflate racism with individual prejudice Ignore cultural differences Dominate feminist leadership
Status Set
All the statuses one holds simultaneously
Advantages of Experimental Methods
Allow researchers to control the social environment Take Place in artificial environments - not effective in describing more complex processes and interactions
Advantages of interviews
Allows respondents to speak their own words - Helps the researcher discover new issues Respondents are not always truthful - May lack representativeness
Social Construction
An entity that exists because people behave as if it exists and whose existence is perpetuated a people and social institutions act in accordance with the widely agreed upon formal rules or informal norms of behavior associated with that entity
stereotypes
An exaggerated description applied to every person in some category
Socioeconomic status
An individual's position in a stratified social order
Total Institution
An institution in which one is totally immersed and that controls all the basic day-to-day life
Generalized Other
An internalized sense of the total expectations of others in a variety of settings-regardless of whether we've encountered those people or places before
Manifest function
An open, stated, and conscious function.
Social institution
Anywhere people get together
Ascribed status
Born into
natural selection
Charles Darwin's believe about nature
"protecting" culture
Chinese Government Response(SARFT) Limiting income of outside material and media
Auguste Comte
Coined the term sociology
Political Ideologies(Communist)
Complete collective ownership of industries Actual organization of government is vague in Marx
Single parent
Consist of one parent raising one or more children on his own. Also known as the biggest change in family structures in society.
What is a group?
Consists of 2 or more people, interaction between members, shared beliefs
Experimental research
Consists of two groups, the experimental group and the control group
How does sexist prejudice hurt women?
Constrain ability to chose identity, wage gap, sports, occupations
How might unequal opportunities in college impact your opportunities after you graduate?
Continual reproduction of gender difference
Reciprocal Roles
Corresponging roles that define the pattern of interaction between related statuses ex: Doctor - patient Athlete - Coach
Contingent Work
Decline in full-time working, increase in part time(has less pay, worse hours etc.)
Decline of Rural Areas
Decreasing % of population Sunset industries -Manufacturing -Mining Automated / globalized industries -Agriculture -Manufacturing Decreasing sizes Aging Pollution Diminished community
Five interactions: Conflict
Deliberate attempt to control a person by force Neg: War, legal disputes Pos: Strengthens group loyalties, reinforces boundaries
demographic factors
Demographic Factors: Age -rates of illness and death are highest among the old and young -mortality rates drop shortly after birth and begin to rise significantly during middle age Demographic Factors: Sex -life expectancy for men is 75.2 years -life expectancy for women is 80.4 years
Cultural Homogenization
Desire to make everyone more similar. Through education people lose cultural differences(language)
Duncombe and Marsden (1993)
Did research on 40 middle class couples and found that women felt emotionally deserted by their husbands. Thay found that women felt that they were carrying out a demanding TRIPLE SHIFT.
"Having it all"
Difficulties of women having job and family(second shift)
SM Step 7
Disseminate findings
Types of culture
Dominant Subculture Mass culture Global Folk culture High culture Popular culture
How might inequalities impact educational attainment?
Don't all come from the same background
Racial Ambiguity
Don't fit in with preconceived ideas of racial identities
Theoretical Perspectives of economic inequality
Durkheim: "Organic solidarity" Larger populations People increasingly dissimilar Division of labor Secular Conflict: Marx: capitalism Bourgeoisie vs. proletariat Weber: rationalization
Simmel
Early social network theorists
Wealth
Earned over many years -Inheritance -Liquid and non-liquid assets Frequently untaxable or lower taxes -Property tax vs capital gains tax Bigger inequalities
Income
Earned over one year, Taxable, Big inequalities
Achieved status
Entered
Social darwinism
Evolution of societies
Giddens (2004)
Explains how before modernity, there was little or no intimacy in love relationships. They argue that it has become possible to create and sustain long term loving relationships. They claim that modernity has led to greater equality and respect between adults. They call this type of relationship a 'PURE RELATIONSHIP'.
Gender Blindness
Failing to consider gender at all
Matrifocal family
Females who are the head of the household
Ethnomethodology ( observation)
Field research
Is the United States more laissez-faire or socialist?
Fluctuates, built on laissez then built toward socialist, more socialist then we imagine, nowhere has 100% laissez, treat socialism as dirty even though it is present in our gov
SM Step 3
Form a hypothesis; give operational definitions to variables
Mass media
Forms of communication such as radio newspapers and television direcred torwards mass audiences
ID
Freud term for in born basic drives
Applied Research
Gathering knowledge that can be used to create social change
Extended family
Grandparents, parents and children
read up about in-depth interviews, surveys, and ethnography
IN NOTEBOOK
Is democracy inevitable?
Impact of legitimacy doesn't work in some cultures Democracy can be inefficient (some authority gov are legitimate and some democracies have fallen)
Objectivity
Impartiality; the ability to allow the facts to speak for themselves
Bourgeoisie
In communism it's Karl Marx's capitalist class
Parenting Stress Hypothesis
In low income, unstable employment, a lack of cultural resources, and a feeling of inferiority from social class comparisons exacerbate household stress levels- leads to detrimental parenting practices such as yelling/hitting leading to unconducive to child development
Theory
In sociology, a set of statements that seeks to explain problems, actions, or behavior.
Alienation
Increased detainment people feel/have toward their work. People have less of a role in final product = less job satisfaction. People just act as one small part.
Significant other
Indiviual who signifigantly influences someone else
Cultural Imperialism
Infusion of dominant culture
Stereotypes
Intentionally or unintentionally, subtly or overtly, the media can create or reinforce ethnic, racial, gender, religious.
Global Stratification
International stratification, whereby the nations in the world are ranked based on their economic development level, their political power and relative position in the world
Pahl and Vogler (1993)
Investigated who controls money in relationships and found that there are increasing numbers of couples who share a joint account. This suggests that there is a shift towards greater EGALITARIANISM (equality).
social stratification
Is a categorization of people in socioeconomic strata based on their occupation, status and income and power
Institutional discrimination
Jim Crow Laws Institutionalized discrimination that segregated U.S. society into two racial castes
Political Ideologies
Laissez-Faire / Libertarian: Government enforces contracts / provides security Government otherwise uninvolved in economy Smaller government is better Welfare State / Socialist: Government has a moral obligation to society particularly the less advantaged Possible government control of certain industries; economic planning Government should provide services as they are needed and will be larger by implication
Political Inequalities(representation)
Less women represented, effect on women health(planned parenthood)
Social Mobility
Likelihood of an individual or group moving from one social strata to another -Upward vs. downward -May be multi-generational -Related to assimilation including intermarriage -May be stigmatized
Ethnomethodology
Literally "the methods of the people"; this approach to studying human interaction focuses on the ways in which we make sense in our world, convey this understanding to others, and produce a shared social order
Fashion
Long lasting - reflect deeper values/beliefs
Intersectionality
Look at combination of issues When one type of inequality behaves differently depending on another type of inequality -Conditions may be unique to a particular combination of identities
Robert K merton
Major proponent of functionalism
Why might the sexualized depiction of women in comics not be considered equivalent to the hyper-masculinity (muscles, etc.) of male superheroes?
Males look is related to job of super hero, muscles associated with power, women are good looking for others
wealth
Many people think women own most of the country's wealth Perhaps because they typically outlive men Government statistics say different 55% of people with assets of 1 million or more are men 12% of those identified by Forbes as the richest people in the U.S. are women
polygamy
Marriage that unites a person with two or more spouses (found in many lower-income nations)
Structural mobility
Mobility that is inevitable from changes in the economy
High income countries
Nations with the highest overall standard of living
state with highest divorce rate
Nevada
what states legalized physician assisted suicide?
OR, WA, MT, VT
Single parent family
One parent and children
Social interaction
One persons actions influencing something else
I
One's sense of agency, action or power
Dependent Variable
Outcome the researcher is trying to explain
Bourgeoisie
Owners: the class of modern capitalists who own the means of production and employ wage laborers
patterns of authority
Patriarchy - in industrial societies Men are still typically head of households Most U.S. parents give children their father's last name Egalitarian Families Evolving more as share of women in the labor force goes up
Maintaining Poise
People are ready to act but something goes wrong
Who benefits from the passing down of historical inaccuracies?
People in power
Contradictory Class Locations
People that fall between the two "pure" classes
Family
People who are blood related
Structural Transformation
Primary: Resources Secondary: Manufacturing Tertiary: Services
Personal Troubles
Private problems that affect individuals and the networks of people with whom they associate regularly
August comte
Proposed positivism
Causes of Immigration
Push: Economic / political necessity Family concerns -Sending money home Pull: Labor market in destination Historical dependency / world system Brain drain
Jane addams
Recipient of nobel peace prize, worked with the poor
degradation ceremony
Refers to the ritual whose goal is to remove someones self by strippin away they're identity puttig new identity in place
Caste System
Religion based system with no social mobility
Functionalist perspective on religion
Religion contributes to the fulfillment and stability in society.
Norms
Reules or guidlines regarding what kinds of behavior are acceptable and appropriate within particular culture
Perverse Incentives
Reward structures that lead to suboptimal outcomes by stimulating counterproductive behavior EX: Welfare
poverty and women
Rich societies Women's work is undervalued, underpaid, or overlooked Poor societies Work in sweatshops Tradition keeps women out of many jobs Traditional norms give women the responsibility for child rearing and household maintenance Men own 90% of the land 70% of world's 1 billion people living in absolute poverty are women Women in poor countries receive little or no reproductive health care limited access to birth control
Rights(political)
Right to vote Right to run for office
Sociology
Scientific study of society and human behavior
How does the depiction of woman in comics correspond to the depiction of woman in more realistic media?
See focus on certain proportions even in real life, angles of cameras mirror that of comics, specific type of body that is popular
Attraction
Sexual: Urge to have sex with someone -> Lack: asexual (aka "ace") Romantic: Urge to date / have a relationship with someone -> Lack: romantic Its about who you are attracted to not how you behave
Oligopolies
Shared monopolies, media and banks
Emile durkham
Showed how social forces affect peoples behavior
Educational Inequality
Socialization, majors, mentorship
Other
Someone or something outside of oneself
Interactions
Stabilize society, promotes change
Bureaucracy: Rules and regulations
Standard operating procedures
What problems might aging societies face?
Strain on healthcare system, financial strain on younger generations, decline of labor force
Theoretical approach
Structural-functional approach Social-conflict approach Symbolic-interaction approach
Stanly Milgram
Studied ovedience and how people respond to orders from authority 65% would administer a shock
Cultural Goals
Success of some sort such as wealth or prestige Macrosociology focuses on broad features of society.
Asking Questions: Survey Research
Survey A research method in which subjects respond to a series of statements or questions in a questionnaire or an interview - Collects information on how people think and act Survey must have a specific plan for asking questions and recording answers Most common is a questionnaire Series of written statements or questions Interview Researcher personally asks subjects a series of questions Gives participants freedom to respond as they wish
Other studies
Survey, ?'s participant observations - participate but with a critical eye secondary analysist analyzing data somebody gathered documents unobstrusive measures - studies with people with out their permission experiments - control and experiment
Signs
Symbols that stand for or convey an idea
Culture Relativism
Taking into account the differences across cultures without passing judgment or assigning value
Tech and meritocracy
Tech glues equality to all but its not the case(not everyone has access) Different amount of time(limited time vs constant)
Cultural Change
Technology and cultural lag
Fads
Temporary - yet widespread - activity
Looking glass self
Term coined by charles horton coey to refer to the process by which our self develops by internalizing others reactions to hs
Class conflict
Term for struggle between capitalists an workers
Sociological Imagination
The ability to see the relationship between individual experiences and the larger society
Positivism
The application of scientific approach to the real world
Social Darwinism
The application of the theory of evolution and the notion of "survival of the fittest" in the study to society
Social integration
The degree to which members of a group or society feel united by shared values and other social bonds
Globalization
The development of economic, political, and cultural relationships and interdependence among individuals and societies across the world
Latency
The development of social control mechanism they serves to manage conflicts and the like within an institution.
validity
The extent to which a study or research instrument accurately measures what it is supposed to measure
(Political) Legitimacy
The extent to which there is popular consensus and trust concerning the authority of a government over their lives
Assimilation
The integration of an individual from one society into another as well as the corresponding replacement of social identity -Political, economic, and cultural -Commonly treated as inevitable
Social science
The intellectual and academic disciplines designed to understand the social world objectively
Glocalization
The mixture of global and local cultural products in order to appease the tastes of local consumers Ex: change products to fir new countries cultural preferences
Material Culture
The physical objects associated with a cultural group that are given social meaning
Absolute poverty
The point in which a household's income falls below the necessary level to purchase food to physically sustain its members
Eurocentrism
The practice of favoring European or Western histories, cultures, and values over those of non-Western societies
Resocialization
The process by which one's sense of social values, beliefs and norms are reengineered, often deliberately, through an intense social process that may take place in a total institution
Politics
The use of power to create policies and laws that influence and control people's lives -Typically within the context of a "government" / "state" -Political cultures
Proletarit
The working class
Globalization
The worldwide integration of government policies, cultures, social movement, and financial markets through trade and the exchange of ideas
conflict
Theory of cultural values differing between groups within a culture
Tragedy of culture
Theory that states the collective culture grows exponentially while individual culture grows only marginally, and our meager individual capacities cannot keep pace with the collective culture
Society as a system
They view this as a set of interconnected parts which together forms a whole.
Common sense
Those things that everyone knows are true
Sociological perspective
Understanding human behavior by placing it in a broader social perspectice
As discussed in the article by Mahdawi, how might the type of female empowerment depicted in advertising campaigns go against the goals of feminism?
Use images for female empowerment focuses too much on female empowerment, ignores structured inequalities
Values Pt. 2
Value Contradictions Idea culture (how it should be) - Real Culture (How it is)
Socioeconomic inequalities
Wage suppression -"Welfare queens" Housing market -Connection to schools -Subprime mortgages Lack of healthcare Prices -Lack of supermarkets -Check-cashing, payday loans Distribution of wealth -taxes
World system theory
Wallerstein, used this to describe a system as on single economic system in which different nations play different parts in terms terms of division labor
How might Marx or Weber explain the persistence of inequalities in post-industrial societies?
Weber least interested in class inequalities. For marx. social class is defined by occupation. Weber: organization of society("iron cage"), set in motion and hard to change. Marx: culture? for marx is an ideology
Marx: capitalism broke tradition
Weber: religion broke tradition
Rights(social)
Welfare -Poverty relief -Healthcare -Education
Assigned Identities
What others say about you - Aka "social identities" - usually thick
Social interaction
What people do when they are in one another's presence; includes communications at a distance
Cultural Capital
What you know. They decide what is important for us to know
Asserted identities
What you say about yourself -usually thin
Dialectic
When one counterthesis can strengthen an original thesis
Gentrification
Whites coming back to cities. Come in and renovate(creating an unaffordable area), creating jobs but also a cost of living they can't afford to pay
(Sub)urban Sprawl
Whites go to (sub)urban areas. is an issue because whites tax property taxes and services with them. health and education goes down. Still use cities but don't pay taxes that support services in the city. now people commute, creating traffic.
