Sociology Test 2
What do sociologists consider to be "The strength of weak ties"
Weak ties provide benefits strong ties do not, Weak ties provide access to valuable information
Give examples of income and wealth
Income- Social Security Checks, A retired worker's pension Wealth- Stocks/Bonds, Money in a 401 K account, Equity in an owner-occupied home
Free Rider Problem
Someone in a group sees that there are smart people so therefore the person doesn't have to do any work because the smart people will do all of the work
Dialectic
Hegel came up with this, used to describe a method of philosophical argument that involves some sort of contradictory process between opposing sides.
What is the observed effect of race-based affirmative action?
Increased Stratification within racial groups
Primary Deviance
Initial stage in defining deviant behavior
What are some examples of how a Hate Group spreads their word?
Internet, Music, Video Games
Broken Windows Theory
Signs of broken windows in environment more likely to have graffiti happen or crime. Signs of trash on the floor if you dropped something you wouldn't want to pick it up since the area around you is already trashed
Informal Social Control
Social control processes, Ways we put pressure on people to behave the way we want them to. Cutting line at Starbucks, "someone would say hey did you see that person cut line so rude"
Merton Strain Theory
Society puts pressure on people to achieve socially accepted goals (The American Dream)
Debbie Schlussel
Columist, (Gang Sexual Assault) Blamed the Woman who got raped as her own fault for being there when she knew of the consequences that could happen
Examples of Informal Behavior Sanction
A paramedic shouts at a patient to slow down in the hospital parking lot An adult scowls and shakes her head at a child, not hers, playing roughly in a store aisle with toys pulled off the shelves
Examples of Formal Behavior Sanction
A parent explains to a child that the law requires kids to go to school A police officer directs traffic near the venue of a major sporting event
Innovation Accept, Reject Goals/Means?
Accept Goals, Reject means (Cheat their way into college, Forge transcript)
Conformity Accept, Reject Goals/Means?
Accept both Goals/Means
Panopticon
All-Seeing Jail Cell
Deviance
An action or behavior that violates social norms, including a formally enacted rule, as well as informal violations of social norms. Makes a lot of money for people, Its fun
Hate Group
An organization that based on its official statements or principles has beliefs or practices that attack or malign an entire class of people. (KKK)
Howard S. Becker
Applied labeling theory to the question how deviance begins
Erving Goffman
Applied social interactionist theory to the dynamics of total institutions
George Simmel
Associated with dyad and triad
Mechanical Solidarity
Bound together based on shared Values/Experiences. Know each others parents, went to the same school
In Group
People with power
Pamela Geller
Stop Islamization of America
Proletariat
The working class
Normative Conformity
We do what others want because we want to make a good impression
Wealth
an abundance of valuable possessions or money
Deterrent Theory
Stop deviance by making penalties higher
Tuman Rebuttal to Davis and Moore
Don't think systems go off of smartness, but on social class or parents
C Wright Mills
A Bunch of people at the top of their Institution have a lot in common. Is that a problem? There is no real checks/balances "Power Elite"
What are the distinguishing features of a symbolic interactionist theory of social deviance?
A focus on individual psychology rather than the social dynamics of large populations and a recognition of the impact of assigning labels to behaviors and to people
What is a main problem with basing affirmative action on class rather than race?
Class can be more easily faked than race
3 Main Aspects of Stratification
Class, Status, Power
Social Mobility
Deals with your status, esteem, what people think of you, ability to change social class
Robert Merton
Developed strain theory as a functionalist account of social deviance
Identify the factors that explain Africa's lag behind the rest of the world in social and economic development, according to Columbia University's Jeffrey Sachs.
Disease-Related Factors, Geographic and climatological factors, the alter effects of colonialism
Class system
Earning power can go up
Ontological Equality
Everyone equal under God
Equality of Outcome
Everyone gets the same rewards regardless of the starting point
Matthew F. Hale
Feldhaus knew him, Minorities taking over white families (Church of the Creator)
Organic Solidarity
Financial or mutual dependence on each other, Grocery clerk depending on you buying their goods to pay their check, were dependent on having goods to purchase
Which items, according to Jeffrey Sachs, are most necessary for rapidly lowering birthrates in a developing nation?
