SOSC 302 Cumulative Exercises
What was Francisco Lopez's job at the Rancho San Francisco?
Co-owner
What California tree is the "world's tallest species
Coast Redwood
Who was Jose Castro
Comandante general of the Department of California (chief military official of the province)
What was Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo's job when he was given Rancho Petaluma
Commandant of the presidio at San Francisco
What was the major economic reason Los Angeles' population had a 500% percent increase between 1870 and 1880?
Completion of the Sante Fe Railroad from Chicago to LA
What was one of the concepts that the Spanish had learned over 250 years of colonizing the new world and brought with them to California?
Complex system of racial and ethnic categories
What possible reason resulted in the California condor being incorporated into Native American "mourning activities and renewal ceremonies
Condors ate dead meat and therefore were thought to carry the dead over
What is the importance of the Sawyer Decision in Woodruff V. Bloomfield
Defined public interest and accorded by some as the first environmental decision
What key topographic region of California "has been central to California's development, serving as a natural reservoir, collecting, filtering, and dispersing about one-half of the state's water
Delta
What are three ways that Native American Women were particularly adversely affected during the mission period?
Died of disease, kidnapped for prostitution and servants, unavailable to gentile men. Disease, violence, colonization
Who founded the Eldorado Hotel
Don Carano
For what person did Vizcaino name Monterey Bay?
Don Gaspar de Zuniga y Acevedo, Count of Monte Rey
Where have the lowest temperatures in California been recorded
Donner Pass
What place in California did Sebastian Rodriguez Cermeno name the "Port of San Francisco?
Drake's Bay
What group displaced Chicano farm laborers in the 1930's?
Dust bowl migrants
What was the name of the school that William Hartnell started on his rancho in 1834?
El Patrocinio de San Jose
California tribelet families were divided into what four classes of social status and wealth?
Elite, commoners, vagabonds, slaves
What was the Land Act of 1851? How did it disproportionately affect Mexican Americas
Established a Board of Lands commissioners to review claims. The loss eroded their economic base, undermined their political power, and displaced ranch workers
Who led the 1702 Spanish land expedition that "rediscovered" California was not an island?
Eusebio Kino
Which missions in California experienced rebellions?
Every one
What did the 1892 Geary Act do? When was the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 repealed?
Extended the Chinese Exclusion Law of 1882 for another 10 years
Who was "the padre musician par excellence of the mission period?"
Father Duran
According to the historynet.com webpage, how did Estanislao get his Christian name?
Father Narisco Duran named him after a Polish saint
Who was Father Serra's successor as Father-President of the California missions
Fermin Lasuen
How many emigrants were killed by Native Americans along the Oregon Trail between 1840 - 1860?
Fewer than 350
How did the railroad try to placate the squatters?
Filed trespassing complaints
Early state politics in California were rough and tumble. How was the rivalry between the democratic politicians David Broderick and William Gwin finally settled?
Finally, in 1857, California's other Senate seat opened and Broderick negotiated a deal with Gwin under which Broderick would take that seat's full six-year term, leaving Gwin the four-year balance of the blocked seat
What happened to Chico, CA Chinatown in 1887
Fire
What California railroad finished in 1866 "spanned fifty miles of bay shore plains and marshes" between two cities?
First Transcontinental Railroad
What now-extinct flightless bird was hunted by Native Americans at the Sand Hill Bluff archeological site
Flightless scoter (chendytes lawi)
How did a person obtain a land grant
For farming or ranching
What happened to John C. Fremont when he refused to comply with the orders of General Kearny?
Forced to return to the east with Kearny under arrest, and was court martialed
What are five exclusionary laws or court rulings based upon ethnicity that were passed or enacted in California between 1850 and 1890? What groups did they target?
Foreign Miners Tax Law (Chinese), An act to discourage the immigration to this state of persons who cannot become citizens (Chinese), People v Hall (Chinese), Exclusion Act of 1882 (Chinese), 1850 Fugitive Slave Act (blacks)
What Indian reservation in the southern San Joaquin Valley and Tehachapi Mountains was the only one to "attract many Indians or function well even temporarily?"
Fort Tejon
When he started La Casa de Estudillo, Capitan Jose Maria Estudillo was retired from what job?
Fort commander, San Diego Presidio commandante
What was the original name of the town of Benicia?