Glass ceiling
Women don't have great opportunity compared to men
Proletariat
Workers: those who have no means of production of their own and so are reduced to selling their labor power in order to live
Emile Durkheim
Wrote the Division of Labor in Society - created the terms mechanical solidarity and organic solidarity
Sociological Perspective
You can look beyond commonly held beliefs to the hidden meanings behind human actions.
relativism
a belief that one culture should not judge another culture by the standards of the judging culture
macrosociology
a branch of sociology generally concerned with social dynamics at a higher level of analysis-that is, across the breadth of a society
microsociology
a branch of sociology that seeks to understand local interactional contexts; its method of choice are ethnographic, generally including participant observation and in-depth interviews
variable
a concept whose value changes from case to case
Dysfunction
a disturbance or undesirable consequence of some aspect of the system
alcohol
a factor in 2/3rds of all murders in the United States
aristocratic
a government of the upper class
Symbolic Interaction
a micro view of how society is the product of interaction between people with symbols that have distinct meanings
symbolic interactionism
a micro-level theory in which shared meanings, orientations, and assumptions form the basic motivations behind people's actions
intergenerational mobility
a person of a lower class becomes a doctor
experiment
a research method for investigating cause and effect under highly controlled conditions
stereotype
a simplified description applied to every person in some category
Robin M. Williams
a sociologist who identified a set of 15 values that are central to the American way of life
Informal Sanction
a spontaneous expression of approval or dissaproval given by an individual or a group
pluralism
a state in which racial and ethnic minorities are distinct but have social parity
emotional labor
abiding by the feelings rules
taboo
absolutely forbidden by society
nonmaterial culture
abstract or intangible human creations of society
secondary aging
accelerated version of biological aging/primary aging, commonly the effect of environment influence, life expectancy
healer
an ancient tribal medicine man
symbols
anything that carries a particular meaning recognized by people who share a culture
Symbol
anything that represents something else
androcentricity
approaching an issue from a male perspective
Institutionalized Means
approved ways of researching goals
integrative forces
are functional integration, consensus on values, the social order, threats from other societies, the mass media, planned integrations, and false consciousness
sociobiology theory
arhues that gender ifferences in roles behaviorial characteristics and sexuality are biologiccally based
comparative
ask how does the social situation in one context compare to another and vice versa
gender roles
attitudes and activities that a culture links to each sex
heterosexual
attraction to the opposite sex
theory
backed up by science and proof
W.E.B. Du Bois
because of his race it was hard to be accepted as a sociologist but he combined the role of academic sociologist
deviance
behavior that has been defined as a violation of the general or specific norms or expectations of a culture or of a powerful group
conflict theorists
believe that a small group of capitalists are in control
ethnocentrism
believe that your norms are natural, and are the moral absolutes
sexism
belife that ine sex is innately superior to the other
"luxury illness"
cancer
execution
capital punishment
bourgeoisie
capitalist, people who own factories and other prosuctive businesses
etiology
cause of a behavior / deviant because you grew up poor
intragenreational social mobility
change in social position occuring during a persons lifetime
molestation
child sexual abuse
Does the United States have a strong civil society and/or public sphere?
civil society: not as active in civil matters, used to be stronger, less associations Public sphere(talking about politics peaceably): polarization(increasingly difficult, people now can be behind screens
values
collective ideas about what is desirable and undesirable in society what justify norms can change reletive to time, place, and culture, EX: body modifications, okay now, wasn't then
values
collective ideas about what is right or wrong, good or bad, desirable or undesirable
internal colonialism
colony like treatment of minority groups who are used as cheap labor and do low skill jobs
intergenreational mobility
compare ones status with that of their parents; more significatn
central city
densely populated center f metropolis
sexism
discrimination by gender
title nine
eliminates gender discrimination in colleges ?
gender dysphoria
emotional confusion over gender identity
differential association
environment plays a major role in deciding which norms people learn to violate
medically assisted suicide
euthanasia, physician assisted suicide
the social construction of gender and human sexualtiy
every human society prescribe behavior based on sex
random probability sampling
every member of an entire population being studied has the same chance of being selected and this chance (probability) is known
kinsey scale
exclusive hetero<->exclusive homo
personal racism
expression of racist attitudes by individuals (overt or subtle)
racketeering
extortion of money for protection
baby bust
fall in birth rates
Interactionist Perspective on divorce
family is socially constructed
matriarchy
form of social organization in ehich femailes dominate males
patriarchy
form of social organization in which males dominate females
august comet
founder of sociology. argued that the use of scientific knowledge, rather than opinion
stages
front: maintain appropriate appearance back: can relax performance
victimless crime
gambling, prostitution, vagrancy etc...
feminist
gender inequality is socially determined, has little to do with biology, human socety is a gendered society
institutionalized
gender inequality, is termed as the sex-gender system
nature
genetic mutations and anomalies give rise to cultural differences
: Sociobiologic Explanation
genetic predispositions lead people to such behaviors such as juvenile delinquency and crime.
marriages are happier when...
get along with in-laws, mutual activities, not same occupation, more conflict if same occupation, agree on spending money
double standard
give men more behavorial than women and lower level of moral standards
sex role
given to one at birth
social security
government program achieved through Hull House research to tax workers to pay for their retirement (exploited by the government)
Social Service
government services who may tend to make high crime reports (claims) to increase funding
assimilation
gradual adoption of the culture and values of the surrounding culture
Dyad
group of 2
Triad
group of 3
ambivalence
having mixed emotions such as reporting if you had been raped
polygamy
having multiple marriage partners at one time
functionalist perspective on health
healthy to perform normal roles, the sick role
"luxury diseases"
impact industrialization nations, going to exist because of life expectancy
gender gap
in income it exiosts - womens income is only 75 percent of men
Prestige
in social stratification it means to have high social status
Power
in social stratification it means to have influence
property
in social stratification it means to have wealth
credentialism
increase in the lowest level of education that is needed
feminization of poverty
increasing number of women and children because of divorce, out-of-wedlock birth live in poverty; sex becomes the most important indicator of poverty in america
Remaining childless
increasing, 1/5 women, deliberate decision, money, family history
prostitution
indiscriminate sex for money
structural mobility
individuals changing social status because of industry or technology like in the U.S.
Substantive Family
individuals that are family because of blood and law
theoretical approach
is a basic image of society that guides thinking and research
aggregate
is a collection of individuals who happen to be at the same place at the same time
Material Culture
is everything that is a part of our constructed environment, such as books, fashion, and monuments.
anomic suicide
is related to the individuals attachment to a group
Bureaucracy: Specific lines of promotion and advancement
job security and advancement rewards for loyalty
They Graying of America
largest elderly population in America
institutional racism
laws/practices that systematically reflect produce racial inequalities
How are in groups differentiated from out groups?
level of stigma, relative power to define norms
industrialization made a spike/increase in
life expectancy
dramaturgy
life is like a play
primary aging
life span: maximum amount of years that people can live for
primary groups
limited number of members
popular
low culture may be referred to as this
children
main reason women leave their jobs
Whiteness
meaning of "white" has changed
Who is more likely to fall in love at first sight?
men
symbolic
micro (small groups... me and osmeone else, tcu students)
ageism
most obvious about ourselves unlike religion, occupation, etc., age discrimination in Employment Act
social mobility
movemonet from one social stratum to another; open system has a high , closed has a low
Low income countries
nations with a low standard of livingg in which people are the most poor
middle-income countries
nations with a standard of living about average for the world as a whole
stage of negotiation
negotiate with doctor, God
Social equality
no differences in wealth, power, prestige, or status based on non-natural conventions exist
vagrancy
no means of support
mores
norms of morality
Folkways
norms that describe socially acceptable behavior but do not have great moral significance attached to them
inconclusive
not enough evidence to support a theory
criticism of the stages
not everyone dies from cancer, not everyone experiences all 5 stages, not always in that order, doesn't always impact the individual
the sick role
not responsible, exempt from duties, don't like role, receive help-return, applies to sick conditions (broken arms, headaches, cold, etc.)
acute conditions
occur with little warning, sudden onset, curable or fatal
egoistic suicide
occurs when an individual has minimal ties to a social group
altruistic suicide
occurs when groups are highly cohesive
social interaction
occurs when the actions of one person affects another person, and may be either transitory or enduring
social construction
of reality; process through which we discover, reaffirm, and alter a collective version of the truth
Surveys
often macro and quantitative
wives
once considered property in the western cultures now only in property in eastern cultures
polygyny
one man, many wives (sister wives)
Jane Addams
one of the first proponents of applied sociology. establish the Hull house, which offered shelter, medical care, legal advice, training, and education to new immigrants, single mothers and people of lower-SES. Considered the pioneer of social work. Won the Nobel Peace Prize
metropolis
one or more central cities and their surrounding suburbs that dominate the economic and cultural life of a region
survivorship bias
only concentrating on people that survived some process which results in overly optimistic beliefs about outcomes, conclusion that a certain charicteristic leads to success
How does the 1960s civil rights movement demonstrate the components of a social movement?
organized, mobilized, sense of purpose, opportunities, patterns and interactions
the culture of poverty
oscar lewis, poor people are seen to have distinctive values, aspirations, and pyschological characteristics that restrict their abilities and foster behavioral defencies which keep families poor from generation to generation; they tend to blame the victim
Reliability
other researchers use operational definitions so that your results will be the same as theirs
conflict theory
paid labor force, age stratification, poverty, ageism
gamy
partner/spouse
socialization
passed from parents to children
wage
payment for work done on an hourly basis
stigma
permanent spoiling of identity
Conflict Perspective on divorce
perpetuate social stratification, critical in defining family, passed on generationally
agents of socialization
persons, groups, or institutions that teach us what we need to know in order to participate in society; peers, parents, teachers, media
Social Darwinism
perspective that holds that society evolves toward stability and perfection
segregation
physical and social seperation of categories of people
race
physical characteristics
social class
predictor of health conditions, number one predictor of health outcomes (social environment, economic strain, correlation between socioeconomic status and smoking)
Verstehen
principle that involves an attempt to understand the meanings individuals attach to their actions
vertical mobility
promotions and demotions
hypothesis
proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point
rehabilitation
punishment that seeks to restore the offender to a more law-abiding life, free of the encumbrances that may have caused him or her to commit a crime
two primarily forms of methodology
quantitative and qualitative
minorities
racial, ethnic, and even gender groups who are especially disadvantaged
unconscious bias
racism invisible to those who are making it happen
violent crimes
rape, murder, assault, battery etc...
neocolonism
refer to the richer nations use of financial control of poor nations to take advantage of the vheap labor and the natural resources
Mass Media
refers to any form of media that reaches the mass of the people
real culture
refers to the values and standards that people actually follow
Popular Culture
reflect "culture" of the masses Ex. Fads, fashion
What might cause some sexual identities to be stigmatized?
religion, media displays of heterosexuality, issue of "traditional" family
industrial
revolution in England around 1830 which spread mechanization throughout the world
homo
same
industrialization had a drastic impact on advancements in...
science, technology, healthcare, medicine, diet, nutrition, way we get rid of waste
Social interaction
sees interaction and meaning as central to society and assumes that meaning are not inherent but created though interaction. Micro-level interactions among/between individuals are the primary focus. Symbols contribute to and are created though interactions.
tertiary economy
service providing and information processing; core nations
Serial Monogamy
several spouses in a lifetime, but only one at a time
incest
sexual activities between relatives
Values
shared beliefs about what is good or bad, right or wrong, desirable or undesirable
ethnicity
shared cultural heritage
norms
social interaction, common expectations emerge about how people should act
gender
social term, referrign to social definiton and cultural expectaion of behavior such as feminity and masculinity
structural mobility
sometimes movement is caused by large-scale social change
propinquity
spatial nearness, hang out/ be with people that are like ourselves and close to us
operationalize a variable
specify exactly what is to be measured before assigning a value to a variable
Division of labor
splitting of group's or society's tasks into specialties.
feeling rules
standards that shape the appropriate emotions for a given role or a specific situtation
moral entreprenuers
start the panic, groups that profit
Reflection Theory
states that culture is a projection of social structures and relationships into the public sphere.
Other than wealth, how else might we define membership in a "class"?
status, cultural capital, social capital
women's ghetto
stereotypical women's jobs
Hidden caporate culture
sterotypes of the traits that make for high performance and under preforming workers
cultural genocide
stop the [practice of a culture
Emile Durkheim
stressed that people are the product of their social environment. Studied suicide
mores
strongly held norms with moral and ethical connotations that may not be violated without serious consequences
gender inequality
structural apporach
gerontology
study of aging and the elderly
paralegals
supervised by lawyers
feminism
support of social inequality for women and men
folk devils
supposed threats to social order
sources of data
survey research, experimental research, and observation
types of shared knowledge
symbols, language, technology, ideologies, norms, values, and roles
Fad
temporarily but widely copied activity, enthusiastically followed by a large number of people
homogamy
tendency to select mate with characteristics similar to one's own
genocide
terminate the physical existence of a group
Media Life Cycle
textual analysis and audience studies how people create media and the biases involved in that creation how media reflect the culture in which they exist how individuals and groups use the media to change culture
Secondary Analysis
the analysis of data that has been collected by other researchers
Spurious Correlation
the appearance of causation produced by an intervening variable
Rationalization
the application of economic logic to human activity; the use of formal rules and regulations in order to maximize efficiency without consideration of subjective or individual concerns.
social drift hypothesis
the argument that the sick, depressed and stressed, through natural selection, move down the social system and accumulate at the bottom
racism
the belief that one racial category is innately superior or inferior to another
Ethnocentrism
the belief that one's own culture or group is superior to other's and the tendency to view all other cultures from perspective of one's own.
Theological Stage
the church in the middle ages
Anthropology
the comparative study of past and present cultures
war on drugs
the comprehensive policy first formulated by President Richard M. Nixon to address the drug problem in the 1970s
digital divide
the gap in access to information and communication technologies between more advantaged and less advantaged groups, such as between the wealthy and poor regions of the world (the global digital divide) and between social classes within a country
Reference group:
the group referred to when we evaluate ourselves.
recidivism
the habit of reoffending
population health
the health outcomes of a group of individuals, including the distribution of such outcomes within the group.
self-image
the idea one has of one's abilities, appearance, and personality
drug use
the ingestion of substances so as to produce changes in the body that alter the way the user experiences the world
Manifest Function
the intended and recognized consequence of some element of society
intersection theory
the investigation of the interplay of race,class,and gender; oftern resulting in muiltipling dimensions of disadvantages
media
the main means of mass communication (epically television, radio, newspapers and the internet) regarded collectively
roles of stress and power on health
the more power someone has the less stress they are, and then the more healthier they are
language
the most powerful of all human symblos
lump of labor fallacy
the notion that there is a fixed number of jobs and that unemployed individuals can find jobs only when others lose their jobs or reduce the numbers of hours they work
morbidity
the number of diagnoses of diseases or other condition in a given population at a designated time, usually expressed as a rate per 100,000
infant mortality
the number of live births that do no reach age 1
distracted driving
the operation of a motor vehicle while engaged in other attention-requiring activities, such as texting or talking on the phone
Language
the organization of written or spoken symbols into a standardized system
gender
the personal traits and social postions that members of a society attach to being make and female
Proletariat
the poor, propertiless, industrial working class during the industrial revolution
ethnocentrism
the practice of judging another culture by the standards of one's own culture
socialization
the process by which individuals internalize the values, beliefs, and norms of a given society and learn to function as members of that society
service sector
the sector of the economy that provides services such as education, health care, and government. Also known as the tertiary sector
labor force
the segment of the population either employed or actively seeking employment
me
the self as perceived as an object by the "I"; the self as one imagines others perceive one
beliefs
the shared assumptions and knowledge of what the world is like and what it's supposed to be like
culture
the shared beliefs of group members that serve to guide conduct
Norms
the shared rules of conduct that tell people how to act in specific situations
Social Psychology
the study of how the social environment affects and individual's behavior and personality
gender-conflict theory/feminist theory
the study of society that focuses on inequality and conflict between women and men
control group
the subjects in an experiment who are not exposed to the independent variable
Social networks
the web of relationships that is formed by the sum total of a person's interactions with other people.
labeling
theory of how people judge others with symbols, actions, and reactions
Exchange Theory
theory that hold that people are motivated by self-interest in their interactions with other people
Anomie
theory that not everyone can achieve cultural goals because of social obstacles so they become deviant to reach the goals
horticultural
these societies were the first to cultivate
stage of denial
thinking the doctor is wrong, question the doctor, get a 2nd, 3rd, 4th... opinion
surplus
this allowed for the creation of permanent settements
perpetrators of crime
those who enact the crime
victims of crime
those who fall prey to the crime
conform
to adapt to society's shared values
Stigma
to refer to characteristics that discredit people.
loiter
to stand around
sex linked
traits carried on sex chromosone
Multinational corporation
transitional corporation, by investing in tje poorer nations to make greater profit make capital flight from the first world countries, and deindurstrialize the first world nations
acculturated
under assmiliation minority groups adopt mainstream culture and blended with majority - melting pot
Cultural Relativism
understand another culture from their standpoint
scapegoat
unfairly blamed for a situation
real
values and norms a culture actually follows
ideal
values and norms one professes to believe
value contradictions
values that conflict with one another or are mutually exclusive
Nonmaterial culture
values, beliefs, behaviors and social norms
human capital theory
view in women choose to invest more on family and children
Case study
view that the labels people are given affect their own perceptions of themselves, thus channeling their behaviors into into either deviance of conformity
dominant
visibly apparent genetic traits
Western Society
what feminists claim is gender biased
Interference
when a subject reacts to the sex of the researcher
pluralistic ignorance
when majority of a group privately reject a norm, incorrectly assume most accept, and therefore go along with it
Double Standard
when researchers judge men and women by different standards
Overgeneralizing
when sociologists only gather data from men but then use that information to draw conclusions about all people
gang rape
when two or more commit an act of rape
pervasive
widespread such as sexual harassment
polyandry
women with many husbands
elderly age groups
young old:65-74 old old: 75-84 oldest old: 85+ (growing exponentially)
Women's Liberation Movement
1970's feminists
Harriet Martineau
1st woman sociologist Was not respected
Modernity
A period of time, roughly from the renaissance until the fall of communism Not so much a specific thing, but a collection of associated concepts: -Formalization of science (the "enlightenment") -Secularization -Colonialism -Industrialization (11/16) -Nation-states and nationalism -Urbanization (11/18) -Democratization (11/21) -"Time-space compression" (12/5)
Trouble
A private matterL Values cherished by an individual are felt by her to be threatened
Scientific method
A procedure for acquiring knowledge that emphasizes collecting concrete data though observation and experimentation
Feminist perspective
A sociological approach that views inequity in gender as central to all behavior and organization.
Hawthorne Effect
A specific example of reactivity, in which the desired effect is the result not of the independent variable but of the research itself
Five interactions: Accommidation
A state balance between cooperation of conflict mutual agreement Truces
authoritarian personality
AUTHORITARIAN PERSONALITY THEORY Extreme prejudice is a personality trait of certain individuals Conclusion supported by research Indicated that people who show strong prejudice toward one minority are intolerant of all minorities Authoritarian Personalities Rigidly conform to conventional cultural values See moral issues as clear-cut matters of right and wrong Opposite pattern also found to be true People who express tolerance toward one minority are likely to be accepting of all People with little education and raised by cold and demanding parents tend to develop authoritarian personalities
Capitalism
An economic system based on the laws of free market competition, privatization of the means of production, and production for profit
Media
Any formats, platforms, or vehicles that carry,present, or communicate information
founding of sociology
August Comte
How might modernization lead to greater inequality?
