Sociology test two

What is Structural Functionalism Theory?

Groups that function to create cohesion and social stability within their members

Status

A position in a social hierarchy that carries a particular set of expectations

What is a crowd?

A temporary gathering of people in a public place-members do not identify with one another, might interact and will not remain in contact.

Which concept refers to a state of normlessness that is kept in check by group membership?

Anomie-Term used to describe the alienation and loss of purpose that result from weaker social bonds.

Bureaucracies are?

Are designed to preform tasks efficiently, and they approach their tasks, whatever they are, with calculations designed deliberately to meet their goals.

Expressions given

Are typically verbal and intended

Traditional Authority is?

Authority based in custom, birthright or divine right

Charismatic Authority is?

Authority based in the perception of remarkable qualities in a leader

Legal rational Authority is?

Authority based on rules, laws and procedures

According to Émile Durkheim, which of the following are functions that deviance performs?

Can help classify moral boundaries Can promote social cohesion

Which of the following principles were explained in Nicholas Christakis and James Fowler's 2009 work on social networks?

Connection and Contagion

Who coined the term "anomie"?

Emile Durkheim

Results from the Twenty Statements Test (TST) over the past sixty years suggest that Americans' self-images have changed very little over time. True or False

False

The term "deviant" refers to a moral, not a social, judgment True or false?

False, Sociologist always refer to a social judgment when using the term deviant.

What is symbolic interaction theory?

Group norms, values, and dynamics are generated situationally, while interacting with other members. The pressure to conform may cause someone to do something they never thought they would in a negative way or positive way.

What is tertiary deviance?

Is when a person who has been labeled a deviant seeks to normalize the behavior by relabeling it as nondeviant

What, in a nutshell, does the dramaturgical theory of society say about human life?

Life is essentially a play, we are like actors on a stage whose performance strategies aid in impression management

Who developed the TST as a way of measuring self concept?

Manfred Kuhn

Which international business chain is referenced by George Ritzer's theory of spreading bureaucratic rationalization and increased efficiency?

Mcdonalds

Centrality

Network analysis term that means an actor with the most ties in a given network is what gives it powerful influence.

On which side of the nature versus nurture debate do sociologists generally land?

Nurture

Which researcher assigned research subjects to play either a prisoner or a guard for a two-week mock-prison simulation.

Philip Zimbardo

Coercive power is?

Power that is packed by force

Robert Putnam argues what about keeping anomie at bay?

That we no longer practice the type of civic engagement that builds democratic community. EX- being part of clubs such as Boy Scouts, participating in habitat for humanity events.

What is agency

The ability of an individual to act freely and independently.

Power is?

The ability to control the actions of others

Backstage

The place where we rehearse and prepare for our performances

Define Socilization

The process through which an individual learns to fit into a society and internalize its beliefs, norms, and values, learning to function as its members.

What type of compliance is Internalization?

The strongest type of conformity- It is long-lasting where a person adopt the beliefs of a leader or group as their own.

Deterrence is an approach to punishment that relies on what?

The threat of harsh penalties

Expressions given off

Typically non verbal like an eye roll or a nod. may be intended or unintended.

According to the symbolic interactionist George Herbert Mead, the generalized other is:

an understanding of the rules that govern a network of different players in related roles.

Social psychologists have determined that social influence produces what there kinds of compliance?

conformity, Identification and internalization

Role Strain

experienced when there are contradictory expectations within one role.

Role conflict

experienced when we occupy two or more roles with contradictory expectations

Arlie Hochschild's 1983 research on emotion work focused on people in two professions: bill collectors and ___________.

flight attendants

Incapacitation is an approach to punishment that seeks to protect society by what?

imprisoning or executing criminals.

If adolescents share ___________ with others, they are most likely to form peer subcultures with them.

interestes

What is a category

people who share one or more attributes but who lack a sense of common identity or belonging

Contagion refers to what?

refers to what flows through social ties.

What is in-group orientation?

rejects the prevailing judgments that marks its members as deviant.

Retribution is an approach that emphasizes what?

revenge for the crime

What is the looking glass self?

the notion that the self develops through our perception of others evaluations and appraisals of us.

Role

the set of behaviors expected of someone because of his or her status

Lana was always spoiled during her youth. As an only child, she was lavished with praise and gifts from her parents. Unfortunately, they died when Lana was in college, and since then, Lana has remained single and has made no close friends. Her contact with other family members is limited.By virtue of her limited group membership, which of these concepts is Lana is more likely to experience? weak-ties, groupthink, anomie, social-loafing?

anomie

What is a status

A positions in a social hierarchy that carries a set of expectations.

What is Conflict Theory?

An individual may be treated differently or prejudicially based on his or her group membership.

What is Deviance Avowal?

A person identifies as deviant and inmates their own labeling process.

The difference between role strain and role conflict is that role strain is about the competing demands imposed by a___________ , while role conflict is about competing demands imposed by______________ . A worker struggling to decide what task to get done first is experiencing role ___________. A worker having to leave work early to care for a sick child is experiencing role _____________.

single status different statuses strain conflict

An employee at the local Department of Motor Vehicles puts in an eight-hour shift and then goes to a local bar and grill to celebrate a co-worker's birthday. What aspect of bureaucracy does this situation highlight?

interpersonal interactions help to humanize bureaucracies.