Francisca
How large was the decline in the California Native American population between 1760 and 1846
From 300,000 to 100,000
The passage of what law in 1851 caused the New Bedford, Mass., Mercury to urge its black readers to seek refuge in California?
Fugitive Slave Law
What is the "Teatro" movement?
Full length plays (theater)
What happened to the Pacific Electric Railway System? What companies were involved and what film immortalized the demise of the railway system?
GM, Firestone, Chevron, Phillips Petroleum, Who Framed Rojer Rabbit
Who was the first Spaniard to see the Sutter Buttes?
Gabriel Moraga 1806
Vizcaino's expedition stayed a week on Santa Catalina Island with what Indians
Gabrielino (Tongva)
Who was Toypurina
Gabrielino woman, medicine woman
Who did Jose de Galvez choose to be in charge of establishing missions in Alta California
Gaspar de Portola
What was the Spanish name for "civilized people" who settled in California
Gente de razon
What factors kept the San Francisco Bay from being discovered for so long
Geography, fog, and chance
When was the last "free-flying" California condor captured and placed in captivity
April 19, 1987
When was the Santa Barbara Presidio founded
April 21, 1782
What was the American response after the Pomo band of Native Americans killed two whites in 1850?
Army slaughtered 500 pomo men, women, and children
What California tree is the "world's bulkiest species?"
Giant Sequoia
What California town was named for John Cameron in 1868?
Gilroy
What "special power" did Figueroa grant Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo? How did he use that power
Authorized to select a site for a presidio and grant land to qualified settlers who would move north. Established Petaluma and Santa Rosa and developed economy and cut Russians off from expanding inland.
What was the name of the council accorded each pueblo by the constitution of 1824?
Ayuntamiento
What trees in California are some of the "world's oldest organisms
Gnarled Bristlecone pine- more than 6,000 years
According to this article, what preferred means of exchange did the Spaniards have in trading with China from Mexico
Goods, De Facto coins, Spanish dollar
In Tulare county, what groups comprised the "anti-railroad" faction
Governor Henry Haight, John Doyle
Who was Don Pio Pico
Governor of California, former ally to Jose Castro
What is the name for gold ore that is "transported, deposited, and eventually extracted by the action of water?
Ground sluicing
What event happened in 1847 that resulted in Colonel Fremont's resignation from the military?
He disobeyed the governors orders and was court marshaled
What is the Spanish or Mexican name for the "more formal affairs" involving dancing on ranchos?
Bailles
What did the 1888 "Scott Act" do?
Barred re-entry of Chinese laborers to the U.S
After Cabrillo's death, who took over his expedition
Bartolome Ferrer
Women dominated what "highly creative" form of California Native American art?
Basketry
What happened to General Vallejo after the Bear Flag Revolt?
He returned to Sonoma. He would go on to serve as a delegate to the California Constitutional Convention
What is the population estimate for Native Americans when California was discovered by the Europeans
Between 300,000 and 1 million
What was it that Father Duran demanded should happen to Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo after the return of his expedition against Estanislao
He should be punished for unnecessary cruelty and violation of laws governing the treatment of Indian prisoners
What was the first organizes company of frontier settlers to leave Missouri for California?
Bidwell-Bartleson party of 1841
What 'industries' did the colonist engage in
Blacksmithing, tanning, brickmaking, barrel making, ship building
Thomas Larkin, the American Consul at Monterey in 1846, was worried that what country might at any time "pluck the ripe pear?"
British
What was the first manufacturing industry to employ the Chinese on a large scale
Cigar
What do missions represent to Native Californians
Oppression, colonization, loss
Where did the Cabrillo expedition spend the winter of 1542
Oregon
What is the highest precipitation amount, in inches, for California
Over 100 inches
Who was the last Spanish Governor of California?
Pablo Vincente de Sola
What Native American tribe fought against the Union Pacific by derailing cars and setting trains on fire?
Paiute
Which pre-European California tribes had developed agriculture
Paiute of the owens valley
What substances provided the colors in the Chumash rock paintings
Hematite or red ochre
What explorer landed on the east coast of Mexico in 1519
Herman Cortes
What was the main economic activity of the Rancho Petaluma?
Hide and tallow trade
What was Hubert Howe Bancroft's most enduring legacy?
His library
What is the Maidu name for the Sutter Buttes
Histum Yani (Middle mounatins of the valley)
What is the "symbol" of Los Angeles?
Palm Tree
Who founded the city of Oakland in 1852?