Because of tech, unequal amount of access
Role
Behavior - rights and obligations - expected of someone occupying a particular status
Micro-Aggression
Behavior that, while not necessarily malicious and/or explicitly *-ist, demonstrates lack of awareness and sensitivity -Accentuates difference / otherness
Is the decline of sunset industries always negative?
Can be both. lose jobs but new industries make new jobs
Quantitative Methods
Can be converted to numeric form
Culture
Can be seen as an individuals state of mind A level of society and civilization The collective body parts and intellectual work within anyone society The whole way of life of a people
SM Step 4
Choose a research design or method
Basic
European social scientists of the 1800's who only experiment and did not apply findings to create solutions to problems
Equality of opportunity
Everyone has equal chance to achieve, "rules of the game are the same for everybody"
Rights(civil)
Freedom of... -Speech -Religion -Etc. Property rights
counter culture
Hippies of the 1960's for example
Lessons from the United Nations
Ideal: International conventions (e.g., human rights) Egalitarian World citizens Reality: Lack of capacity to enforce Control by a few countries (e.g., US, security council) National identities stronger
SM Step 1
Identify a Problem/Ask a question
proletariat
Marx's communist working class
Max weber
Most influential sociologist
Exchange mobility
Mobility in which, if we hold fixed the changing distributions of jobs, individuals trade jobs not one-to-one but in a way that ultimately balances out
Taboos
Norms that if violated, cause revolution and most severe social sanctions EX: cannibalism, child molestation, incest
What do women look for in a mate?
Personality, socio economic status
Sexual Harassment (Hostile Environment)
Pervasive sexual content in workplace -Sexual advances -Language -Posters -Emails -Jokes
Social Construction
Race, ethnicity, class, and gender do not really mean anything apart from the meanings that society gives them
How does education relate to the concept of meritocracy?
Schooling equals better jobs, assumes everyone gets same education but thats not the case, assumes everyone starts from the same place which is not true
Social Construction and Neutrality(Gender)
Social construction -> there is possibly another, better (more equal) way -Not so neutral -Feminist approach - things could be different(institutions)
Mores
Strongly held norms with moral and ethical connotations that may not be violated without serious consequences in a particular culture
Sociology
Systematic study of human society
Protestant ethic
That if you are rich its a sign you will go to heaven
Social Inequality
The annual distribution of wealth, power, or prestige members of a society
Culture Jamming
The act of turning media against themselves
Generalized other
The norms values attitudes expectable of people ingeneral
Collective Culture
The objects that people produce that become part of culture (i.e. art, science and philosophy)
Socialization
The process by which we acquire the culture of society based on social characteristics into which we were born.
cohabitation
The sharing of a household by an unmarried couple Appeals to more independent minded people and those who favor gender equality Evidence suggests cohabitating may discourage marriage Partners become used to low-commitment relationships In separation, involvement of both parents, especially with respect to financial support, is highly uncertain Under 45 (25-44= 57%), 18% under 25, 21% over 45 yrs Previously married (divorced) Older-do not want to lose financial benefit Less educated unemployed Less likely to identify with an organized religion Politically liberal Live in large urban areas Have divorced/remarried parents Sexually active at younger ages Research: 70% of people who cohabit for about 5yrs are likely to marry BUT about 40% of such marriages may end up in divorce Couples who cohabit before marriage do not necessarily have a stable relationship following marriage.
White Privilege
The statistical fact that, on average, whites have greater opportunities (broadly defined) than racial and ethnic minorities
Sociological Imagination
Understanding of the relationship between personal issues and public relations of society
Sociological Family
an intimate group of people who care for each other, live together in a committed relationship
glass ceiling
an invisible obstacle- block womens progress in social status
macro level orientation
a broad focus on social structures that shape society as a whole
class for itself
a class that knows its real interests
micro level orientation
a close-up focus on social interaction in specific situations
roles
a collection of norms associated with a particular position in society all have various roles (friend, daughter, employee) some roles we take very seriously others we don't
sampling frame
a list of all of those within a population in which can be sampled
E-community
a place where people interact with one another frequently on the internet
scapegoat
a person or category, typically with little power, whom people unfairly blame for their oen troubles
natural recovery
a person's cessation of a drug habit without the assistance of a drug treatment program
Multiculturalism
a policy that values diverse racial, ethnic, national, and linguistic backgrounds and so encourages the retention of cultural differences within the larger society
Ideology
a system of beliefs or ideas that justifies the social, moral, religious, political, or economic held by a group of or by society
pedophiles
adults who are sexuall attracted to children
health
a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being
marxist criminology
a view based on the writings of Karl Marx that sees the law as the mechanism by which the ruling class keeps the members of the surplus population in their disadvantage
activity theory
active/social improvement of quality of life, important for death and dying process, social isolation leading to depression, women are more likely to be socially isolated because they live longer than men, suicide increases with age
Street Crime
acts such as mugging, rape, and burglary
environment
actually gives one their gender identity
validity
actually measuring exactly what you intend to measure
multiculturalism
allowing people to maintain culure
criticisms of sick role
ambiguous, gatekeepers (parents and doctors), gender (women and socially acceptable)
crime
an action or omission that constitutes an offense that may be prosecuted by the state and is punishable by law
Positive Sanction
an action that rewards a particular kind of behavior
medicine
an institutionalized system for the scientific diagnosis, treatment and prevention of illness
unions
an organized association of workers formed to protect and further their rights and interests
core sector
big company
bulimia
binging and purging
population compostion
biological and social characteristic of population
sex
biological characteristic
baby boom
born between 1946 and 1966
Max Weber
conflict theorist interested in the social role and standpoint of the individual
Karl Marx
conflict theorist macro theory based on class struggle and exploitation concerned about the competition for change in groups
reliability
consistency in measurement
experimental research
consists of two groups, the experimental group and the control group
media frame
conventions of journalistic storytelling that situate a social problem within a broader context
chronic conditions
develop over time, some manageable
gender identity
developed by internalizing the social norms and expectations o ones masculitnity
Karl Marx
devoted his life to analyzing and criticizing the society around him
why are elderly people in poverty
didn't save up enough for retirement
macrosociology
focuses on broad features of society
rape
inconclusive evidence to determine if it is an act of power or a sexual act
defensive medicine
for the benefit of the health care practitioner, increases cost of health care in the US, protect physicians, cases of medical incompetence
interaction
how you view something is influenced by culture
health
human condition measured by physical, mental, social, spiritual
nurture
humans are an open slate and everything is learned including cultural norms
cult of thinness
idealization of decidedly slim body type that is unachievable for the vast majority of the population Distracted Driving- the operation
Ideology
is a system of concepts and relationships an understanding of cause and effect.
survey research
is a systematic means of gathering data to obtain information about peoples behaviors, attitudes, and opinions
periphal nations
least powerful and have primary economy dominate to maintain sustitence level
patriarchy
male dominated society controlling women
Mores
norms based on moral and ethical factors that may be enforced and punished EX: people marry 1st cousin, Woody Allen married to ex girlfriends daughter he helped raise
relative mobility
ones position relative to other people in society compared with that of their parents' relative position
malthusian trap
refers to the cycle of population growth followed byan outbreak of war,presitge or famine that keeps population ingrowth
use of existing sources
research method in which a researcher uses data already collected by others
moral panics
situations in which broad public fears and anxieties about particular social problems are disproportionate to the dangers of those problems
sample size
size of sample needed to draw conclusions about population is not directly related to size of population; absolute size of a sample is more important than it's percentage of the population
How are families changing
size, fewer births, fastest changing institution, economic liability, birth control, greater diversity
Is globalization just a recent phenomenon? What differentiates global connections now from those in previous eras?
slave trade, empires, colonialization, silk road
periphal sector
small business
whitehall study
studies done on the social gradient of health
validity
the extent to which an instrument measures what it is intended to measure
Solidarity
the extent to which individuals feel connected to other members of their group. Suggested religion is a powerful source of solidarity
secondary sector
the sector of the economy that includes manufacturing and other activities that produce material goods
culture
the socially learned shared ideas, behaviors, and material components of society counts for our success as a species passed from 1 generation to a next helps us go through our day
diffusion
the spreading of standards across cultures
incarceration
the state of being confined in prison; imprisonment
sample
the subset of the population from which you are actually collecting data
higher education
university level
barrio
urban spanish speaking neighborhood that is self-sufficient
Globalization and environment
-Send most polluting industries to other places -Most polluted industries do not benefit where they are(mines in Africa do not see benefits from what they mine) -Makes food shortage worse
Cultural Universals
1. Over 70 Universal (George Murdock) 2. Appearance, Activities, Customs, Social Institutions
Jane Adams
1860-1935, social reformer, co-founded Hull House in Chicago slums awarded the Nobel prize 1931, focused on problems caused by imbalance of power among social classes, active in women's suffrage and peace prize
Dyad
A two person group
Value
Morals and belifs
Bechdel Test
Movies must: 1. Have two female characters 2. Depict those women as having an extended conversation... 3. Not about men
Dyad & Triad
Multiple interests - Principle of least interests
family structure
Nuclear, single parent, extended, childless step family, grandparent family
Role Conflict
Occurs when fulfilling the tole expectations of one status makes it difficult to fulfill the role expectations of another status
relative and absolute poverty
People in rich nations focus on relative poverty Some people lack resources that are taken for granted by others Exists in every society; rich and poor Absolute poverty is more important in the global perspective Lack of resources that is life-threatening Lack the nutrition necessary for health and long-term survival Global indicator of absolute poverty Median age of death Rich countries - most people die after 75 Poor countries Half of all deaths occur among children under age 10
Five interactions: Exchange
People interact in an effort to receive a reward or a return for their actions
Establishing Identity
People project a certain picture of themselves but something discredits that image.
Public Issues
Problems that affect large numbers of people and often require solutions at the societal level
Primary Group
Small group, that interacts over a long period of time on a direct and personal basis ex: family
How does society develop the ideology that men and women are fundamentally different?
Socialization(toys you play with, education)
Feminist methodology
Systems and methods that treat women's experiences as legitimist experiences. Also takes into account the researcher just as much as the subject matter
State Capacity
The ability of a government to enact / enforce its policies -Measurement of power
Sociological Imagination
The ability to connect the most basic, intimate aspects of an individuals life to seemingly impersonal and remote historical forces
racism
The belief that one racial category is innately superior or inferior to another Powerful and harmful form of prejudice Existed throughout world history Widespread throughout the history of the U.S. Today, overt racism has decreased because of Martin Luther King, Jr.'s words "not by the color of their skin but by the content of their character" Remains a serious problem Some still argue that certain racial and ethnic categories are smarter than others
Anthropology
The comparative study of past and present cultures
Culture
The entire way of life of a group that acts as a lens through which one views the world and that is passed from one generation to the next
Face
The esteem in which an individual is held by others
Macrosociology
The level of analysis that studies large-scale social structures in order to determine how they affect the lives of groups and individuals
recidivism rate
The percent age of released convicts who are re-arrested.
Male Privilege
The statistical fact that, on average, men have greater opportunities (broadly defined) than women -#notallmen?
Sociology
The systematic study of human society and social interaction
Scientific method
The use of objective systematic observations to test theories
functionalism
Theory why cultural values are shared within the culture
Commonsense Knowledge
This guides ordinary conduct in everyday life
Polyandry family
Two or more brothers married to one woman
Five interactions: Competition
Two or more people oppose each other to achieve a goal that only one can attain
Five interactions: Cooperation
Two or more people work together to achieve a goal
Nuclear family
Two parents and children
Same sex family
Two parents of the same sex
Durkhiem
Types of Suicide
Survey Research
Uses Samples : aim is to avoid interviewing everybody. Representative Sample selection from a sample that is statistically typical of the population Random Sampling every member of an entire population being studied has the same chance of being selected.
Approaches for developing a sociological perspective
Using a beginners Mind, Culture Shochk and the Sociological Imagination
theoretical analysis of global stratification - modernization theory
Walt W. Rostow Modernization Theory A model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of technological and cultural differences between nations Structural-functional approach Historical Perspective Theory proposes that it is affluence that demands explanation Industrialization's productivity improved the living standards of even the poorest people
How might the concept of "modernity" be a social construction?
We are defining us as modern in future we will be premodern, snobbishness -> we are bette than previous eras, modernity is defined by present(It is actually historical period we are no longer living), determined by people in the present
Globalization and food
Where food is produced Vs where it is needed Surplus->goes to those who can afford it or is destroyed food is not going where it needs to go
research method
a systematic plan for doing research
exploitation
according to Marx's Communist Manifesto, it is what capitalists do to workers
cortisol
adrenaline
discrimination
bad behaviors directed toward another ethnic group
high
cultured when referring to the upper class
needle exchange program
drug abuse harm reduction programs that provide new syringes to intravenous drug users who exchange used syringes
Harriet martineau
early feminist
nonmaterial values
has its material counterpart...can't touch religion but can touch bible
Scientific Method
has not been around very long for sociology People change under observation
pluralists
in the U.S. it is when power is shared because of individual cultural biases rather than assimilation
conflict theory on medicine
industrialization (greater life expectancy), "luxury disease", "luxury illness", social class
prejudice
inflexible and irrational attitudes held against members of a group toward another group
medical industrial complex
is the network of corporations which supply health care services and products for a profit.
holistic
looking at a problem in its entirety such as solving discrimination ofr prejudice
secondary groups
may not know all members; affiliation impersonal
Interviews
person-to-person conversations for the purpose of gathering information by means of questions posed to respondents
culture shock
personal disorientation when experiencing an unfamiliar way of life
gender
personal traits and social positions that members of society attach to being female or male
material culture
physical creations that members of a society make, use, and share; American flag, Nike
affirmative action
policies enacted by governments and private organizations to increase work and educational opportunities for women and members of certain minority groups
progressive taxation
policy that protects the interests of the rich and powerful
incumbents
politicians who may tend to report less crime because they are the one in office prior to an election
status
position that someone has in a group (social status)
technological
post industrial societies
life chance
probability to get what you want in life
gentrification
process by which members of the middle and uppermiddle classses move into the central city area and renovate existing proverty
assimilation
process by which minorities gradually adopt patterns of the dominant cultire
Cultural Lag
process by with technical development and progress outpace current norms, values, knowledge, symbols, and material components of society upskirting
medicalization
process in which nonmedical problems become defined and treated as illnesses or disorders
impression management
refers to people's efforts to present themselves to others in ways that are most favorable to their own interests or image
Bourgeois
small land and factory owners
medicine
society's standard ways of dealing with illness and injury
why does sex gender systen exist
sociobiology theory
Status
sociological position that someone occupies
James M. Henslin
sociologist that suggested values such as education might be considered core values
Philip Goldberg
sociologist who studied female roles
functionalist
sociologists condisers that womens lower position is due to womens reproductuive ability
homicide
the crime of murder
stress
the negative psychological and physiological effect of difficulties at work and elsewhere
Social Structure
the network of interrelated statuses and roles that guide human interaction
Social Structure
the network of interrelated statuses and roles that guide human interaction ex: tree branches
Manifest Functions
the obvious, intended functions of a social structure for the social system
Reformulation
the process of adapting borrowed culture traits
Socialization
the process of learning and internalizing the values, beliefs, and norms of our social group, by which we become functioning members of society- this is a micro level focus
claims making
the process whereby groups compete to have their claims about difficult social issues acknowledged, accepted, and responded by authorities
impression formation
the processes of inferring meaning about others from gestures, significant symbols, and characteristics
rehabilitation
the processes of medical or psychotherapeutic treatment, for dependency on psychoactive substances such as alcohol, prescription drugs, and street drugs such as cocaine, heroin or amphetamines
the assumptions of a synthesis
the processes of stability and change are properties of all societies
manifest functions
the recognized and intended consequences of a social pattern
sociology
the scientific study of social structure
labeling theory
the theory that behaviors become defined as deviant when people in power socially construct deviant categories; often leads to the construction of types of deviant people
broken windows theory
the theory that maintaining an urban environment in an ordinary manner will deter both low-level and serious offending
Positivism
the theory that sense perceptions are the only valid source of knowledge
functionalism
the theory that various social institutions and processes in society exist to serve some important (or necessary) function to keep society running
feminization of poverty
the trend by which women represent an increasing proportion of the poor
drug abuse
the use of psychoactive substances in a way that creates problematic outcomes for the user
Functionalist Perspective
the view of society as interrelated parts that work together to produce a stable social system
Gestures
the ways in which people use their bodies to communicate without words
Reference groups
this group is used for when we want to evaluate ourselves. This includes family, neighbors, teachers and co-workers.
restitution
to make "payment" for a crime
Bureaucracy: Division of Labor
work is divided among specialists
Is modernization a positive thing?
yes and no. Leads to global inequalities and other new inequalities
origins
young science, grew out of European scholars who were interested in bringing back a sense of community to society in the late 1800's
sick role
your role of being sick
Feminism and Female Sexuality
Sex-Positive Feminism: -We should embrace female sexuality because it frees women to be who they want to be. Choice is important. Sex-Negative Feminism: -We can't ignore that female sexuality exists in a context of male objectification and control and may therefore serve to perpetuate that control. (Would women have the same desires, fantasies, etc., in other contexts?)
