Sociology Test 2

group cohesiveness

"glue" that holds groups together

a reference group

A 28 year old woman is on the verge of a big promotion at work. Because she did not finish college until she was 25, she wonders about getting her career moving, especially since the entry-level job that she has is not impressive. She decides to attend her 10-year high school reunion only if she is promoted. If her old high school classmates have this effect on her, what kind of group do they represent?

Emilie Durkham

Group membership prevents a state of normlessness.

innovator

In the movie Office Space, the character Peter Gibbons spends much of the movie trying to find unconventional and even illegal ways of making more money. According to Robert Merton's typology of adaptations, into which category does Peter fit?

Sherry Turkle

Societies value technology over relationships.

reference group

When a group provides standards by which a person evaluates his own personal attributes (group effects what you do)

early in life until adulthood

When does primary socialization take place?

takes place throughout life (lifelong process)

When does secondary socialization take place?

primary groups

intimate connections; family or close friends

secondary groups

less intimate connections; co-workers or a classroom/classmates

socialization

lifelong process by which people learn the norms, values, and beliefs of their culture

role strain

occurs when there are contradictory expectations within one single role a person plays

category

people have something in common but are not connected in any other way (all eighteen year olds)

aggregates

people in a certain crowd

group

people who have something in common

game stage

stage where children play organized games and take on the perspective of the generalized other (final stage)

embodied status

status related to our physical selves (such as beauty or disability)

ascribed status

status we are born with, unlikely to change (gender, race)

achieved status

status we have earned, worked for

Asch's study

the first conformity study; the 3-line test

role

the set of behaviors expected from a particular status position

play stage

the stage after age 3 when children pretend or play at being "mommy," "firefighter," "princess," or "doctor"

master status

a status that seems to override all others in our identities

personal front

A waitress is hired at the local branch of La Maison de la Casa House, and on her first day, she is given strict instructions to always wear black pants with a white shirt, to never carry a notepad, and to always address customers as "sir" or "madam." All of these things are elements of:

as a way of targeting groups who threaten society's elites

According to conflict theory, why are vagrancy laws passed?

category

All left handed people in the US would be classified as an:

what is considered deviant changes over time

Although branding is no longer used as a form of punishment in the US, some subcultures have adopted it as a form of body art. This demonstrates that:

Robert Putnam

Americans have drastically reduced their levels of civic engagement over time.

most mental capacities, and even perhaps the ability to think, are learned through social interaction

Children growing up in extreme isolation proves that:

feral

Children raised without human interaction or with a minimum of human contact are referred to as ___ children.

impression management

Erving Goffman theorized social life as a kind of game in which we work to control the impressions others have of us. What did Goffman call this process?

A crowd doesn't necessarily feel a shared identity.

How do sociologists distinguish a group from a crowd?

through weak ties

How does info primarily travel through society?

The rules are applied unequally, and those with power or influence are punished much less harshly

If an upper-middle-class white college student is sentenced to rehab for the same drug crime that a lower-class black man is sentenced to jail for committing, what might a conflict theorist conclude about deviance?

the looking-glass self

Imagine a child who gets mediocre grades and is picked last for a team when games are played at recess. He likes to make jokes and pranks, and notices that people laugh when he does those things. The child starts to think that other people are laughing with him, not at him. This is:

in the play stage

Susie isn't old enough to go to school yet, but she loves to play house. She has a toy stove and pretends to be a mother. Sometimes, when that gets boring, she goes outside, takes a garden hose, and pretends to be a firefighter. George Herbert Mead would say that she is:

secondary deviance

The Saints and the Roughnecks example is an example of

groups have great power to induce conformity

The Solomon Arch experiment, in which a group of subjects were asked to compare the length of lines, demonstrated that:

the complex interaction between heredity traits and social learning

The nature vs nurture debate helps us understand:

backstage

The same waitress drops her professional/cheery temperament and cusses like a sailor once she is back in the kitchen. Example of:

group cohesion

The sense of solidarity, or team spirit, that an individual feels toward their group is called:

instrumental leaders

What are leaders called whose personal style makes them more task- or goal- oriented and less concerned with feelings?

ACTIVE PROCESS

What kind of process is socialization?

groupthink

What sort of group dynamic may have led officials at NASA to ignore warnings and launch the space shuttle Challenger, which exploded shortly after take-off?

primary groups

What type of group provides most of our emotional satisfaction?

violations of social norms

Which would sociologists consider the best definition of deviance?

Charles Cooley

Who made the process of "the looking-glass self?"

George Herbert Mead

Who made up the "play" and "game" stage?

social self

Without social interaction, humans cannot develop a ____.

status

a position in a social hierarchy that comes with a set of expectations (professor, parent, class clown, etc.)

role conflict

a situation in which two or more roles have contradictory expectations (football player taking off to be a dad and being criticized)

Milgram

conducted a conformity study that used a laboratory setting to test the lengths to which ordinary people would follow orders from a legitimate authority figure; test with the teacher, learner, and an experimenter

emotional cohesiveness

emotional connections or feelings holds group together

expressive needs

emotional needs; love and care

family, school, peers, mass media

examples of agents of socialization

preparatory stage

first stage; children mimic or imitate others

Instrumental needs

goal-based needs; not really emotional

task cohesiveness

groups that are held together by a common goal (sports team coming together to work out)

groupthink

in very cohesive groups, the tendency to enforce a high degree of conformity among members, creating a demand for unanimous agreement

I

inner self, creative, subjective, engages in action; the ACTOR

looking glass self

seeing ourselves as we BELIEVE others see us

me

what others think you should be; buffer, looks at society and says you should or shouldn't