Sociology Test 2

What do sociologists consider to be "The strength of weak ties"

Weak ties provide benefits strong ties do not, Weak ties provide access to valuable information

Give examples of income and wealth

Income- Social Security Checks, A retired worker's pension Wealth- Stocks/Bonds, Money in a 401 K account, Equity in an owner-occupied home

Free Rider Problem

Someone in a group sees that there are smart people so therefore the person doesn't have to do any work because the smart people will do all of the work

Dialectic

Hegel came up with this, used to describe a method of philosophical argument that involves some sort of contradictory process between opposing sides.

What is the observed effect of race-based affirmative action?

Increased Stratification within racial groups

Primary Deviance

Initial stage in defining deviant behavior

What are some examples of how a Hate Group spreads their word?

Internet, Music, Video Games

Broken Windows Theory

Signs of broken windows in environment more likely to have graffiti happen or crime. Signs of trash on the floor if you dropped something you wouldn't want to pick it up since the area around you is already trashed

Informal Social Control

Social control processes, Ways we put pressure on people to behave the way we want them to. Cutting line at Starbucks, "someone would say hey did you see that person cut line so rude"

Merton Strain Theory

Society puts pressure on people to achieve socially accepted goals (The American Dream)

Debbie Schlussel

Columist, (Gang Sexual Assault) Blamed the Woman who got raped as her own fault for being there when she knew of the consequences that could happen

Examples of Informal Behavior Sanction

A paramedic shouts at a patient to slow down in the hospital parking lot An adult scowls and shakes her head at a child, not hers, playing roughly in a store aisle with toys pulled off the shelves

Examples of Formal Behavior Sanction

A parent explains to a child that the law requires kids to go to school A police officer directs traffic near the venue of a major sporting event

Innovation Accept, Reject Goals/Means?

Accept Goals, Reject means (Cheat their way into college, Forge transcript)

Conformity Accept, Reject Goals/Means?

Accept both Goals/Means

Panopticon

All-Seeing Jail Cell

Deviance

An action or behavior that violates social norms, including a formally enacted rule, as well as informal violations of social norms. Makes a lot of money for people, Its fun

Hate Group

An organization that based on its official statements or principles has beliefs or practices that attack or malign an entire class of people. (KKK)

Howard S. Becker

Applied labeling theory to the question how deviance begins

Erving Goffman

Applied social interactionist theory to the dynamics of total institutions

George Simmel

Associated with dyad and triad

Mechanical Solidarity

Bound together based on shared Values/Experiences. Know each others parents, went to the same school

In Group

People with power

Pamela Geller

Stop Islamization of America

Proletariat

The working class

Normative Conformity

We do what others want because we want to make a good impression

Wealth

an abundance of valuable possessions or money

Deterrent Theory

Stop deviance by making penalties higher

Tuman Rebuttal to Davis and Moore

Don't think systems go off of smartness, but on social class or parents

C Wright Mills

A Bunch of people at the top of their Institution have a lot in common. Is that a problem? There is no real checks/balances "Power Elite"

What are the distinguishing features of a symbolic interactionist theory of social deviance?

A focus on individual psychology rather than the social dynamics of large populations and a recognition of the impact of assigning labels to behaviors and to people

What is a main problem with basing affirmative action on class rather than race?

Class can be more easily faked than race

3 Main Aspects of Stratification

Class, Status, Power

Social Mobility

Deals with your status, esteem, what people think of you, ability to change social class

Robert Merton

Developed strain theory as a functionalist account of social deviance

Identify the factors that explain Africa's lag behind the rest of the world in social and economic development, according to Columbia University's Jeffrey Sachs.

Disease-Related Factors, Geographic and climatological factors, the alter effects of colonialism

Class system

Earning power can go up

Ontological Equality

Everyone equal under God

Equality of Outcome

Everyone gets the same rewards regardless of the starting point

Matthew F. Hale

Feldhaus knew him, Minorities taking over white families (Church of the Creator)

Organic Solidarity

Financial or mutual dependence on each other, Grocery clerk depending on you buying their goods to pay their check, were dependent on having goods to purchase

Which items, according to Jeffrey Sachs, are most necessary for rapidly lowering birthrates in a developing nation?