Symbolic Interactions
Society is the sum of interactions between groups and is always changing because of our input
Basic sociology
Sociological research for the purpose about making discoveries about human interaction next to make changes
Social construction of gender
1. Socially constructed categories 2. Constantly reproduced due to culture and structural inequalities -E.g., muscle mass
assumptions of the sociological perspective
1. individuals are, by their nature, social beings. 2. individuals are, for the most part socially determined. 3. individuals create, sustain, and change the social forms within which they conduct their lives
why women earn less
1. type of work they do Still think of less important jobs as "women's work" Supporters of gender equality propose a policy of "comparable worth" 2. Society's view of family U.S. culture gives more of the responsibility of parenting to women Pregnancy and raising small children keep many younger women out of the labor force 3. Discrimination against women Because it is illegal, it is practiced in subtle ways Glass ceiling prevents many women from rising above middle management
Social Institution Pt. 2
4. Education - Socialization and technology transfer 5. Religion - Belief question, Values Creation/Enforce
bureaucracy
: a formal organization with a hierarchy of authority and a clear division of labor, emphasis on impersonality of positions and written rules, communication, and records.
Conservative
A belief in traditional ideas and institutions suspicious of radical
Hegemony
A condition by which a dominant group uses its power to elicit the voluntary "consent" of the masses
Postmodernism
A condition characterized by a questioning of the notion of progress and history, the replacement of narrative within pastiche, and multiple, perhaps even conflicting, identities resulting from disjointed affiliations
matriarchy
A form of social organization in which females dominate males Rarely documented in human history
patriarchy
A form of social organization in which males dominate females Pattern found almost everywhere in the world In preindustrial societies women have little control over their lives Industrialization provides choices on how to live Some researchers claim Biological factors "wire" the sexes with different motivations and behaviors, especially aggression Most sociologists believe Gender is socially constructed and can be changed We do not have to stay prisoners of the past
Ethnicity
A group defined by belief of common culture and/or shared history -Either "thick" or "thin" -Usually "asserted" -US: possibly used as justification for inequality
Race
A group defined by perceived physical characteristics -Usually "thick" -Usually "assigned" -US: basis for inequality
marriage
A legal relationship, usually involving economic cooperation as well as sexual activity and childbearing 57% of people surveyed said so and believe we need to protect the family (Roper and Starch, Worldwide, 2000) Most people will marry at least once in their lifetime Most people who divorce remarry! 2/3 women, 3/4 men remarry
Folkways
A loosely enforced norm involving common customs, practices, or procedures that ensure smooth social interaction and acceptance
Participant Observation
A qualitative research method that seek to uncover the meanings people give their social actions by observing their behavior practice. Why people do what they are doing
Sociological Imagination
A quality of the mind that allows us to understand the relationship between our individual circumstances and larger social forces
Anomie
A sense of aimlessness or despair that arises when we can no longer reasonably except life to be predictable
Reverse Causality
A situation in which a researcher believes that A results in a change in B but B, in fact, is causing A
Conflict perspective
A sociological approach that assumes that social behavior is best understood in terms of tension between groups over power or the allocation of resources, including housing, money, access to services, and political representation
pluralism
A state in which people of all races and ethnicities are distinct but have equal social standing U.S. is pluralistic to the extent that all people have equal standing under the law U.S. not pluralistic for three reasons Although most of us value our cultural heritage, few want to live with only people exactly like ourselves Our tolerance for social diversity goes only so far People of various colors and cultures do not have equal social standing
Positivist Sociology
A strain within sociology that believes the social world can be described and predicted by certain describable relationships
Language
A system of communication using vocal sounds, gestures, or written symbols; the basis of symbolic culture and the primary means through which we communicate with one another and perpetuate our culture
Values
Core American Values - Individualism - Achievement
Auguste Comte
Founding father believed in hierarchy of science Knowledge became more difficult as you go up
Auguste Comte (1798-1857)
French social thinker who coined the term "sociology" (The study of society) in 1838 Saw sociology as the product of three stages of historical development: Theological stage (religious view of society-God's will) Metaphysical stage (natural view - society reflects human nature) Scientific stage - based on facts French/armchair philosopher - did not conduct research. His philosophy = Positivism—A way of understanding based on (natural) science BUT: Humans are creatures of imagination and spontaneity Human behavior can never be explained by the rigid "laws of society" or movements of planets.
Depiction of Feminism
Is goal for men and women to have equality, ideology of it is that it is extreme, feminists in media portrayed as too demanding, negative connotation in media for feminism
Master Status
One status within a sat that stands out or overrides all others
Herbert Spencer
Promoted social Darwinism-
Herbert Spencer
Societies develop through a process of struggle and fitness for survival
Racial stratification
Society is split into different levels, in different areas different groups do better than others, whites at top (generally)
W. Eb dubois
Studied relations between African americans and whites
Cultural Diversity
Subcultures and countercultural Heterogeneity and Homogeneity
sociological imagination
The ability to look beyond what we take for granted about social life and examine them in fresh and creative ways It is the awareness of the relationship between an individual and the wider society enables you to distinguish between personal troubles and public issues Develop the ability to view one's own society as an outsider would rather than only from the perspective of personal experiences Requires you to step back from familiar routines, and look at your lives with new curiosity - unemployment, poverty, divorce
Achievement
The allocation of roles and status on the basis on individual merit eg. GCSE qualification
Confidentiality
The assurance that no one other than the researcher will know the identity of a respondent
Social Darwinism
The belief that those species of animals, including human beings, best adapted to their environment survive and prosper, where others die out
Sociological Imagination
The capacity to range from the most impersonal and remote [topics] to the most intimate features of the human self—and to see the relations between the two
Stratification
The division of society into distinct (socioeconomic) groups and subgroups -Distinct subcultures?
Role
The duties and behaviors expected of someone who holds a particular status
Self
The individual identity of a person as perceived by that same person
Manifest functions
The intended beneficial consequences of peoples actions
Goal Attainment
The involves the need to set goals for human behaviour and to determine the means through which they can be achieved.
Microsociology
The level of analysis that studies face-to-face and small-group interactions in order to understand how they affect the larger patterns and structures of society
Organic Solidarity
The type of social bonds, present in modern society based on difference, interdependence, and individual rights
Xenophobia
The unreasonable fear and hatred of foreigners or people from other cultures
Can you give some examples of thick identities? What about thin identities?
Thick: gender, racial identity Thin: french Canadian, no impact
A class in itself
This a a social group who's members shard the same relationship to production
Social order
This is based upon and maintained by value consensus.
Identity
This is defined as a sense of child differentiation from parents and family and takes a place in society.
Religion
This is study of many different beliefs of different people in society.
correlation
a relationships for example- economic trouble / stress
deductive approach
a research approach that starts with a theory, form a hypothesis, makes empirical observations, and then analyzes the data to confirm, reject, or modify the original theory
survey
a research method in which subjects
types of illness
acute conditions, chronic conditions
Advantages of surveys
allow for large sample size - relatively quick and economical - strong reliability Dontallow respondents to provide a full range of expression - respondents may not be interested
Advantages of existing sources
allow researchers to work with data they could not possibly obtain on their own Do not allow researchers to understand original authors intentions
Dramaturgy
an approach in which social life is analyzed in terms of similarities to theatrical performances
gender
anatomical sex
preventive
avoid onset of disease, lifestyle changes, women are more apt to seek out
divisive forces
brings about segmentation in U.S. society are size, social class, race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, gender, and religion
societies are organized
by common goals and similar interest
Globalization and damaging local culture
damage morals and values(hooters) Resent culture taking over
five stages of dying
denial, angry, negotiation, depression, acceptance
what are the four types of suicide
egoistic, altruistic, anomic, and fatalistic
feminine
female role
deviance
hearing voices, not bathing, killing small animals etc...
empirical evidence
information we can verify with our senses
masculine
male role or traits
quantitative research
methods that seek to obtain information about the social world that is already in or can be converted to numeric form
Dysfunctional
negative consequence an element has for the stability of the social system
ideas
non material culture
extortion
to force a person to make a payment
Latent
unintended, hidden, not obvious
Sexual Stigma
used to be hostile toward sexual desires, stigmatized identities(Asexuality,Virgins,Masturbation,Promiscuity,Fetishes/kink)
parole
used to ease an over crowded prison system
- The Scientific Method
using objective systematic observations to test theories.
Trope
Reoccurring patterns of story elements (e.g., clichés, motifs, plot devices) in fictional creative works -E.g., lady of the lake (damsel in distress, fridging(violence against women to motivate men),rape)
Charles Horton Cooley came up with the term "looking glass" to describe what makes one's "humanness" 3 steps of the looking glass include
. We imagine how we appear to those around us 2. We interpret other's reactions 3. We develop a self- concept
Racial Ideology
1. There are a fixed number of discrete racial categories. 2. These categories correspond to concrete racial differences. Note: This does not mean that there is no biological basis for perceived racial differences.
Positivism
A belief that the world can best be understood through scientific inquiry
symbolic ethnicity
A ethnic category that is very very thin
Myth
A popular but false notion that my be used intentionally or unintentionally
Deductive approach
A research approach that starts with a theory, forms a hypothesis, makes empirical observations, then analyze to confirm, reject or modify
Inductive Approach
A research approach that starts with empirical observation and then works to form a theory
Testing a Hypothesis: The Experiment
A research method for investigating cause and effect under highly controlled conditions May require that subjects be divided into two groups: Experimental Group (medication, violent TV program) are exposed to an independent variable (the experimental condition) to study its effect on them Control Group: No exposure Correlation exists when two variables are associated more frequently than could be expected by chance problems with experiments: Sample might not be representative Eg college students. Environmental influences - Hawthorne Effect unintended influence that observers /experiments can have on their subjects.
prejudice
A rigid and unfair generalization about an entire category of people Prejudices are prejudgments Positive or negative Rooted in culture so everyone has some measure of prejudice Often takes the form of stereotypes An exaggerated description applied to every person in some category Especially harmful to minorities in the workplace SOCIAL DISTANCE Refers to how closely people are willing to interact with members of some category Emory Bogardus Found that people felt more social distance from some categories than others Recent study found three major findings Student opinion shows a trend toward greater social acceptance People see less difference between various minorities The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, may have reduced social acceptance of Arabs and Muslims
founding theorists
August, Emile, Karl, Max, Georg, and W. E. B. Du Bois
Union Decline
Causes: Taken-for-granted achievements Structural transformation Globalization Stigma Laws -Right-to-work Results: Less pay Less benefits More (non-standard) hours Less job security
Dependency theory
Dependency Theory A model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of the historical exploitation of poor nations by rich ones Social-conflict approach Historical Perspective People living in poor countries are better off economically Based on the idea that the economic positions of rich and poor nations are linked Prosperity of developed countries come at the expense of less developed ones
Gender
GENDER Refers to the personal traits and social positions that members of a society attach to being female or male Gender is a dimension of social organization, Gender involves a hierarchy GENDER STRATIFICATION The unequal distribution of wealth, power, and privilege between men and women
violence against women
In the 19th century Men claimed the right to rule their households Great deal of "manly" violence is still directed against women 387,000 aggravated assaults against women occur annually 177,000 rapes/sexual assaults 1.4 million simple assaults Gender violence is an issue on college and university campuses Gender-linked violence occurs where men and women interact most In the home Family is the most violent organization in the U.S. and women suffer most injuries Also occurs in casual relationships Most rapes involve men known and trusted by their victims Extent of sexual abuse shows the tendency toward sexual violence is built into our way of life All forms of violence against women express a "rape culture"
Domestic / Sexual Violence
Language / Cultural Difficulties Fear of Deportation -Revocation of Green Card -Discovery of undocumented status Fear of Damaging Racial Community -Confirming stereotypes -Bringing shame Fear of Police Different Judicial Results -Sexualization of Black women
Gender socialization
Learning societies gender map the paths in life are set out before us because we are male or female
Values
Moral beliefs
Household
People who live together, that can include people who are family or not family
sociological perspective
Peter Berger (1963) - Seeing the general in the particular: Sociology helps us see general patterns in the behavior of particular people Although we are unique, society shapes the lives of people in various categories (Children, Adults, Women and men, Rich and poor) Using the sociological perspective amounts to Seeing the Strange in the Familiar Sociological perspective - requires giving up the familiar idea we live life in terms of our own decisions in favor of the strange notion that society shapes those decisions Society guides our life choices - influences even who we fall in love with /Choice of marriage partners
extent of global poverty
Poverty is more widespread in poor countries Absolute poverty is greatest in Africa High death rate of children Half the population is malnourished Worldwide 15% or 1 billion people suffer from chronic hunger 400,000 people per day or 15 million die each year from hunger
Perceived Assimilability
Seen as foreign, different groups of people as being seen to be able to assimilate(fit in)
Gender Roles
Sets of behavioral norms assumed to accompany ones status as male or female
conflict theory
Proposes that prejudice is used a a tool by powerful people to oppress others Another conflict based argument Minorities encourage "race consciousness" to win greater power and privileges
Racial Profiling
Racial profiling comes from: Unintended consequences of legal policy -Patrolling more in high-crime areas Stereotypes -Depictions in media -Rarely conscious prejudice
Latent function
An unconscious or unintended function that may reflect a hidden purposes
Demography
Analysis of the general aspects (class, race, gender, age, education, health, etc.) of a given population -Often focused on changes -Typically statistical
SM Step 6
Analyze the Data
Culture
As Europeans came into contact with non-Westerners, it evolved as a set of beliefs, traditions and practices in terms of differences between peoples, which could be viewed positively or negatively. it is Everything but nature
Social construction of race
Boundaries (assuming categories from skin color) Racial ideology
World-Systems Theory
Core(developed countries/dominant) Periphery(don't really get anything, if anything resources are taken from them) semi-periphery(benefit slightly from globalization, but haven't improved life as mush as core)
Harriet Martineau
Endorsed labor unions, the abolition of slavery, and women's suffrage
Equality of condition
Everyone should share a starting point
Laws
Formal and legal rules that are enforced by state Norms that are so important we hire people to enforce it
Karl Marx
German economist and philosopher Introduced Conflict Perspective - Viewed history as a clash between conflicting ideas and forces. Most important changes in society were economic Believed class conflict necessary for social change and better society - Class conflict - Bourgeoisie- capitalist class (own means of production-factories, land, tools) and Proletariat- working class (must sell their labor to make a living) Exploitation of workers by capitalists results in workers' alienation- a feeling of powerlessness and estrangement from other people and from themselves. Working class will become aware of exploitation, organize and overthrow Bourgeoisie and establish a free and classless society (Communist Manifesto) Group identification and associations influences people's place in society/behavior and attitudes. Society should not just be studied but should also be changed. Note: Places too much emphasis on class
Verstehen
German for "understanding" Comes from Max Weber
Globalization
Growing inter connections among nations due to expansion or nationalism
Political Inequalities(Politics and Law)
History -19th amendment Representation -Women's health Sexual assault -Victim blaming -Rate of prosecution -Rate of conviction
Carl Marx
History is continual conflict, capitalism causes crime, Class conflict owner/worker
Cultural Explanations for Success? for asian
Hsin and Xie (2014) Comparison to White students Asian students: Believe cognitive ability is developed, not genetic. Are more attentive. Are more self-controlled. Are more motivated. Are more persistent. Are these values fundamentally cultural? Cultural explanations are controversial Do other cultures truly lack these values? Confucian values Essentializes. Not all students in East Asia do well in school.
Stages of modernization
Hunters and gatherers: everything they did was equal Pastoral and Agrarian: people became more tied to land, begin to own land Early civilization: kings and emperors, own land and money, own people, development of inequalities
Gender
Identity Masculine vs. feminine Behaviors Appearance Clothing Hairstyle Makeup Etc.
Classless Society
Karl Marx's desired results if we had a world wide communist revolution
Sexual Harassment (Quid Pro Quo)
Trading sex for occupational benefits
Sex[ual Intercourse]
What is "sex"? What does one need to have done to have had "sex"? At what point is one no longer a "virgin"? Social construction
Maintaining Confidence
When two people are supposed to be acting as a team but in the middle of the situation one person shifts roles
Ideal Type
a description compromised of the essential characteristics of a feature of society
societal reaction theory
a theory of crime that argues that people become criminals based on how others respond to their actions
differential association theory
a theory of crime that asserts that all behavior is learned, both criminal and noncriminal
Symbols
an idea or object that has shared meaning to groups of people example: letters, sorority/frat letters. not all symbols mean something to a group
actor observer bias
blame external forces for bad behavior
individual mobility
change in social status due to race, gender, education, occupation, health and so on
white collar
crimes such as embezzlement, briber, tax evasion, etc...
Peter Principal
each employee of a bureaucracy is promoted of his level of incompetence.
Bureaucracy: Employment based of formal authority
hired based on experience, tests, and education
patriarchal
male run society
intragenerational mobility
movement within ones lifetime
relative poverty
refers to the deprovation of some people in relation to those who have more
total compensation
remuneration that includes a wage or a salary plus benefit
sexual orientation
socially constructed an controlled
heterosexism
society regukates human sexual behavior by settign up sexual scripts which give preference to herteriosexualtiy over homosexuality
patriarchy
society tends to give male more important roles and positions
the hidden curriculum
subtle way that schools teach youth to become submissive/obey authority figures
horizontal mobility
taking a similar job at a similar business
regressive taxation
taxation affect the poor more than the rich, is maintaned
dependent variable
the outcome the researcher is trying to explain
social stratification
the systematic ranking of different groups of people in a hierarchy of inequality.