Free contraception and other health services, Girls Education
Davis and Moore
Have to have stratification, Entices the best/brightest to do the most important jobs
Equality of Opportunity example
Law mandates that young people in the United States attend school (or be homeschooled) until their late teens
Estate System
Limited social mobility
Structural Mobility
Occurs when social changes affect large numbers of people. ($, position in organization)
Emile Durkheim
Offered a functionalist theory of the causes of suicide. Religion in suicide, thought Protestants more likely to commit suicide, less closely bonded socially
Thinkers of the Scottish Enlightenment, such as Adam Ferguson and John Millar, believed that private property was a beneficial institution. What was their reasoning?
People are more productive when they are able to keep what they produce
Out Group
People without power, therefore not respected
Identify each trait as being characteristic of either the proletariat or the capitalists in Marx's economic theory. (Earn money by selling their labor, Earn money by taking share of their profits, Want to see wages go down, Want to see wages go up, Control the assets used for production)
Proletariat- Earn money by selling their labor, Want to see wages go up Bourgeoisie (Capitalists)- Want to see wages go down, Earn money by taking share of their profits, Control the assets used for production
Embeddedness
Reinforced through indirect paths within a social network. Multiple Ties, If one friendship ends still in that main group because you are embedded
Ritualism Accept, Reject Goals/Means?
Reject Goals, Accept means (College is dumb but follow path anyway)
Retreatism Accept, Reject Goals/Means?
Reject Goals, Accept means (Not care/Bother)
Rebellion Accept, Reject Goals/Means?
Reject Goals, Substitute new idea for the means
Caste System
Rigid, you're born into your caste
In labeling theory, what is the difference between primary deviance and secondary deviance?
Secondary deviance is an eventual effect of primary deviance, where deviance begins.
Equality of Outcome example
The "guaranteed minimum income" proposal would provide every family with a standard income they could live on comfortably, regardless of employment status or education
Equality of condition example
The "independent living proposal" provides training, services, and benefits to youth who were in foster care in the past but are now legally adults. This helps them get jobs and learn to live independently
Bourgeoisie
The capitalist (Owners) class
Equality of Opportunity
The idea that everyone has an equal chance to achieve wealth, social prestige, and power because the rules are the same for everyone
Equality of Condition
The idea that everyone should have an equal starting point
What is Max Weber's definition of social status based on?
The lifestyle one is seen as leading
How, according to Conley, does the deviant member of a society end up contributing to the strengthening of the social fabric?
The other members of the group join together in order to punish and/or rehabilitate the offender. The deviant member publicly reminds everyone of the line between what is acceptable and what is not
Secondary Deviance
The process of a deviant identity, (If someone thinks I'm a bad person mine as well be a bad person)
Zimbardo
Thought Context can influence good/bad behavior. Context of experiment made bad decisions of prison guards.
Punitive Sanction
To enact vengeance on the wrongdoer
Restitutive Sanction
To restore the status quo that existed before the offense
Rehabilitative Sanction
To transform the wrongdoer into a productive member of society
Identify the actions that would reduce crime, according to differential opportunity theory
Tougher penalties for felonies and increased returns on legitimate work
Hate Group (Changes in Imagery)
Traditionally they tried to inspire fear. Now they look for respect and sympathy. Spokespeople are educated/polished. More focus on all "Positives"
Hate Group (Changes in Targets)
Traditionally was catholics, jews, and minorities Now most recent edition is gays/lesbians muslims, gov't abortion providers, (More focus on immigrants post 911)
Structural Hole
Want Information to flow around but something prevents it from getting around. (Want internship here at BU but advisor isn't that well connected unlike someone else in your department)
Reciprocity
When someone does something for you, you do something of equal or greater value back
Informative Conformity
When we don't know what to do we follow others
Multiplex Ties (Strong Ties)
Where people are connected in more than one way
Formal Social Control
Written rules, Written out legal system you may do this, but you can't do this
Income
money received, especially on a regular basis, for work or through investments.