Horace Carpentier
What animal introduced by the Spaniards "wrought a cultural transformation" among the Indians of California
Horses
The close interaction of what two things was a "central theme" of California Native Americans
Humanity and environment
Which of the "Big Four" was a "lifelong opponent of racial prejudice?"
Huntington
What did Anthony Chabot invent in 1852 that provided a "more efficient means for moving large quantities of earth to uncover gold deposits?
Hydraulic mining technology
What form of mining was banned in 1884
Hydraulicking
What did Charles Crocker tell the Los Angeles city leaders would happen if they did not cooperate with him on the Southern Pacific Railroad?
I will make grass grow on your streets
What was People vs. Hall trying to decide
If a Chinese man could testify against a white man who murdered someone
How could an "experienced captain shave weeks off the journey" around South America?
If he was familiar enough with the strait to avoid cross currents, riptides, sudden storms, craggy cliffs and reefs
What agricultural valley in California is "one of the hottest and driest places in the western hemisphere
Imperial Valley
What two valleys of California are the only "below-sea-level agricultural areas" in North America
Imperial Valley and Coachella Valley
What was the original name of Drake's flagship
Pelican renamed the Golden Hind
What was the importance of the hide and tallow trade for the California government
Permitted the development of the rancho society that is so closely identifies with the Mexican period. Provided almost all the manufactured items obtained by Californios
What northern California towns were established by Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo while he was commander of the presidio of San Francisco?
Petaluma and Santa Rosa
What is the gold mining technique that mixes water and riverbed material in a shallow metal pan?
Placer Mining
What was the Spanish or Mexican name for mestizo settlers in Alta California?
Pobladores
What National Seashore is near Drake's likely landing spot
Point Reyes
Why are acorns inedible in their natural state
Poisonous acid- high in tannic acid
What 1910 event precipitated a large wave of Mexican migration to California
Political opponents of President Porfirio Diaz revolted
What was scrubbed from promotional photos of LA?
Poor and non-white
What woman was honored by the legislature in 1915 as "California's poet laureate?"
Ina Coolbrith
What five 'technologies' converged to enable California's wheat bonanza?
Industrial work forces and huge plows, harvesters, and steam tractors, much of the machinery developed and manufactured nearby
How did Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo die
Injury became infected with gangrene
At the time of the explorations of Ortuno Ximenez and Hernando Cortez, Spaniards thought California was what kind of geographical feature
Island
What has been the "most pervasive cultural influence of Spanish and Mexican California?
Its architecture
The California colony named "New Helvetia" was led by what Swiss émigré
John Sutter
Who purchased Fort Ross in 1841?
John Sutter
Who "was, without a doubt, the most capable Mexican governor of California?"
Jose Figueroa
Who was the first governor of California appointed by the Republic of Mexico (not Arguello)?
Jose Maria Echeandia
Who exemplified this change
Jose Maria Pico and Pio Pico changed to Spanish
Who thwarted the Gabrielino rebellion at Mission San Gabriel? How
Jose Maria Pico, replaced priestd with soldiers apprehended indigenous people
What American mountain man entered California in 1827, a year after Jedediah Smith
Joseph Walker
Who lead the 240 San Francisco bound colonist overland from Arizona to the San Gabriel Mission in 1775-1776
Juan Battista de Anza
What was John Cameron's Mexican name?
Juan Bautista Gilroy
Who led the expedition that established the San Francisco Presidio in 1776
Juan Bautista de Anza
What Spanish explorer named the Farallon Islands?
Juan Francisco de Bodega
Who was sent to Mexico in 1765 to establish a Spanish colony in Alta California
Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo
Who was the first known person to have set foot on the Farallon Islands
Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo
What four explorers failed to "discover" San Francisco Bay despite sailing past it
Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo (1542), Sir Francis Drake (1579), Sebastiano Cermeo (1595), Sebastian Vizcaino (1602)
What was the name for Native Hawaiians who worked as "hide droghers?"
Kanakas
What Native American led fifty warriors in the Modoc War of 1872-73?
Kientpoos
Which bioregion receives the most annual precipitation
Klamath
What mountains are found in northwestern California
Klamath Mountains
What name did Vizcaino's expedition give to the Farallon Islands
Los Frayles or The Friars
What happened to Pio Pico? Why was he resented by the Americans
Lost his property after litigation, rejected being a representative. Felt he wasn't treating them fairly
What was "Dame Shirley's'" real name?