Latent Function
the unintended and unrecognized consequence of an element of society
incarcerated
to be confined to a prison
curative
treatment once apparent
latent
unintended consequence
direct fee system
where patients pay directly for the services of doctors and hospitals (America)
semiperipheral nations
whose economy is dominated by secondary economy
Golden Arches Theory (Friedman 1999)
"No two countries that both had McDonald's had fought a war against each other since each got its McDonald's" -Counter-example: Russia vs. Ukraine (2014) -shows that country has integrated into local economy
Housing Shortages
"hardening"-> making it harder for homeless to live on the streets, cities used to be for elites, white flight
disengagement theory
"negative", two sets of people, macro and micro, society and aging individual mutually sever ties
Under what circumstances might an ethnic identity be "thin"?
"symbolic ethnicity"
Norms Pt. 2
- Mores are informal (Usually a strong sanction) - Taboos are informal (Extremely offensive/unmentionable)
Functions of symbols
1) allow people to deal with material and social world by allowing them to name, categorize, remember the objects they encounter. EX: a stop sign 2) symbols improve peoples ability to perceive the environment EX: 103 degrees vs 73 degrees 3) symbols help improve our ability to think 4) symbols increase the ability to solve problems 5) the use of symbols allows us to transcend time, space, culture, individuality 6) symbols allow us to imagine abstract concepts 7) symbols help us to avoid being enslaved by our environment
To understand social context...
1) consider the social location of people 2) understand relationship of 1 group to another 3) consider external influenced that are internalized and become a part of ones thinking and motivation
Scientific Method
1) wonder 1) define the ? or problem 2) Review the literature 3) develop hypothesis 4) choose a research design and method 5) collect the data 6) Analyze data 7) develop conclusions 8) report results/ pose new questions
3 necessities for casuality
1- correlation 2- time order 3- ruled out alternative explanations
Social Institutions
1. Family - Reproduction and child care 2. Economy - Produce and distribute goods/Services 3. Political Systems - Group decision, Mediation, Protect
Language
1. Symbols that successfully communicate ideas 2. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis: Words shape perception
There are 8 steps to a research model. The first four are
1. select a topic 2. define the problem 3. review the literature 4. formulate a hypothesis
Jean Piaget developed four steps of the development of reasoning
1. sensorimotor stage 2. pre-operational stage 3. concrete operational stage 4. formal operational stage
Five way gender can shape research
1.) androcentricity 2.) Overgeneralizing 3.) Gender Blindness 4.) Double standards 5.) Interference
explanation of global poverty
1.TECHNOLOGY ¼ of people in low-income countries farm the land using human or animal power 2.POPULATION GROWTH Poorest countries have the highest birth rates Despite the death toll, double every five years 3.CULTURAL PATTERNS Poor societies are usually traditional Resistant to change 4.SOCIAL STRATIFICATION Low-income nations distribute wealth unequally 5.GENDER INEQUALITY Extreme and keep women from holding jobs Typically means they have many children 6.GLOBAL POWER RELATIONSHIPS COLONIALISM The process by which some nations enrich themselves through political and economic control of other nations Global exploitation allowed some nations to develop economically at the expense of others
Auguste Comte
1798-1857, father of sociology, first to advocate the scientific study of society, positivism, distinguished between social stability (statics) and social change (dynamics)
Harriet Martineau
1802-1876, emphasized sociology as a science, translated Comte's positive philosophy, introduced feminism into sociology, strong and outspoken supported of women and slaves
Karl Marx
1818-1883, guided by principle that social scientists should try to change the world rather than merely study it, emphasized the role of class conflict is social change,writing were later used as a basis for communism
Herbert Spencer
1820-1903, early proponent of social Darwism, opposed social form, it interfered with process of natural selection promote its well-being
Max Weber
1864-1920, developed the concept of verstenen understanding social behavior by putting yourself in the place of other, identified rationalized as key to change from preindustrial society, pioneered techniques to prevent personal biases.
W.E.B. Dubois
1868-1963, African Americans, educator and social activist, focused on the question of race inside and out the US, analyzed social structure of African Americans communities active in PAN African movement, concerned with rights of all African descendents
Wright Mills
1917-1962, called the personal used of sociology "the sociological imagination", first described emergence of strong middle class (white collar, 1951), published power Elite (1956), father of student movement of 1960's
divorces peaked in what decade
1980's
Distribution of world income cont
25% of Earth's land area and lie mostly in the Northern Hemisphere Significant cultural differences exist All produce enough economic goods to enable people to lead comfortable lives People enjoy 79% of the world's total income Production is "Capital Intensive" Based on factories, big machinery, and advanced technology Industrial jobs are common 1/3rd of people live in rural areas Poor, lack access to schools, medical care, adequate housing, and safe drinking water Former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe were socialist economies 55% of world's land area and home to 70% of humanity Societies are densely populated compared to high-income countries Societies are agrarian and severe poverty Follow cultural traditions Limited industrial technology People's lives are shaped by hunger, disease, and unsafe housing People in rich nations have difficulty grasping the extent of human poverty and famine
Gender stratification - occupation
59% of women in the work force and 71% of working women work full time Factors that have changed the U.S. labor force Decline of farming Growth of cities Shrinking family size Rising divorce rate More than half of all married couples depend on two incomes U.S. Department of Labor High concentration of women in two types of jobs Administrative work ("Pink Collar Jobs") Service work (Food, child care, and health care) Men dominate most other job categories Gender stratification in everyday life is easy to see Women are kept out of certain jobs by defining some kinds of work as "masculine" Higher you go in the corporate world - fewer women you see Challenge to male domination in the workplace Women who are entrepreneurs Women-owned businesses employ ¼ of the entire labor force Women can make opportunities for themselves apart from large, male-dominated companies
Macrosociology
A branch of sociology generally concerned with social dynamics at a higher level of analysis - that is, across the breath of society
Microsociology
A branch of sociology that seeks to understand local interactional contexts; its methods of choice are ethnographic, generally including observation and in-depth interviews
Cultural Universal
A common practice or belief found in every culture (cooking, dancing, visiting, personal names, marriage, medicine, religious ritual, funeral ceremonies, sexual restrictions)
Social Institution
A complex group of interdependent positions that, together, perform a social role and reproduce themselves over time; also defined in a narrow sense as any institution in a society that works to shape the behavior of the groups or people within it.
Double Consciousness
A concept conceived by W.E.B Du Bois to describe the two behavioral scripts, one moving through the world and the other, incorporating the external opinions of prejudice onlookers, which are constantly maintained by African Americans.
Wealth
A family's or individual's net work (total assets-total debts)
Peer group
A group of indiviuals offen of roughly the same age who are linked by common interests and orientation
Counterculture
A group within society that openly rejects or actively opposes society's values and norms
Subculture
A group within society that values norms and lifestyle
Independent Variable
A measured factor that the researcher believes has a casual impact on the dependent variable
Comparative research
A methodology by which two things are being observed that are the same besides one difference and learn about the dimensions that differ between them
Symbolic Interactionism
A microlevel theory in which shared meanings, orientations, and assumptions form the basic motivations behind peoples actions
Issue
A public matter: some value cherished by publics is felt to be threatened (ex. Unemployment)
Causation
A relationship between variables in which a change in one directly produces a change in the other
Correlation
A relationship between variables in which they change together, and may or may not be casual
ethnicity
A shared cultural heritage People define themselves as members of an ethnic category that give a distinctive identity Common ancestors Language Religion Like race, ethnicity is socially constructed Race is constructed from biological traits and ethnicity is constructed from cultural traits People play up or down ethnicity depending on whether they want to fit in or stand apart
race
A socially constructed category of people who share biologically transmitted traits that members of a society consider important Appeared among human ancestors as a result of living in different regions of the world Variety of racial traits found today is the product of migration We think of race in biological terms but it is a socially constructed concept Race is a matter of social definitions and is a highly variable concept The meaning and importance of race: differ from place to place also change over time Today, the Census Bureau allows people to describe themselves using more than one racial category Our society officially recognizes a wide range of multiracial people RACIAL TYPES Scientists invented the concept of race to organize the world's physical diversity Caucasoid Negroid Mongoloid Sociologists consider such terms misleading and harmful There is more genetic variation within each category than between categories From a biological point of view, knowing people's racial category allows us to predict nothing about them
Ideology
A system of concepts and relationships, an understanding of cause effect
Status hierarchy system
A system of stratification based on social prestige
Elite-massdichtonomy system
A system of stratification that has a governing elite, a few leaders that broadly hold power in society
Survey research
A systematic means of gathering data to obtain information about people's behaviors, attitudes, and opinions
research methods
A systematic plan for doing research Four methods of sociological investigation Experiments Surveys Participant observation Existing sources
Upperclass
A term for the economic elite
Race
A term used by many people to specify groups of people distinguishing by physical characteristics such as skin color
Conflict theory
A theoretcal frame work in which society is viewed as composed groups that are competing for scarce respurces
Purpose of Education conflict theory
Accept authority and social systems -"Civic responsibility" Accept dominant culture -Feel part of a "nation" -Diminish cultural differences Accept social roles -Worker Accept inequalities
Class System
An economically based hierarchical system characterized by cohesive, oppositional and somewhat loose social mobility
Impression Management
An effort to control the impressions we make on others so that they form a desired view of us and the situation
minority groups
Any category of people distinguished by physical or cultural difference that a society sets apart and subordinates Based on race, ethnicity, or both Two important characteristics Share a distinct identity Experience subordination Not all members of a minority category are disadvantaged Usually make up a small proportion of a society's population Exceptions are South Africa and women in the U.S.
Symbols
Anything that represents anything else Where do they come from? what do they reveal? (Adams)
Status-attainment model
Approach that ranks individuals by socioeconomic status, including income and educational attainment, and seeks to specify the attributes characteristics of people who end up in more desirable occupations
Research Methods
Approaches that social scientists use for investigating the answers to questions
Ibn Khaldum
Arab muslim politician who lived in North Africa- Coined the turn As Sabivah: Social Cohesion.
Culture of poverty
Argument that poor people adopt certain practices that differ from those of the middle class, "mainstream" society in order to adapt and survive in difficult economic circumstances
Structural
Aspects of a society that are "baked" into its foundations either by design or by historical circumstance, and are therefore hard to change - "structural inequality" aka "systemic inequality" = inequalities not due to individual deficiency
poverty and children
At least 100 million children in poor countries provide income for their families Beg, steal, sell sex, or work for drug gangs Means dropping out of school Children are at high risk of disease and violence Another 100 million leave families and live on the streets Half of all street children found in Mexico City or Rio de Janeiro
social determinants of health
Availability of resources to meet daily needs (e.g., safe housing and local food markets) Access to educational, economic, and job opportunities. Access to health care services. Quality of education and job training
Meritocracy Ideology
Belief that: -People can succeed if they work hard enough (social mobility) -People who are successful must have worked hard for it
Ideology
Beliefs that justify inequalities -Obscures "objective" reality (i.e., Marx's perspective on culture) - family is an ideology that allows for inequalities between men and women
Karl marx
Believed change in society must be through revolution
sex
Biology Male vs. female Chromosomes Hormones Genitals Secondary sex characteristics
What beliefs justify gender inequalities?
Biology, religion, history(perceptions of history)
Population Growth and Decline
Birth and death rates(aging society) Immigration / emigration
Black wealth Vs White Wealth
Black: Very little savings, Wealth primarily in home ownership if anything, Difficult to get loans, Loan rates often predatory, House value can go down (residential segregation), Little wealth to pass on Whites: Substantial savings, Wealth in investments as well as home ownership, Easy to get loans, Loan rates often reasonable, House value usually goes up, Some or much wealth to pass on
Occupational Segregation
Blacks and Hispanics "stuck" in low-status, low-paying careers. Asian-Americans blocked from upper management ("bamboo ceiling"). Lack of Cultural capital
Legal Bias
Blacks are: More likely to commit crime? -Only if we don't account for economic differences and racial profiling. More likely to be arrested Less able to afford quality, non-overworked attorneys More likely to be found guilty More likely to receive stiff penalties 38% of all prisoners despite being 13% of the population
Max Weber
Born in Germany, Works- Rationalization, Religion, Bureaucracies, Ideal Type (measuring rod) Disagreed with Marx that economics is the central force in social change - Protestant Ethic Thesis (PET) Believed Sociology should be "value free" sociological research should exclude personal values and economic interests. Researchers must use Verstehen- "understanding" / insight To fully understand behavior we must understand how people themselves view and explain their behavior.
Herbert Spencer
British social theorist (rich) Major contribution to sociology was an evolutionary perspective on social order and social change. Social Darwinism - (survival of the fittest) the belief that those human beings, best adapted to their environment survive and prosper, whereas those poorly adapted die out. It is natural that some people are rich while others are poor He strongly opposed any social reforms that will interfere with the natural selection process Wanted to understand society better, did not feel compelled to improve society Note: Approach applauded by many wealthy industrialists- Rockefeller (oil industry)
Environmental Classism / Racism
Building highways in poor areas(areas of minority/racial and ethnic minorities). Things that pollute happen in poor areas.
Shopping Cart Metaphor
Can put different identities in a "cart", have multiple identities
Racism De Facto(now)
Career Opportunities Income / Wealth Disparity Residential Segregation Educational Inequality Political Representation Judicial Bias Anti-Immigrant Nativism Media Representation
Willmott and Young (1973)
Carried out a large scale piece of research which they suggested showed that relationships are becoming more symmetrical, meaning that men and women increasingly share the same roles and take joint responsibility for tasks such as housework.
Hardill, Green and Owen (1997)
Carried out research into decision making in middle class couples and found that women tend to look to their male partners when making a decision. This includes decisions about the mortgage, moving and buying cars. This, they discovered was common where the men earned ore than the women.
divorce
Causes of Divorce Individualism is on the rise Romantic love fades Women are less dependent on men Many of today's marriages are stressful Divorce is socially acceptable A divorce is easier to get Young couples are at greatest risk Especially after brief courtship Lack money and emotional maturity Also rises if couple marries after an unexpected pregnancy People whose parents divorce have a higher divorce rate More common if both partners have successful careers Men and women who divorce once are more likely to divorce again High-risk factors follow from one marriage to another
Why might sociologists say that the belief in meritocracy doesn't match the reality in the United States?
Certain people are much more likely to succeed than others, most white male, probably from decent background
Cultural Wars
Clashes within mainstream society over the values and norms that should be upheld
Racism De Jure(then)
Codified Social Segregation -"Jim Crow" Political Segregation -Poll taxes Educational Segregation -Brown v. Board Explicitly Discriminatory Laws -Loving v. Virginia Immigration Quotas
Culture Relativism
Coined by Ruth Benedict in the 1930s, this is the idea that we should recognize differences across cultures without passing judgment on or assigning value to those differences.
SM Step 5
Collect the Data
Social Movement
Collective action aimed at achieving a goal -Usually has organization / leadership -Must be able to "mobilize" -People -Resources -Relative to government control -Broadly shared sense of purpose -Ideology -Exploitation vs. relative deprivation vs. structural strain -Hinges on opportunities -Follows culturally-specific patterns and interactions -"Fields of action" -E.g., protests, boycotts
Racism
Common: Racial prejudice Sociological: Structural inequalities that impact minority racial groups, which may be justified by prejudice
Nationalism
Common: Strong, perhaps violent, patriotism Historical: Ideologies and social movements leading to national sovereignty -National identities may come later -Ethnic vs civic
Corporations
Competition(increasingly less competition) Monopoly(increasingly companies are in control by one) Transnational(have impact on environment, can get around regulations
Georg Simmel
Concerned with social interactions, and viewed society as the sum of individual interactions. Studied how groups interacted as a dyad and a triad. proposed in tragedy of culture theory which is based on the distinction between collective and individual culture. proposed the tragedy of culture theory.
Max Weber
Concerned with the process of rationalization and proposed that modern societies were characterized by efficient, coal-oriented, rule-governed bureaucracies.
SM Step 2
Conduct a literature review - A thorough search through previously published studies relevant to a particular topic
Herbert spencer
Created social darwinism
Immigration
Crossing an international border for the purpose of residing in a new country -What about internal migrants? -Does immigration have to be permanent? -Borders are generally arbitrary
Structural Explanations for Success for asians
Cultural Capital Social Networks and Resources Ethnic job markets and investment Extra schooling Perceived Opportunity
Culture goes to Camp by Lori Delale-O'Connor
Culture camps' identity construction often reflects an Americanized version of national or ethnic cultures - There is little evidence that children connect projects to their own identity - The camps create a space for children and parents to network and support each other, and to normalize international adopting
George Herbert Mead
Curious how the mind developed but did not believe it developed separately from its social environment. Believe that society and self are created through communicative acts such as speech and Gesture-movements from one another that serve as stimuli. Produced influential work on socialization
patterns of descent
Descent Refers to the system by which members of a society trace kinship over generations Patrilineal Descent (most common) Traces kinship through males and property flows from fathers to sons - eg. Ewe in Ghana, West Africa Matrilineal Descent By which people define only the mother's side as kin and property passes to daughters, Found in horticultural societies - Traditionally, Ashanti in Ghana, West Africa, man's property is inherited by sister's kids
History of Urbanization
Early: Small % of population Political / cultural centers Small size Economic / Ethnic segregation Local public transportation (Rural) community Later: Increasing % of population Industrial centers Larger / Housing shortages White flight / suburbs Highways / Commuting Diminished community Now: Majority of population Financial / service centers Housing shortages+ Gentrification Traffic / Pollution Identity-based communities
Advantages of Ethnography/ Participant Observation
Excels at telling richly detailed stories - challenges our previous notions about the groups - may provide policy implication Often suffers lack of replicability - May lack representativeness - Researchers may have personal bias
Structural Functional - functions of the family
Family sometimes called the "backbone of society" - maintain stability of society and individuals Reproduction Socialization Regulation of sexual activity Incest Taboo A norm forbidding sexual relations or marriage between certain relatives Social placement Material and emotional security
Gender socialization
Family upbringing Education Religion Peer Groups Role Models Media
Harriet Martineau
Female / British Sociologist Translated Comte's work into English Was not recognized initially because she was female Analyzed consequences of industrialization and Capitalism Believed society would improve when: Women and men were treated equally. Cooperation existed among all social classes. Scholars should work to better society
Oakley (1974)
Found that women remain primarily responsible for domestic labour, despite working in paid labour, resulting in women feeling oppressed by the DUAL BURDERN of paid work and housework.