What is stereotype threat?

is a kind of self-fulfilling prophecy in which the fear of performing poorly—and confirming stereotypes about their social groups—causes individuals to perform poorly.

Expressive leadership

leaders that are more concerned with maintaining harmony within a group

nature vs nurture what is the difference

nature- the believe that behavioral traits can be explained by genetics Nurture- The believe that human behavior is learned and shaped through social interaction

What is a reference group?

A group that provides a standard of comparison against which we can evaluate ourselves.

What is the saturated self?

A postmodern idea that the self is now developed by multiple influences chosen from a wide range of media sources

Whats the difference between an In-group and an Out-group?

An In-group- A person identifies and feels loyalty towards a group An Out-group- A person feels opposition, rivalry or hostility towards a group

Which agent of socialization has the most enduring, lifelong impact on the individual?

The family

Main agents of Socialization

The family, schools, peers, and the media

August is a senior at a very expensive private high school. His father is a successful stock broker and his mother is a partner in a Manhattan law firm. August gets caught stealing a shirt and claims he was just seeking the thrill of stealing something. This example highlights what concept of deviance studied by Jack Katz?

The foreground of deviance

What is social control?

The formal and informal mechanisms used to control people values and norms thus promoting unity in society.

What type of compliance is conformity

The mildest kind of conformity- it means going along with something because you want the reward or avoid a punishment.

What are group dynamics?

The patters of interaction between groups and individuals.

Front stage

The place where we deliver our performance to an audience of others

What is deviance?

A behavior trait, or characteristic that violates a norm and causes a negative reaction

What is a group?

A collection of people who share some attributes, identify with one another and interact.

What type of compliance is identification?

A stronger type of compliance- Where a person desires to establish or maintain a relationship with a group.

Influential power is?

Power that is supported by persuation

What does passing mean?

Presenting yourself as a member of a different group rather than a member of the stigmatized group to which you belong.

In labeling theory, what is the difference between primary deviance and secondary deviance?

Primary deviance, is the initial deviant behavior. Secondary deviance is an eventual effect of deviant behavior

Louwanda Evans's book on emotional labor and flight attendants adds which dimension to Arlie Hochschild's original conception of emotional labor?

Race

Which researcher led research subjects to believe they were shocking another individual in a different room when the person got a question incorrect

Stanley Milgram

What are total institutions?

places in which people are separated from the rest of society so they can be controlled/regulated for the purpose of stripping away previous roles and identities in order to create new ones.

Sigmund Freuds theory of the three interrelated parts that make up the mind.

The ID- Basic inborn drives that are instinctive. Like achieving pleasure and avoiding pain. The Ego- Is the part that deals with the real world, operates on the basis of reason and helps to mediate the demand of the ID and super ego Super ego- is composed of two components- the conscience serves to keep us from engaging in socially undesirable behavior and the ego-ideal upholds our vision of who we believe we should ideally be.

What is social loafing?

Social loafing is the idea that as more people are added to a task each person takes things little easier. Each individual contributes a little less as more people are added to the group making the team inefficient.

Which reasercher examined how research subjects responded when multiple other individuals clearly answered a question incorrectly

Solomon Asch

What is impression management?

The attempt to control how others see us and form there opinions

Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray's The Bell Curve is about what?

They argued that there are measurable differences in intelligence between races.

When leadership styles do not match with traditional gender roles, the disconnect can lead to feelings of surprise or upset. True or false

True

true or false The location, time period, and family into which individuals are born affect their set of meanings about how the world works.

True

Define Aggregates

Group of people that share a physical location but do not have lasting relationships

Authority is?

The legitimate right to wild power

Jennifer's soccer league is quite large. It includes twelve teams, and each team has approximately fifteen members. Jennifer is very popular and has the most ties with individuals throughout the league. Which social network concept best describes Jennifer's situation?

Centrality

What is role taking emotions?

Emotions such as sympathy, embarrassment, or shame that require we assume the perspective of another person.

Primary groups are?

Groups of people who are the most important to our sense of self. Ex Family members, best friends, significant others.

Secondary Groups

Groups that are larger and less intimate then primary groups.

How did Stanley Milgram test participants' obedience to authority?

He has experimenters cox teachers into shocking learner for each incorrect answer.

Edward O Wilson's the new synthesis is about what?

He proposed the genes play greater role in human behavior that social or cultural factors.

What was Sigmund Freud's greatest contribution to the understanding of the self?

His idea of the unconscious mind.

What are aspects of group dynamics

How groups form, change, achieve goals and disintegrate, or commit wrong doings.

What are the stages of development in children according to George Herbert Mead

Stage one- the predatory stage: the development of self wherein a child mimics or imitates others Stage two- the play stage: wherein a child pretends to play the role of the particular or significant other. EX-mommy, daddy firefighter, doctor. Stage three- Game stage: wherein a child plays in organizes games and take on the perspective of the generalized other

The Burning Man festival challenges which norms and values of mainstream society?

conformity, capitalism, and bureaucracy

Instrumental leadership

leader that is less concerned with people emotions and more concerned that a task or goal is done/reached.