Louisa Amelia Knapp Smith Clapp
What survivor wrote a letter in 1786 giving her personal account of the Yuma Massacre
Maria Ana Montielo
Who led "one of the largest Hispanic armies to march against the California Indians
Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo
Who of the "Big Four" was made treasurer of the Central Pacific Railroad?
Mark Hopkins
What African-American was "perhaps the most famous Gold-Rush era freedom fighter
Mary Ellen "Manny" Pleasant
What California city founded in 1849 was located at the junction of the Yuba and Feather Rivers and named for the "only American woman around?"
Marysville
What happened after Dame Shirley and her husband left the mines in November of 1852
Moved to SF and divorced husband, taught in public school, health issues caused her to move back east. Died in 1906
What are the "two most distinctive vehicles of contemporary Chicano art"?
Muralism and graffiti
Where did the name of the Malakoff Mine come from?
Named after Russian fort
Who was the first American woman to travel overland to California?
Nancy Kelsey
What port did Cabrillo leave from on June 27, 1542
Navidad, Mexico
What industry promoted Los Angeles?
News, photos, media
How did the Central Pacific break through the granite of the Sierra Nevada mountain range when gun powder proved ineffective?
Nitroglycerine
Are Palm Trees native to California
No
What rule did the miners at Rich Bar make in April 1852?
No foreigners shall work in the mines
What was the educational level of the average gente de razon
No school so they were illiterate, even high ranking
Did the United States want to try and purchase California before the U.S. - Mexican War of 1846
No. most of California was already under control as a result of a naval invasion and the Bear Flag revolt
What was unique about the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo?
Non whites given citizenship in US
In what part of California is the precipitation highest (central, southern coastal, Sierra Nevada, northwest, northeast
Northwest
What name did Drake give the "convenient and fit harbor" that he anchored in on June 17 during his voyage
Nova Albion
What city was the second largest in California by 1880?
Oakland
In what year did the "Chinese Massacre" occur?
October 24, 1871
What building is thought to be the oldest in Coloma?
Old Fellows Hall
What political office did John Fremont run for in 1856?
President
What is the name of the Hispanic water management system that widely adopted in California
Prior appropriation
How did the Viceroy recruit the settlers? Were the promises kept?
Promised them money, land, and the best adobe houses available. No
Where and when did the Central Pacific and Union Pacific Railroad tracks come together to complete the transcontinental railroad?
Promontory Summit, Utah May 10, 1869
Where did the Central Pacific and Union Pacific railroads meet?
Promontory, Utah
What "radical" property rights provision was adopted in the California Constitution
Protect married womens property rights
What is 'The Myth' that is perpetuated by the battle of Mussel Slough?
Pure hearted pioneers combatting an evil monopoly
Who was the first American woman to reside in California
Rachel Hobson Holmes
What were the "Zoot Suit Riots" and why and when did they occur?
Racial prejudice, discriminatory police practices and press coverage caused soldiers and sailors to declare open season on the Chicanos
What was the period starting from about 1880 called in LA?
Railroad period
The Estudillo house was converted into what "commercial venture" in 1908
Ramona's Marriage Place
What was the name of the first "true Spanish land grant" in Alta California?
Rancho San Pedro
What was the first settlement reached by John Bidwell when he arrived in California?
Red Bluff
William B. Ide, a Bear Flagger, lived near what present-day California town?
Red Bluff
During the sixty-five years of the mission period, what was the estimated population decline proportionally of Native Americans in California?
Reduced in half to about 150,000
What happened to Estanislao after his defeat by the Mexicans
Returned to Mission San Jose seeking mercy
What American wrote the "classic contemporary description" of the California hide-and-tallow trade that was first published in 1840
Richard Henry Dana Jr
What 1899 national legislation came was a result of the Sawyer Decision? What did that law do? Why is it important for later environmental law?
Rivers and Harbors Act
What are three early devices or techniques that are used for mining placer gold?
Rocker and cradle, spoons/knives/shovels, panning, wooden batea, ore bearing gravels
Under the leadership of Bartolome Ferrer, what was the farthest northern place possibly reached by the Cabrillo Expedition
Rogue River, Oregon
What marine animals were slaughtered by American and Russian fur companies along the coast of Spanish California
Sea otter
How did the Yuma Indians "virtually end" overland Spanish migration
Sealed off trail
What Manila galleon captain was ordered in 1595 to "search the California shoreline for a suitable haven
Sebastian Rodriguez Cermeno
During 1595, what Spanish explorer lost his galleon off California? How were they able to return to Mexico
Sebastian Rodriguez Cermeno. They stripped a village of food and salvage wood
Which Spanish explorer named Cape San Sebastian in what is now southern Oregon
Sebastian Vizcaino
What was the section of California Law that was being referred to?