Jane Adams
Founded Hull House, one of the most famous settlement houses, in Chicago. One of the authors of a methodology text used by sociologists for the next forty years. Awarded Nobel Prize for assistance to the underprivileged.
Emile Durkheim(1858-1917
French sociologist, not an armchair philosopher Educated in France and Germany Considered the founding figure of the Functionalist Theoretical tradition. Believed the limits of human potential are socially, not biologically based. Behavior must be understood within a larger social context not just individualistic terms (suicide). People are products of their environment Works: Suicide, The Rules of Sociological Methods, Functions of Religion, Division of Labor in Society Concerned with social order and stability Qn: How do societies manage to hold together? Preindustrial societies-held together by shared moral beliefs and values Industrialized societies -> more specialized economic activity becomes basis for social bonding -> people become interdependent Social Change - Rapid social change and specialized division of labor produces strains in society Strains lead to breakdown of traditional organization, values and authority -> anomie Anomie -condition in which social control becomes ineffective as a result of the loss of shared values and of a sense of purpose in society. Note: overemphasized structure as determining power of society, neglected agency- beliefs and actions of actors involved
Super ego
Freuds term for the conscience internalized norms and values of our social groups
Theoretical Perspectives Example - Homelessness
Functionalism: Changes in parts of society (fewer children, divorce etc.) increased homelessness. Conflict: Struggle between social class - especially policies of the wealthy force certain people into unemployment and homelessness Symbolic Interaction: Analyze what homeless people do when they are in the shelters / streets, analyze their communication -ie both talk and nonverbal interaction (gestures, use of space etc.
What kind of sociologist was Durkheim
Functionalist - macro view of how we work to maintain stability
Conflict perspective
Functionalist view is idealized and inadequate Families are sources of social inequality - basis for transferring power, property, and privilege to the next generation socioeconomic status of family will influence life chances Families in capitalist economies are similar to workers in a factory: Women are dominated by men at home the same way workers are dominated in factories. Reproduction of children and care for family members reinforce subordination of women through unpaid (devalued) labor. Families have traditionally legitimized the perpetuation of male dominance through domestic violence Exploitation of lower classes contributes to family problems of divorce
Talcott Parson- instrumental/expressive roles
GENDER AND COMPLEMENTARITY Gender forms a complementary set of roles Links women and men into family units Gives each sex responsibility for carrying out important tasks Gender plays an important part in socialization Instrumental (men) / expressive (women) qualities Society encourages gender conformity by instilling in men and women fear of rejection Gender integrates society both structurally and morally
conflict perspectives on gender
Gender involves differences not just in behavior but in power as well Similar to how traditional ideas about gender benefit men and the ways oppression of racial and ethnic minorities benefits white people Conventional ideas about gender create division and tension
Georg Simmel
German sociologist Theorized society - is a web of patterned interactions among people. Analyzed how social interactions vary depending on the size of the social group. Analyzed impact of industrialization and urbanization on people' lives (city dwellers device techniques to survive)
The Structural-Functional Approach
Grew out of works - Durkheim, Spencer and Talcott Parsons Sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability Societies develop structures - family, education, government, religion, economy- all are interrelated and they work to maintain stability in society. Compares society to organs in the body each part contributes to body's survival. A change in one leads to changes in every other element. Social Structure - Any relatively stable pattern of social behavior Social Functions - The consequences of a social pattern for the operation of society as a whole Robert K. Merton (1820-1903) Manifest Functions - recognized/intended consequences of any social pattern College-education/skills for job market Latent Functions - unrecognized and unintended consequences of any social pattern (college as marriage broker) Social Dysfunction -Any social pattern that may disrupt the operation of society Problems with globalization
Conflict Theory
Groups are continuously in a power struggle over limited resources
Distribution of world income
HIGH-INCOME COUNTRIES The fifty-five richest nations with the highest overall standards of living MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES The seventy-five nations with a standard of living about average for the world as a whole LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES The remaining sixty-two nations with a low standard of living in which most people are poor Two advantages over "three worlds" model Focuses on economic development and does not lump together all lower-income nations
Identity-Based Communities
Have community centers(have people trying to create a sense of community) Gay community, ethnic communities, intentional communities
What differentiates pre-modern societies from societies now?
Have more of diversion of labor, longer lifespan(population size), more education, some people have more than others
Karl Marx
He was a critic of capitalism. Believed capitalism resulted in unjust social inequality between the proletariat and bourgeoisie. Encouraged the proletariat to develop a class consciousness- the recognition of social inequality on the part of the oppressed, leading to revolutionary action
Social construction of ethnicity
Historical circumstance(Italian identity) Invented tradition(Imagine to have longer history than in reality)ex:thanksgiving
How might those behaviors inhibit affected students' abilities to succeed?
Hostile environment
Lessons from the European Union
Ideal: Tight economic / political integration Open borders European identity Reality: Compliance varies Larger European border; loss of security? National identities stronger Brexit
Values
Ideas about what is right or wrong, good or bad, desirable o worthy in a particular group. They establish that the group cherishes and honors and they change over time
Beliefs
Ideas openly held to be true within society and particular group
Reference Group
Identify with group standard, the group influenced behavior ex: Friends
In what ways might your other identities and your actual behavior and/or values be in conflict?
Identities are meaningful but can also be limiting and/or inaccurate.
Feral children- wild children
Isolated children- not having a sense of language or culture
Social construct
It is an idea created by a society based on their norms and values and they believe in
Importance of religion
It is the foundation for morals and beliefs as it helps to shape us and determine what we see as right or wrong. It has an effect on the way people behave or react in society. Religion brings people together of the same relationships and beliefs
Symbolic Interaction - social exchange theory
Jessie Bernard: Women and men experience marriage differently: Women-less positive about their marriages Reported higher rates of anxiety, depression than any other group in society except single men Had higher rates of suicide than husbands Men-more positive about marriage: They live longer, better mental and physical health, less depressed, lower rate of suicide, less likely to go to prison, earn higher incomes, more likely to define themselves as happy than are single men
The Social-Conflict Approach
Karl Marx Sees society - groups engaged in continuous power struggle for control of scarce resources - wealth, prestige, power. Society -arena of inequality - generates conflict and change (Show how Class, race, ethnicity, gender, age are linked to inequality Approach is used to look at conflict between dominant and disadvantaged categories of people
Population is the target group that you are trying to study.
Karl Marx came up with the idea of two social classes that are natural bourgeoisie and proletariat
Purpose of Education functionalism
Learn proper behavior, Learn social roles
Folkways
Least significant of norms informal and common norms tht guide everyday behavior very minor in nature you will remember but won't call cops
homogamy
Marriage between people with the same social characteristics - age, social class, education etc.
Class conflict
Marx's term for the struggle between capitalists and workers.
Theoretical Perspectives on Politics
Marx: -Controlled by the dominant (economic) class -Protects their interests Weber: -Component of power along with class and status -Bureaucratic organization -"Monopoly on the legitimate use of violence"
How might Marx and Weber analyze the United States political system?
Marx: taxes favor wealthy, wealthy people in power, lobbyists provide a lot of money into campaigns, former politicians become lobbyists Weber: Culture impact(influences who we choose), lots of bureaucracy(no real sense of producing/just passing paperwork),military(monopoly of violence), people who have money have more power
Existing Sources
Materials that have been produced for some other reason but that can be used as data for social research
What is the purpose of grades?
Measurement of understanding, an evaluation, provide ranking, rate your conformity
beauty myth
Men hold center stage in television Historically, ads show women in the home Study of gender in ads revealed that men usually appear taller than women implying male superiority Women are more frequently portrayed lying down appearing sexual and submissive Advertising perpetuates the "beauty myth" Society teaches women to measure their worth in terms of physical appearance
Glass escalator
Men in Women's jobs get paid better and have better opportunities
Who benefits from the negative connotations attached to feminism?
Men, but not all
Experimental Methods
Methods that seek to alter the social landscape in a very specific way for a given sample of individuals and the track what results that change yields; often involve comparisons to a control group that didn't experience such an intervention
Symbolic Interaction
Micro-level perspective - (sitting at the playground watching children play) close-up focus on social interaction in specific situations Originated in the U.S. - Herbert Blumer, Herbert Mead, Charles Cooley sees society as the product of everyday interactions of individuals Society is nothing more than the reality people construct for themselves as they interact with one another Behavior is learned in interaction with other people functionalists/Conflict theorists view society as exerting control over human behavior Symbolic Interaction sees society as nothing more than the creation of interacting people, so society can be changed. It's a human construction Studies how people use symbols - (things that we attach meaning-facial expressions, gestures, tone of voice, clenched fist, flag etc.) to develop their views of the world and communicate with one another. Symbols are shared through agreed upon symbols - language (fire!)
women as minorities
Minority Any category of people distinguished by physical (ascribed) or cultural difference that a society sets apart and subordinates Economic disadvantage of being a woman Women are a minority even though they outnumber men White women do not think of themselves in this way Unlike racial minorities and ethnic minorities Well represented at all levels of the class structure Intersection theory - The interplay of race, class, and gender, often resulting in multiple dimensions of disadvantage Disadvantages linked to race and gender combine to produce low social standing Differences in pay structure reflect minority women's lower positions in the occupational and educational hierarchies. In 2008 - median income African American women - $32, 525 White women - 37,610 Hispanics - 26,997
Income
Money received by a person for work, from transfers, or form returns on investments
Free rider problem
More than one person is responsible, the incentive for each individual to shirk responsibility and hope others will pull the extra weight
Using Available Data: Existing Sources
Most widely used data are gathered by government agencies (census, police reports) Cheap, convenient, Criticism Data may not be available in the exact form that is needed Always questions about how accurate the existing data are
gender and politics
Nineteenth Amendment Women got the right to vote Thousands of women hold responsible jobs in the federal government Change is more slow at the highest levels of power Women make up half of Earth's population Hold just 17% of seats in the world's 185 parliaments
Mores
Norms that carry great significance, are closely related to core values of a cultural group, and often involve severe repercussions for violators
Underclass
Notion that poor people not only are different form mainstream society in their inability to take advantage of what society has to offer, but also are increasingly deviant and even dangerous to the rest of us
Income Inequalities
Occupational inequalities -> income inequalities
Role Strain
Occurs when a person has difficulty meeting the role expectation of a single status
In the Field: Participant Observation
Participant observation A research method in which investigators systematically observe people while joining them in their routine activities Observe them in their natural setting - where they live, work and play Cultural anthropologists -Use to study societies - "Fieldwork" Fieldwork makes most participant observation exploratory and descriptive Participant observation has few hard and fast rules Critics claim: Participant observation falls short of scientific standards - Personal impressions of a single researcher play a central role Strength: Personal approach, Observer can gain profound insight into people's behavior - Survey might disrupt a setting Challenges: gaining acceptance into unfamiliar groups, language problems. Requires a lot of social/personal skills
W.E.B. Du Bois
Pioneer in the study of race relations. Examined color line. From believer in utility of scientific research to address social problems
DuBois, William E Burghardt
Pioneer research about race relations Found Atlantic School of Sociology Co founder of WAPC
W. E. B. Du Bois
Pointed out that people in the U.S. espouse values of democracy, freedom, and equality while they accept racism and group discrimination as " inevitable "
Importance of Politics
Policies can impact flows Concrete numerical impact unclear Impact on safety very clear Points of entry shift Unfavorable policies can constrain return Increased overhead -unclear outcome, clear neg results
Malthusianism
Populations grow exponentially, food production is linear, starvation(see conflict with limited resources)
Sanctions
Positive or negative reactions to the ways that people follow or disobey norms, including rewards for conformity and punishments for violations
Gender Inequality and Families
Possible to have it all? -Stay-at-home stigmatized -Economic advantage for childless women -But: also stigmatized. -"Second shift"
Educational Inequalities urban
Predominantly Black No preschool Not enough bathrooms Spend $12K/student/year Pay $53K/teacher/year Untrained teachers Vocational classes
Educational Inequalities Suburban
Predominantly White Preschool for several years Beautiful facilities Spend $22K/student/year Pay $87K+/teacher/year Trained teachers College-oriented classes Broad-interest teaching
Auguste Comte
Proponent of positivism. He felt that society needed positivist guidance toward both social progress and social orde. Coined the term Sociology.
Cultural Globalization
Pros: More diversity within cultures More access to less dominant cultures Better mutual understanding Promotion of certain values (human rights) Cons: Less diversity between cultures Certain cultures still dominate (e.g., US) Superficial; Transmission of stereotypes Increased nationalism
Structural Functionalism
Sees Society as a stable ordered system made up of interrelated parts, each structure has a function and are identified as social institutions such as Family, The education system, The economy, religion. Related terms are dysfunction, manifest functions, and latent functions.
Conflict Theory
Sees society as a system on inequalities, conflict tensions are the basic facts of social life. People are involved in struggles for both resources and power. Structures perpetuate inequality, providing some groups with privileges/advantages and oppressing/disadvantaging other groups.
residential patterns
Societies regulate mate selection and where a couple may live Preindustrial societies Newlyweds live with one set of parents for protection, support, and assistance Patrilocality Live with or near the husband's family Matrilocality Live with or near the wife's family Neolocality Married couple lives far apart from both sets of parents Pattern of industrial societies
Functional prerequisites
The basic needs or necessary conditions of existence in society.
Social Sciences
The discipline that use the scientific method to examine the social world, in contrast to the natural sciences, which examine the physical world
Cultural diffusion
The dissemination of material and symbolic culture from the one group to another
Subculture
The distinct cultural values and behavioral patterns of a particular group in society; a group united by sets of concepts, values, symbols, and sharing meaning specific to the members of that group
Reliability
The extent to which a study or research instrument yields consistent results (is the test accurate over time) or can it be trusted
Validity
The extent to which an instrument measures what it is intended to measure
Dependent Variable
The factor that is changed (or not) by the independent variable
Independent Variables
The factor that is predicted to cause change
Natural Selection
The fittest members of society survive through competition
Social control
The formal and informal mechanisms used to elicit conformity to values and norms and thus promote social cohesion
Social location
The group memberships people have becaus of their location in history and society
Conflict Theory
The idea that conflict between competing interests is the basic, animating force of social change and society in general.
Sapir-Whorf-Hypothesis
The idea that language structures thought and the ways of looking at the world are embedded in language
Nonmaterial Culture
The ideas associated with a cultural group, including ways of thinking and ways of behaving
Cultural Imperialism
The imposition of one culture's beliefs and practices on another culture through media and consumer products rather than by military force
Role Strain
The incompatibility among roles corresponding to a single status
Social mobility
The movement between positions in social stratification
Types of Statuses: Master
The one status that ranks above all others. Can be achieved or ascribed ex:Son, daughter, sibling, student, athlete, employee
Class
The particular form of stratification applied to socioeconomic status in industrialized societies -Difficult to define -Marx vs. Weber Vast majority of Americans label themselves as middle class independent of personal circumstance.
Cultural Relativism
The principle of understanding other cultures on their own terms, rather than judging or evaluating according to one's own culture
Ethnocentrism
The principle of using one's own culture as a means or standard by which to evaluate another group or individual, leading to the view that cultures other than one's own are abnormal or inferior
Socialization
The process by which a person internalizes the values, beliefs and norms of society and learn to function as a member of that society
Socialization
The process by which individuals internalize the values, beliefs and norms of a given society and learn to function as members of that society
assimilation
The process by which minorities gradually adopt patterns of the dominant culture Most minorities adopt the dominant culture Avenue to upward social mobility Way to escape prejudice and discrimination directed against more visible foreigners Amount of assimilation varies by category Assimilation involves changes in ethnicity but not in race
Sociologist Study of Culture
The process of focusing on culture closer to home, often in the same societies to which they belong
Resocialization
The process of learning new norms values attiudes and behavior
Ilm alimran
The science of Civilization. Came from Ibn Khaldum
Sociology
The scientific study of social behavior and human groups.
Basic Research
The search for knowledge without any agenda or practical goal in mind
Values
The standards by which people define what is desirable
History
The study of past events in human societies.
Political Science
The study of the organization and operation of governments.