Free contraception and other health services, Girls Education

Davis and Moore

Have to have stratification, Entices the best/brightest to do the most important jobs

Equality of Opportunity example

Law mandates that young people in the United States attend school (or be homeschooled) until their late teens

Estate System

Limited social mobility

Structural Mobility

Occurs when social changes affect large numbers of people. ($, position in organization)

Emile Durkheim

Offered a functionalist theory of the causes of suicide. Religion in suicide, thought Protestants more likely to commit suicide, less closely bonded socially

Thinkers of the Scottish Enlightenment, such as Adam Ferguson and John Millar, believed that private property was a beneficial institution. What was their reasoning?

People are more productive when they are able to keep what they produce

Out Group

People without power, therefore not respected

Identify each trait as being characteristic of either the proletariat or the capitalists in Marx's economic theory. (Earn money by selling their labor, Earn money by taking share of their profits, Want to see wages go down, Want to see wages go up, Control the assets used for production)

Proletariat- Earn money by selling their labor, Want to see wages go up Bourgeoisie (Capitalists)- Want to see wages go down, Earn money by taking share of their profits, Control the assets used for production

Embeddedness

Reinforced through indirect paths within a social network. Multiple Ties, If one friendship ends still in that main group because you are embedded

Ritualism Accept, Reject Goals/Means?

Reject Goals, Accept means (College is dumb but follow path anyway)

Retreatism Accept, Reject Goals/Means?

Reject Goals, Accept means (Not care/Bother)

Rebellion Accept, Reject Goals/Means?

Reject Goals, Substitute new idea for the means

Caste System

Rigid, you're born into your caste

In labeling theory, what is the difference between primary deviance and secondary deviance?

Secondary deviance is an eventual effect of primary deviance, where deviance begins.

Equality of Outcome example

The "guaranteed minimum income" proposal would provide every family with a standard income they could live on comfortably, regardless of employment status or education

Equality of condition example

The "independent living proposal" provides training, services, and benefits to youth who were in foster care in the past but are now legally adults. This helps them get jobs and learn to live independently

Bourgeoisie

The capitalist (Owners) class

Equality of Opportunity

The idea that everyone has an equal chance to achieve wealth, social prestige, and power because the rules are the same for everyone

Equality of Condition

The idea that everyone should have an equal starting point

What is Max Weber's definition of social status based on?

The lifestyle one is seen as leading

How, according to Conley, does the deviant member of a society end up contributing to the strengthening of the social fabric?

The other members of the group join together in order to punish and/or rehabilitate the offender. The deviant member publicly reminds everyone of the line between what is acceptable and what is not

Secondary Deviance

The process of a deviant identity, (If someone thinks I'm a bad person mine as well be a bad person)

Zimbardo

Thought Context can influence good/bad behavior. Context of experiment made bad decisions of prison guards.

Punitive Sanction

To enact vengeance on the wrongdoer

Restitutive Sanction

To restore the status quo that existed before the offense

Rehabilitative Sanction

To transform the wrongdoer into a productive member of society

Identify the actions that would reduce crime, according to differential opportunity theory

Tougher penalties for felonies and increased returns on legitimate work

Hate Group (Changes in Imagery)

Traditionally they tried to inspire fear. Now they look for respect and sympathy. Spokespeople are educated/polished. More focus on all "Positives"

Hate Group (Changes in Targets)

Traditionally was catholics, jews, and minorities Now most recent edition is gays/lesbians muslims, gov't abortion providers, (More focus on immigrants post 911)

Structural Hole

Want Information to flow around but something prevents it from getting around. (Want internship here at BU but advisor isn't that well connected unlike someone else in your department)

Reciprocity

When someone does something for you, you do something of equal or greater value back

Informative Conformity

When we don't know what to do we follow others

Multiplex Ties (Strong Ties)

Where people are connected in more than one way

Formal Social Control

Written rules, Written out legal system you may do this, but you can't do this

Income

money received, especially on a regular basis, for work or through investments.