Section 394 of the Civil Practice Act, Section 14 of the Criminal Act
What was Gomez Farias' plan for Alta California in 1833
Secularization of the mission amd converted to churches. Distribution of property
How did Pio Pico generate his wealth
Selling hydes and candles and tallows to gold mines
What happened in 1763 that "rekindled Spanish interest in Alta California?"
Seven Years War
What was the name for Native American religious specialists who healed through the use of medicines and magic
Shamans
Who were "second in power to chiefs" in pre-European contact California tribelets
Shamans
What was an ironic consequence of all of the Chinese Xenophobia?
Shortage of Chinese American workers
How was Yosemite Valley "sculptured
Small glaciers grinded down the slopes of the Sierra
What was the manufacturing specialization of the San Juan Capistrano Mission
Smelting and casting iron
How did the mining camps assign claims in the absence of state laws or any other real authority?
Some camps relied on general meetings to settle disputes; others elected claims officers or committees to maintain registers and resolve conflicts. Frequently, too, miners' meetings assumed authority for other matters of law, and on occasion state or county governments sent officials to the mining camps, with varied results
When did the ancestors of Native Americans migrate to North America across the Bering Strait
Sometime between 50,000 and 15,000BCE
What bioregion has the largest human population
South Coast Bioregion
In Tulare county, what groups comprised the "pro-railroad" faction?
Southern pacific railway, poole
What cargo were the Manila galleons carrying from Asia
Spices, porcelains, other luxury goods
Who "controlled the resources on which human society depended" according to most California Native American religious beliefs
Spirits who embodied animals, places, and natural processes
What issue nearly ended California's constitutional convention
State boundaries
What happened to "wha Jack" after the Modoc War of 1872-1873?
Stood trial and sentenced to hang
Cabrillo was searching for what possible connection between the north Pacific and Atlantic Oceans
Straits of Anain
The Chinese in were "especially important pioneers" in the production of what crops in California?
Strawberries, potatoes, wine grapes, raisins, deciduous fruit
What canal, also finished in 1869, "siphoned off the Asian trade" from the Central Pacific Railroad?
Suez Canal
Who replaced the original Monterey Custom House with a "larger structure
Thomas O. Larkin
Why was "The Tree of Heaven" brought over from China by Chinese immigrants
Thought to contain an herbal remedy beneficial to arthritis
What tactics did the "Settlers Grand League" use to resist the railroad?
Threatened to tear up tracks and burn depots, crops, and buildings, sent anonymous letters, blamed Indians for attacks
Where in California is the "only navigable sea-level route through the Coast Range into the interior between Mexico and the Columbia River?"
Through the San Francisco Bay, the Carquinez Strait, and the Sacramento-San Joaquin river system
What was the intent of the 1887 "Dawes Act
To break down the role of the tribal government
Where did the name of "Fort Ross" come from?
To honor its connection with Imperial Russia
Why does the book refer to 'Chinese Americans" in the broadest sense possible?
To include both citizens and non citizens
What was the name of the Chumash ocean-going canoe
Tomol
What Native Americans (called the Gabrielenos by the Spaniards) lived along the "Rio de los Temblores," later renamed the San Gabriel River?
Tongva
Who led the Gabrieleno Indian revolt of 1785
Toypurina
What treaty ended the war with Mexico in 1848
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
How did Mexican law deal with married women property owners?
They retained ownership of any separate property possessed prior to marriage were granted property rights
What California mountains extend east to west?
The Los Angeles Ranges
After secularization, what was supposed to happen to the mission lands?
They were to be divided for ag, the growing city, housing for natives and new residents, returned to church
Why did the first appointed governor of California have so much trouble with military discipline?
They were undisciplined ex convicts, misfits, and vagabonds. They were in conflict with missionaries and townspeople and were unpaid
What over aching trends undercut the nascent labor and unionization movements in the "Terrible Seventies
The first westbound trains, the Comstock boom collapse, and the nationwide Panic of 1873
What important event in the construction of the Central Pacific Railroad occurred on January 8th, 1863?