Social science
The study of the social features of humans in the ways in which they interact and change.
feminism
The support of social equality for women and men, in opposition to patriarchy and sexism "First wave" of feminist movement in U.S. began in 1840s Main objective was obtaining the right to vote "Second wave" of feminism arose in the 1960s Continues today Working to increase equality Expanding human choice Eliminating gender stratification Ending sexual violence Promoting sexual freedom Liberal Feminism Individuals should be free to develop their own talents and pursue their own interests Socialist Feminism Capitalism increases patriarchy by concentrating wealth and power in the hands of a small number of men Radical Feminism Believe that patriarchy is so firmly entrenched that even a socialist revolution would not end it
genocide
The systematic killing of one category of people by another Deadly form of racism and ethnocentrism Violates every moral standard Common throughout history Important to recognize the degree to which U.S. society was built Segregation of African Americans Genocide of Native Americans extermination of 6m Jews by Nazi Germany Killing of Tutsis by Hutus in Rwanda Serbs killing Bosnians - Balkans of E. Europe "Ethnic cleansing" - a policy of "cleansing" geographic areas -(Bosnia‑Herzegovina) by forcing persons of other races or religions to flee or die Sudan Native Americans
Reactivity
The tendency of people and events to react to the process of being studied
Role Conflict
The tension caused by competing demands between two or more roles pertaining two different statues'
Functionalism
The theory that various social institutions and processes in society exist to serve some important function to keep society running.
nuclear family
The traditional family known to society... two parents and children they maintain stability and strength.
Mechanical Solidarity
The type of social bonds present in premodern, agrarian societies, in which shared traditions and beliefs created a sense of social cohesion
Applied sociology
The use of sociology to solve problems
Dominant Culture
The values, norms, and practices of the group within society that is most powerful
Dramaturgical Theory
The view of social life as essentially a theatrical performance, in which we are all actors on metaphorical stages, with roles, scripts, costumes and sets
Identity Politics
Then: Political movements that seek to improve opportunities for members of various identity groups. -Focus on rights -Typically directed against government Now: Political movements that seek to remove stigma from certain behaviors/identities -Focuses on image ("recognition", acceptance) just as much as, if not more so than, rights -Not necessarily directed at government -Aka "New Social Movements"
Symbolic interactionalism
Theoretical perspective in which society is viewed as composed symbols
Georg simmel
Theorized about society as a web of patterned interaction among people. Scripts of behavior
race cont
There are no "pure races' If scientists should examine a smear of blood under a microscope, they cannot tell whether it came from an African American, Chinese, white There are more genetic variations within groups than between groups "One drop rule" is a classic example of the social construction of race How people act in regard to race/ethnicity drastically affects people's; opportunities, how they are treated, even how long they live.
Economic Development
Traditional society -> developing economy -> emerging economy -> developed economy
History of Politics
Tribal Leaders Feudalism / Absolute Rulers 1. Authoritarianism -Democracy? 2. Democracy -?
polyandry
Unites one woman and two or more men Extremely rare and is found in Tibet
Cultural bias
Us vs other countries cultures, lots of clothes no clothes
Gershuny (1994)
Used a longitudinal study to measure the effect of women going to work full time. They found that there was LAGGED ADAPTATION, that is when women start to work full time there is a time delay before men begin to contribute more to the housework. They argue that men are doing more even if it is taking time.
Conflict Theory's View on Culture
Values and norms are part of the dominant culture and tend to represent and protect the interests of the most powerful groups in society - Contercultures questions the dominant social order - Ethnocentrism devalues certain groups
Symbolic Interactionism's View on Culture
Values and norms are social constructions that may vary over time and in different contexts - Meaning is created, maintained, and changed though ongoing social interaction - Subcultures use unique signs , gestures and words to communicate
Structural Functionalism's View on Culture
Values and norms are widely shared and agreed upon - they contribute to social stability by reinforcing common bonds and constraining individual behavior
functionalist
Views society as a complex system of many separate but integrated parts Gender serves as a means to organize social life Over the centuries, sex-based division of labor became institutionalized and taken for granted Industrial technology opens up much greater range of cultural possibilities Ability to control reproduction gives women greater choices about how to live Modern societies relax traditional gender roles Societies became more meritocratic Rigid roles waste human talent Change is slow because gender is deeply rooted in culture
How would you describe the "capacity" of the United States government? What circumstances might limit a government's capacity?
We are in middle compared to others in relation to "capacity" Lack of legitimacy, lack of resources, lack of military power
Residential Segregation
White flight: More racial minorities leads to fewer Whites. Or Whites go to the suburbs and non-Whites replace them in the inner city. -Housing values and tax bases drop. -Creation of Urban Ghettoes.
comparable worth
Women earn 77 cents for every dollar earned by men Differences are greater among older workers Older working women have typically have less education and seniority Causes of gender-based income inequality - why women earn less is 1. type of work they do Still think of less important jobs as "women's work" Supporters of gender equality propose a policy of "comparable worth"
income
Women earn 77 cents for every dollar earned by men Differences are greater among older workers Older working women have typically have less education and seniority Causes of gender-based income inequality - why women earn less is 1. type of work they do Still think of less important jobs as "women's work" Supporters of gender equality propose a policy of "comparable worth" . Society's view of family U.S. culture gives more of the responsibility of parenting to women Pregnancy and raising small children keep many younger women out of the labor force 3. Discrimination against women Because it is illegal, it is practiced in subtle ways Glass ceiling prevents many women from rising above middle management
culture
a collection of norms, values, symbols, roles, etc that allows us to organize and give meaning to our experiences
social institution
a complex group of interdependent position that, together, perform a social role and reproduce themselves over time; also defined in a narrow sense as any institution in a society that works to shape the behavior of the groups or people within it; family, education, economy, politics
Variable
a factor thought to be significant for human behavior which can vary from one case to another.
elite theorists
a few hundred around the world are in control from positions such as government, military, or economic.
structural-functional approach
a framework for building theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability
Symbolic interaction approach
a framework for building theory that sees society as the product of the everyday interactions of individuals
Theoretical Perspective
a general set of assumptions about the nature of things
Theory
a general statement about how facts are related to one another, provides a conceptual framework for interpreting facts.
population pyrimid
a graphic representation of distrubution of a population by sex and age
Secondary Group
a group in which interaction is impersonal and temporary in nature
Society
a group of interdependent people who have organized in such a way as to share a common culture and feeling of unity
feminist
a group that may be bias in favor of women and opposed to men
Subculture
a group that shares values, norms, and behaviors that are not shared by the entire population
Subcultures
a group united by sets of concepts, values, traits, and/or behavioral patterns that distinguish it from others within the same culture or society.
anorexia
a lack or loss of appetite for food
Formal Organization
a large complex secondary group that has been established to achieve specific goals
society
a large group of people associated by shared culture and social institutions
Social Movement
a long-term conscious effort to promote or prevent social change
independent variables
a measured factor that the researcher believes has a casual impact on the dependent variable
concept
a mental construct that represents some part of the world in a simplified form
hotspot policing
a method employed by police departments to track the ordered spatial of crimes by monitoring when crimes occur disproportionately in particular geographic areas and responding to those areas
Jane Addams
a preeminent founder of a Chicago settlement house in the early 1900's called Hull House
Negative Sanction
a punishment or a threat of punishment used to enforce conformity
deterrence
a purpose of punishment that sets out prevent rational people from committing crimes
Bureaucracy
a rank of authority structure that operates according to specific rules and procedures
Bureaucracy
a ranked authority structure that operates according to specific rules and procedures
participant observation
a research method in which investigators systematically observe people while joining them in their routine activities
Vested Interests
a resistance to any change that threatens a person's security or standard of living
Random Sample
a sample in which everyone in the target population has the same chance of being included in the study.
positivism
a scientific approach to knowledge based on "positive" facts as opposed to mere speculation
recession
a slow down in the economy that leads to stress in some people
Primary Group
a small group of people who interact over a small period of time on a direct and personal basis
drug addiction
a state of dependence on a substance that produces psychophysical changes in the user
theory
a statement of how and why specific facts are related
ascribed status
a status into one is born; involuntary status
achieved status
a status into which one enters; voluntary status
drug
a substance that has properties that produce psychophysical changes in the individual who ingests it
social bonding/ social control theory
a theory of crime that assumes all people are capable of committing crimes and that some are stopped by their strong bonds to society
strain theory
a theory of crime that posts individuals commit crimes because of the strains caused by the imbalance between socially accepted goals and individuals' inadequate means to achieve those goals
opportunity theory
a theory of crimes that says people will choose to commit crimes based on the criminal opportunities they have
weak tie
a tie not reinforced through indirect paths; can be very useful; bridges networks
Sociological Perspective
a viewing of the behavior of groups in a systematic way
attainment
achieved status through hard work and education in an open society
What are the advantages of supranational political organization? What are the disadvantages?
advantages: -help countries het along(increase peace), makes traveling between countries easier disadvantages: -lack of capacity to enforce
Functionalism
all part of society needs to contribute to the well- being and survival, society rests on the voluntary participation of its members
capitalism
an economic system based on private ownership of business
population
an entire group of individual persons, objects, or items from which samples may be drawn
Theory
an explanation of the relationships among particular phenomena
total institutions
an institution in which one is totally immersed and that controls all the basics of day-to-day life; no barriers exist between the usual spheres of daily life, and all activity occurs in the same place under the same single autority
stage of anger
angry towards short term experiences , angry towards long term experiences, may be angry at individuals or society
minority
any category of people distinguished by physical or cultural difference, that a society sets apart and subordinates
Media
any format or vehicles that carry, present, or communicate information - books, poster web pages..etc
social dysfunction
any social pattern that may disrupt the operation of society
historical
ask how facts concerning institutions have changed over time
sex
biological differences between females and males People think gender distinctions are "natural" Biology makes one sex different from the other 1848 - People assumed women did not have intelligence or interests in politics 1925-athletic performance- women would never compete with men in marathons Reflected cultural patterns of that time and place Most of the differences between men and women are socially created
What are some other examples of sunset industries?
bookstores, movie rental stores, travel agencies
assignment
born into or marry into such as being upper class
Erving Goffman
claimed that the self is created through interaction with others and hence ever-changing within various social contexts. Developed Dramaturgy and claimed humans undergo impression management
Bureaucracy: Ranking of authority
clear cut lines of authority
why has non-marital childbearing increased
cohabitation, 4/10 outside marriage, teens=15%, 20-34 years =74%
Cooley's looking glass self
continual formation, testing, and adjustment of our self-concept based on interaction and reaction from others
what research involved social groups
cross‐cultural research, or research designed to reveal variations across different groups of people
Popular culture
cultural characteristics adopted, imitated and idolized by the masses
High Culture
cultural characteristics associated with a dominanct and elite members of society Patronized by the wealthy Things wealth can afford
symbols
cultural representations of reality
Norms
culturally specific guidelines and expectations of behavior. how you should and should not act
Goffman's dramaturgical theory
daily interactions are similar to dramatic productions; members of our "audience" judge our performance and are aware that we may reveal our true character; most of us attempt to control the impressions we give to others
Emile Durkheim
dealt with problems of social order and societies are held together by shared interests, beliefs, and values of their members
death as a process
death not just an event, but a process
historical patterns of death
death was common, readily accepted, innovations in health/medicine make death less of an everyday experience
life expectancy is determined by
diet, nutrition, drugs, fast food, alcohol, workforce
split labor market
differentiates workers based on race and sex, thus put minority and women in periheral sectoe of economy
functionalist perspective on aging
disengagement theory, activity theory
dysfunction
disruption in the social pattern that has negative consequences
Subculture
distinct set of cultural characteristics shared by a minority of people in society
pluralism
diverse cultures not assimilated into the dominant culture
aligning action
do something to restore order. making questionable behavior acceptable via excuses. Making actions appear reasonable. Ex. work failure as result of sickness
communism
economic system based on public (government) ownership of business
Occupational Socialization
education prepares us for future careers (home economics, woodshop)
Conflict Perspective
emphasizes the role of conflict, competition, subject to change, and constraint within a society, lack of agreement, power is the most important in social life
Non Material Culture
encompasses values, beliefs, behaviors, and social norms.
universal health care
everyone is provided coverage regardless of their income, race, age, pre-existing conditions, gender, or wealth (Europe)
influence of culture
everything you do no matter how personal you think it is is influenced by culture your culture impacts everything
caucasoid
explained by the "White" race
account
explains behavior as beyond your control, appropriate for the circumstances, or had some positive outcome. Excuses
what types of questions are ask
factual, comparative, historical, and theoretical
ethnomethodology (observation)
field research
structural apporoach
focuses on how social institutions such as politica, economy, family, education, religion, and mass media perpetuate sexism and unequal treatment of men and women
Symbolic Interactionism
focuses on the interactions among people based on mutually understood symbols, people learn to interpret the meanings of symbols of others, base their interactions on their interactions of symbols, symbols permit people to predict the behavior expected of them
Experimental Methods
formal tests of specific variable and effect, performed in a setting where all aspects of the situation can be controlled
homophobia
hatred and discrimintation against homosexuals
interactionist theory on medicine
how a society/culture defines or determines what an illness is, ADHD, alcoholism, homosexuality, promiscuity, menstruation/PMS/pregnancy, obesity, aging, erectile dysfunction, arson, medicalization of society (deviance)
Functionalist
how things function/work macro (larger view)
norms
how values tell us to behave
majority/minority
in sociology they are power terms not numerical terms; minority- characterized by unequal trreatement
socialized health care
in which the government owns and operates health care facilities and employs the health care professionals, thus also paying for all health care services
statistical illiteracy
inability to understand statistics
socialization of manifest function
intended to socialize with peers, mainstream culture, patriotism
expressions that we give vs. expressions that we give off
intentional vs. unintentional
group
is a collection of individuals who, become of sustained interaction, have evolved a common structure and culture
absolute poverty
is a deprivation of resources that is life-threatenthign
social- conflict approach
is a framework for building theory that sees society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict and change
science
is a logical system that develops knowledge from direct, systematic observation
dependency theory
is a model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of the historical expolitation of poor socities by ruich ones
hypothesis
is a statement of a possible relationship between two (or more) variables
Political Economy of the media
is in the hands of six companies. Those companies affect the information and messages communicated to the public. The media, especially advertisements, play a large role in the maintenance of consumerism.
socialization
is the process of learning the culture
sociology
is the science dealing with social forces. it is the science of society and social behavior
criminology
is the scientific study of the nature, extent, management, causes, control, consequences, and prevention of criminal behavior, both on the individual and social levels
fatalistic suicide
is thought to be caused by excessive societal regulations that fundamentally restricts an individuals freedom
intergenerational social mobility
is upward or downward social mobility of children in relation to
agriculture
its revolution occurred around 8,500 years ago
women
less likely to receive tenure in university jobs
Latent Functions
less obvious, perhaps unintended functions of a social structure
Dependence theory
maintains that rich industrialized nations keep poor countries dependent and from advancing through various relationships that place the poor nations at a distinct disadvantage intrude, industry and investment;nricher nations in the world excerisie economic control to make poorer countreis
functionalist perspective on medicine
manifest function, latent function
Culture cont
material- physical artifacts that represent components or society EX: anything humans have made that you can physically touch nonmaterial- ideas and symbols that represent components of society EX: these things humans create that you can not physically touch. Language, religion, democracy
Why hasn't a communist revolution occurred in the United States as it did in other countries? (I.e., what obstacles exist?)
meritocracy, development of unions
qualitative methods
methods that attempt to collect information about the social world that cannot be readily converted to numeric form
types of sociological research
micro level, social structure, culture, and macro level
amalgamation
minority and majority groupd blend together via marriage to form a new group
scientific stage
moden physics, chemistry, sociology
Culture Scripts
modes of behavior and understanding that are not universal or natural, but that may strongly shape beliefs or concepts held by a society.
taboos
mores so strong that violation is considered extremely offensive and even unmentionable
social capital
network ties from our social capital; determined by size of network, strength of ties, diversity of ties
benefits
noncash compensation paid to employees, such as health insurance and pension plans. Also known as fringe benefits
recessive
not visible genetic trait
how groups are formed
number of people who identify and interact with one another.
Social Phenomena
observable facts or events that involve human society
moral panic
occurs when something is (mistakenly) defined as a threat to societal values characteristics-concerns, hostility, disproportionality
minimum wage
one possible cause of poverty so some want to increase it
sexism
one sex is superior that the other
Monogamy
one woman and one man are married only to each other (also gay couples)
Self- fulfilling stereotype
preconceived ideas of what someone is like that lead to the person behaving in ways that match the stereotype
primary v secondary deviance
primary is a social reaction theory, this refers to individuals' engagement in low-level offending, like speeding or experimenting with alcohol. Secondary is a social reaction theory, this refers to individuals' engagement in more serious forms of crime after they have been labeled and treated as criminals
World systems theory
prosperity or poverty of any country results from the operation of the global economic system Rich nations are the core of the world economy Low-income nations -periphery Middle income countries - semi-periphery World economy Benefits rich societies by generating profits Harms the rest of the world by causing poverty Makes poor nations dependent on rich ones
user generated media content
publicly shared media content produced by users (often amateurs) rather than media companies
Hegemony
refers to the impact of media on culture and how people and societies shape, and are shaped by, the dominant culture
social stratification
refers to the process wherby people are systematically ranked based on their acess to valued resources; can be open or closed, opne is based on achieved and closed is based on ascribed
gender role
refers to the socially prescribed behavorial pattern and expectations for and female
ideal culture
refers to values and standards of behavior that people in society profess to hold
stage of depression
remove themselves from society, can't enjoy day to day activities
salary
remuneration paid on a monthly or bimonthly basis and not directly tied to the number of hours worked
Identity Politics(rights and recognition)
rights: The ability to be fully American recognition: The ability to redefine what it means to be American
Max Weber
said there are three basic structures to society: political, cultural, and economic spheres. also showed how ideology shapes the economy
compensation
salaries or wages along with benefits paid to employees. Also known as total compensation
genetics
scientific study of heredity
Why did the divorces peak in that decade
second wave feminism, no fault divorce laws, age
body dysmorphia
seeing something about yourself that isn't true (thinking you're fatter than you really are)
gynocentricity
seeing the world from a female perspective
Cultural Lag
situation in which some aspects of the culture change less rapidly , or lag behind, other aspects of the same culture
institutions
social arrangements that channel behavior in prescribed ways in the important areas of social life
sexual assignment
social aspects of being male or female
interactionist theory
social construct, stereotypes reinforce ageism
race
socialli constructed category composed of people who share biologically transmitted traits that members of a society consider important
Status
socially defined position in a group or in a society -Team Captain
Sociological perspective
special point of view of sociology that see general patterns of society in the lives of particular people
Globalization of the media
spread American culture around the world. This has effects on culture, values, and ideas on others' behavior, and it has experienced a drop in popularity recently because of some American foreign policies.
human ecology
study of the relationship between people and their physical enviorment
Fashion
style of thinking, behavior, or appearance that is long-lasting/wide spread
Counterculture
subculture groups in opposition or contrast with majority of the members of society they want people to believe their interests
core nations
such as American , japan, Germany in world system theory
genocide
systematic annihilation of one category of people by another
genocide
systematic extermination of an ethnic group
Sociological imagination C. Wright Mills
task of sociology is to realize that individual circumstances are inextricably linked to the structure of society
socializing agents
teachers, parents, lawyers, etc...
assimilation
the "melting pot" for example
feudalism
the European caste system
sociological imagination
the ability to connect the most basic, intimate aspects of an individual's life to seemingly impersonal and remote historical forces; helps make familiar strange
Sociological Imagination
the ability to see the connection between the larger world and your personal life
sociological imagination
the ability to see the link between society and yourself
Culture Jamming
the act of turning media against themselves
feminism
the advocacy of social equality for the sexes in opposition to patriacrhy and sexism
life expectancy
the average number of years a baby born at any given year can expect to live
class consciousness
the awareness of one's rank in society
Cultural Relativism
the belief that cultures should be judged by their own standards rather than by applying the standards of another culture
social functions
the consequences of a social pattern for the operation of society as a whole
social gradient of health
the consistent finding that inequality and health are related, with those at the top of the social system being healthier and living longer than those at the bottom
Hegemony
the cultural aspects of social control whereby the ideas of the dominant group are accepted by all
embeddedness
the degree to which a tie is reinforced through indirect paths
division of labor
the division of work into a multiplicity of specialized occupational roles and tasks
metaphysical stage
the enlightenment and the ideas of Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau
conflict perspectives
the idea that conflict between competing interest is the basic, animating force of social change and society in general; sexual inequalities, gender inequalities
Control theory
the idea that two control systems (inner controls and outer controls) work against our tendencies to deviate.
Technology
the knowledge and tools that people use to manipulate their environment
reliability
the likelihood of obtaining consistent results using the same measure
human capital
the package of cognitive, physical and social skills of individual workers
symbolic interaction
the peculiar and distinctive character of interaction that takes place between human beings
culture relativism
the practice of judging a culture by its own standards
Internationalization
the process by which a norm become a part of an individual's personality, thus conditioning that individual to conform to society's expectation
social construction of reality
the process by which our perception of reality is largely shaped by the subjective meaning that we give to an experience
colonialism
the process by which some nations enrich themselves through political and economic control of other countries
operationalization
the process of assigning a precise method for measuring a term being examined for use in a particular study
primary sector
the sector of the economy centered on farming fishing, and other activities that produce material goods
Psychology
the social science that deals with the behavior and thinking of organisms
Social Network
the social ties radiating outward from the self that link people together.
Consumerism
the steady acquisition of material possessions, often with the beliefs that happiness and fulfillment can thus be achieved
sociology
the study of human society and social behavior the scientific study of social relationships, social institutions, and societies
History
the study of past events
positivist sociology
the study of society based on scientific observation of social behaviour
interpretive sociology
the study of society that focuses on discovering the meanings people attach the their social world
race-conflict theory
the study of society that focuses on inequality and conflict between people of different racial and ethnic categories
Critical sociology
the study of society that focuses on the need for social change
social epidemiology
the study of the causes and distribution of health, disease and impairment throughout a population
Economics
the study of the choices people make in an effort to satisfy their needs and wants
occupational segregation
the tendency of certain jobs to be predominantly filled on the basis of gender or according to race and ethnicity
Six Degrees
the theory that anyone on the plant can be connected to any person through a chain of acquaintance that is no more than 6
gender stratification
the unequal distrubuting of wealth, power, and privilege between men and women
latent functions
the unrecognized and unintended consequences of a social pattern
Global Connections
then: -Limited social interactions -International trade of natural and manufactured products -Empires -Local / imperial cultures now: -Faster / cheaper international travel, internet -Transnational corporations, out-sourcing -Supranational organizations -Cultural diversity / choice
order
theorist view society as competitive, stable, and fragmented, with a high degree of cooperation
conflict
theorists view society as competitive, fragmented, and unstable
conflict
theory looks at genedr inequality such as male domination in terms of eonomic inequality, emerge with the rise of private property
acquittal
to be found "innocent" of a crime
eviction
to be removed from your residence
rehabilitation
to change a behavior for the good
Verstehen
understanding of human behavior, interpretation necessary for understanding social action Max Weber
stereotypes reinforce ageism
unemployable, mentally incompetent, unintelligent, unattractive, asexual
discouraged workers
unemployed workers who have given up looking for jobs and hence are no longer counted as members of the labor force
cyclical unemployment
unemployment caused by cyclical downturns in the economy
structural unemployment
unemployment that is caused by basic changes in the economy
Social Stratification
unequal distribution of Power, Prestige, and Property
reforms
what one is attempting to do when using sociological studies as an applied science
language
words and symbols used to communicate most important characteristic of our species we can talk about past, present, future
underground economy
work that is illegal or designed to avoid the reporting of payments to government authorities such as tax collectors. Also known as the shadow economy
great depression
worldwide economic downturn in the period of 1929-1941, marked by failing businesses, low or at times negative economic growth, and widespread unemployment
Power
The ability to further one's interests and/or to make others conform to one's will
Role Performance
The actual role behavior -doesn't have to match the behavior expected by society
Ascription
The allocation of roles and status on the basis of fixed characteristics eg. On the basis of gender or what family they're born into
Ethnocentrism
The belief that ones own culture or group is superior to others
Individual Culture
The capacity of the individual to produce, absorb, and control the elements of collective culture
Self
The human capacity of being able to see ouselves from the inside
Reflection theory
The idea that culture is a projection of social structures and relationships into the public sphere, a screen onto which the film of the underlying reality or social structures of a society is projected
segregation
The physical and social separation of categories of people Segregation enforces separation that harms a minority de jure segregation (by law - has reduced) de facto segregation (in fact) - Continues in the US - neighborhoods - Livonia MI - 92% white Hypersegregation Having little contact of any kind with people beyond the local community
Consumerism
The steady acquisition of material possessions, often with the belief that happiness and fulfillment can thus be achieved
Psychology
The study of behavior and mental processes.
Sociology
The study of human social behavior from a group perspective.
Sociology
The systematic or scientific study of human society and social behavior, from large scale institutions and mass culture to small groups and individual interactions
Functional analysis
Theoretcial fram work in which society is viewed as composed of carious parts
Verstehen
To have jnsight into someones situation
Objectivity
Value neutrality and research
A theoretical perspective
a set of assumptions about an area of study, in this case about the workings of society, viewed as true by its supports and it helps them organize their research
social network
a set of relations held together by ties between individuals
Group
a setoff people who interact on the basis of shared expectations and who possess some degree of common identity
structural social mobility
a shift in the social position of large numbers of people due more to changes in society itself than to individuals efforts
Triad
a three-person group
approaches to medical treatment
curative, preventive, palliative
cyberbullying
electronic forms of bullying
folkways
everyday customs that may be violated without serious consequences within a particular culture
Primary economy
extraction of naturl resources such as farming, mining, fihing and lumbering
subculture
extreme body-piercing or motorcycle gangs for two examples
Narcissism
extreme self-centeredness
Functionalist Perspective on divorce
family contributes to society's stability, reproduction, protection, socialization, provision of social status
industrialization decreased
family size
applied
family, school, religion, work, and health care
matriarchy
female controlled society
the thoery of comeplemetary roles
female roile and mae rile are complimentart to each other in the human efforts to survive
Occupational Inequalities
female-types jobs <-> lower-status jobs
androgyny
feminine and masculine sides combined
schole
greek word=leisure, most apt to seek out education was upper class male historically, was made available to those people, by the year 1918 all 50 states had mandatory education laws, could drop out when kids attend school up until 8th grade or turn 16, influx of immigrants and the hope with the mandatory education law to assimilate immigrants into the English language, hispanic americans dropout rates are still increasing
assimilation
groups blended together in terms of cultire and achieve economin/ poltical parity
Voluntary associations
groups made up of volunteers who organize on the basis of some mutual interest.
Sunrise / Sunset
growing or declining industries(we care because people lose jobs)
conventional social wisdom
ideas that people assume are true
white collar crime
illegal acts, punishable by criminal sanctions, committed in the course of legitimate occupations or by corporations
Manifest
intended function
Secondary group
interaction is impersonal and temporary, never know who will be here or who will leave ex: Co-workers
Exchange
interaction undertaken in an effort to receive and award or a retiring for their actions
dramaturgy
interaction=performance
secondary economy
jobs that turn raw materials into usable/saleable goods: manufacturing
False Consciousness
karl marx called this the lack of consiocness, workers mistankenly identify with the powerful and accept what the domination class want them to believe
class consciousness
karl marx, delevoped idea, awarmeness of your class position and identifying with people who are in the same class position
anticipatory socialization
knowledge and skills learned for future roles
relative poverty
lack of needs to live a "decent" life
baby boom echo
large cohort following behind 20 years of the baby boom
resocialization
learning new set of attitudes, values, and behaviors
quiet racism
less hate, more uneasiness around other groups
endogamy
marriage within your ethnic group
exogamy
marrying outside ones own social group - immediate nuclear family, clan, tribe Rule usually entails incest taboos
endogamy
marrying within one's own group-same class, racial/ethnic, religion.
absolute poverty
minimum food or shelter to maintain life
Culture Scripts
modes of behavior and understanding that are not universal or natural
I
one's sense of agency, action, or power
single because
postpone marriage, cohabitation, life expectancy, remarriage
ethnicity
refers to the cultural differeces between groups such as customs traditions and values but also refers to the sense of peoplehood
High Culture
reflect "culture" of the elite
Master Status
social identity as defined by your ethnicity
what does sociology do?
study humans social lives, activities, interactions, processes, and organizations within the context of larger social, political, and economic forces
global perspective
study of the larger world and our societys place in it
conservative social movements
the "alt-right", issues of ideology(war on christmas, nativism, mens rights, trolling)
Iron Law of Oligarchy
the tendency of organizations to become increasingly dominated by small groups of people
Global Independence
A relationship in which the lives of all people are intertwined closely and any one nation's problems are part of a larger global problem
Midrange Theory
A theory that attempts to predict how certain social institutions tend to function
Reflexivity
Analyzing and critically considering our own role in and effect on our research- A researcher in the room
Sigmund freud
Austrian neurologist now known as the father of psycoanalysis
Theoretical Perspectives: Marx
Bourgeoisie: Would keep manufacturing despite: -Exploitation of workers -Depletion of resources -> Instability proletariat: -Shared experience leads to "class consciousness" ->Revolution
Qualitative Methods
Cannot be converted to numeric form
Sexism
Common:Prejudice against women Sociological:Structural inequalities that impact women, which may be justified by prejudice
Non verbal interaction
Communication w/out words
Benefits of fast food
Creates spaces for young couples, women Improved sanitation(bathrooms and recycling)
Theoretical Perspectives of modernization
Durkheim:"Mechanical solidarity" Smaller populations People very similar No division of labor Religious Marx:Class struggle Slavery Master vs. slave Feudalism Nobility vs. serfs
How does mansplaining impact both men and women's perceptions of women's credibility?
Evn most educated women not taken seriously, used in conjunction with domains with men stereotypes(STEM), if one man mansplaining other men doubt woman's credibility -> women start to doubt themselves
uniform crime report
FBI statistics
George herbert mead
Founders of symbolic interactionalism
theories of prejudice- scapegoat
SCAPEGOAT THEORY Prejudice springs from frustration among people who are themselves disadvantaged SCAPEGOAT A person or category of people, typically with little power, whom other people unfairly blame for their own troubles Minorities often are used as scapegoats They have little power Usually are "safe targets"
Organic Solidarity
The impersonal social relationships that arise with increase job specialization, in which individuals can no longer provide for all their own needs
Operationalization
The process of assigning a precise method for measuring a term being examined for use in a particular study
C wright mills
Urged society to push for reform or loss of freedom will be the consequence
neocoloniliasm
a new form of global power relationship that involves not direct political control, but economic exploitation by multinational corporations, is a more seriuos problem
status
a recognizable position that an individual occupies
deterrence
a relationship to keep someone from committing an act such as capital punishment to stop one from committing murder
inductive approach
a research approach that starts with empirical observations and then works to form a theory
social disorganization
a theory that links crime rates to neighborhood ecological characteristics; poverty, residential mobility, and racial heterogeneity
mainfest function
an intended function, socialization, cultural transmission, the hidden curriculum, credentialism
disclaimer
assertion before the fact designed to preserve your identity. ex. No offense, but
fundamental attribution error
attribute others bad behavior to internal factors
stage of acceptance
come to terms with reality, live out their final time
Culture Shock
coming into contact with a radically different culture that challenges our basic assumptions
sexual harrassment
comments, gestures, or physical contact of a sexual nature that is delibrat e, repeated and unwlecome
heritage
common ideology shared by tribal members
social aging
cultural expectations (norms, values, roles)
ethnicity
cultural heritage
divorce rates have decreased or increased
decreased
What problems might arise as transnational monopolies develop?
decreasing gov regulation, increase in economic issues
stereotypes
exaggerated descriptions applied to evert person in some category
mongoloid
explained as the Asian race
theoretical
facts gathered by the three previous types of questions, but dive deeper by asking why
palliative
focus on quality of life, pain relief
Manifest
obvious/ you can see
fee for service
payment to physician for diagnosis/treatment
cultural leveling
process of cultures becoming similar as a result of factors such as media and globalization
material
refers to physical objects within a culture
prejudice
rigids and irrational generalization about an entire category of people
segregation
social and physical integration of the races
Humphries
tea rooms
colonialism
the direct claim of land and resources of the poorer nations
role
the duties and behaviors expected of someone who holds a particular status
role strain
the incompatibility among roles corresponding to a single status
dysfunctional
the possible result of an abused child when they reach adulthood
Quantitative Research
translates the social world into numbers
institutions arise from
uncoordinated actions of multitudes of individuals over time
Qualitative Research
works with non-numerical data such as text, field notes, interview transcripts, photographs, and tape recordings
Popular Concerns in US
"Illegal" Immigration Visa / Green Card Fraud Border crossing Job Competition Impact on Social Systems Taxes Cultural Change Language "taco trucks on every corner" Security Terrorism
Triad
- A group of 3 people.
Comes three stages of society
1.) Theological 2.) Metaphysical 3.) Scientific
Reconstituted family
A family remade by blending two families together
Intervening Variable
A third Variable, sometimes overlooked, that explains the relationship between two other variables
Transitional older years
An emerging stage of life course between 65-75
Equality of Outcome
Each player must end up with the same amount regardless of the fairness of the "game"
Peace of Westphalia (1648)
Ends Thirty-Years War Before: Feudal regions with fuzzy border regions (marches) Continual conquest After: Beginning of nation-state concept Independence movements (1800-1900s) "Westphalian System" Self-determination Non-intervention Nation-state as basis of law
Material Culture
Everything that is a part of our constructed, physical environment, including technology
W. E. B. Du Bois (1868-1963)
Founded the second sociology dept One of the first to note the identity conflict of being both a black and an American. Pointed out that people in the U.S. support values of democracy, freedom, and equality while they accept racism and group discrimination. Helped found-National Ass. For the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
Ego
Freuds term for a balance between Id and demands of society
housework
Housework presents a cultural contradiction in the U.S. Essential for family life Little rewards for doing it In U.S. and around the world Care of home and children are "women's work" Labor force reduced the amount of housework but the share done by women remains the same
Norms
How value tells us to behave
Norms
How values tell us to act
Three major functions of religious beliefs
It provides social cohesion to help maintain social solidarity through shared rituals It enforces religious based morals and norms to maintain conformity. It offers meaning and purpose answer any existential questions
Ethocentricism
Judging another culture/ group by ones own standards
Role Expectation
Socially demanding behaviors expected of a person performing a role ex: Parents providing emotional security for their children Police uphold the law
Cultural Leveling
The process by which Cultures that were once unique and distinct become increasingly similar