The groundbreaking ceremony for the Central Pacific is held in Sacramento. The first shovel of earth lifted by newly elected CA govenor Leland Stanford
The Californios land grants were protected by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hildalgo which said their lands would be "inviolably respected". If that was the case, why did Californios lose so much of their land?
The informality of Mexican land grants made legal claims difficult when minors, squatters, and homesteaders overran Californios lands.
How did the feud between Jose Castro and Don Pio Pico help the Bear Flaggers
They did not have a united military
How did Ishi die
Tuberculosis
Prior to Spanish occupation in 1769, what lake in the San Joaquin Valley was the second largest in California, after Lake Tahoe
Tulare Lake
Before the Spanish introduced cattle, what was the most important native grazing animal of the Bay Area grasslands
Tule elk
What material did the Yokuts use to construct boats
Tules
What event happened on May 13, 1846 that had a profound impact on the Bear Flag Revolt
U.S declared war on Mexico
What has the South Coast Bioregion been affected by
Urbanization, water management, invasive species, altered fire regimes, recreational pressures
Referring to the root language map, what part of California had the highest density of Native American languages
Uto- Aztecan
What was the dirty underside of Secularization of the Missions?
Very little land given back to native americans even though it was supposed to emancipate them
What was the name of San Francisco's "best-known popular tribunals?"
Vigilance Committee of 1856
How were foreign "hide and Tallow" traders encouraged to stay in Mexican California?
Wanted to become permanent residents, made naturalized citizens eligible for land grants. Mexican colonization laws of 1824 and 1828. Assimilated to local elites- became citizens, access to land
What happened to John Bidwell?
Went to work for sutter and acquired rancho chico and became a leading citizen of the state
What is the name for the "highest Indian official in the mission hierarchy," a position for which Estanislao was chosen?
alcalde
What is the name for the basic social unit which "delimited personal behavior and located the individual in the larger society" of southern and south-central California tribes
lineage
Along with "plowing and soil management practices," what Spanish agricultural practice "eroded topsoils, exhausted nutrients, and drove out more diverse native species
monoculture
What did Jose Castro end up doing in the 1850s?
moving back to Monterey and regained status as governor and military comandante
1. They failed to recognize it Did the Portola Expedition realize the significance of their "discovery"?
no
What California Native American tribe had the "largest true irrigation works in the region
owens valley paiute
How wealthy was the "1948er" Sam Brannan when he finally passed away in 1889?
broke
What destroyed half of old Chinatown in the 1930's?
building of Union Station
What did California Indians caulk with asphaltum
canoes
After 1800, what Spanish animal introduction "revolutionized the culture of interior groups such as the Yokuts?
cattle
What Chumash were kidnapped by Cabrillo's men to "serve as interpreters for future voyages
children
What "prized" mineral was mined by Costanoan Indians for use as a red pigment
cinnabar
What is the irony of Gaspar de Portola's final resting place
place? by coincidence he was buried in Lérida's Church of Saint Francis of Assisi, namesake of the great bay he had discovered by accident
What is Woqo? How is it different from Malak
raw petroleum, and their languages still identify two distinct types of it: the soft, sea-borne bitumen that washes up on beaches, called malak, and the harder, higher-grade asphaltum found only in terrestrial seeps, known as woqo
What Native American ritual use for California condors "seems to have been widespread
sacrifice of the birds
What two issues illustrated the weakness of the Mexican government in the early 1840's
sectional rivalry over the location of the capital and customs house
What was the one domesticated animal of the Ohlone?
dog
What bird replaced the California condor in Native American ceremonies after the condor population declined
eagles
What policies were enacted in response to the anti-Corporate and anti-Chinese sentiment of the 1870's
forbade Chinese employment by corporations or on public works, and legalized residential segregation of the Chinese. Taxes on corporations
What is the "claim to fame" of the Stevens-Murphy Party of 1844?
wagons
By what title did the Chumash refer to their tribal chief?
wot
Was it possible to change your racial categorization in Spanish California
yes
If you spent an entire week each year making candles how much light could you have every evening?
2 hours and 20 minutes every evening
Breeding stock brought to Spanish California between 1769 and 1781 had propagated into how many head of cattle, sheep, goats, horses, and mules by 1830?
2 million
How many species of plants and animals are endemic to California
2,214 (found nowhere naturally beyond its borders
By 1877 how many miles of track did the Big Four control?
2,340 miles
What is the mean elevation of California in feet above sea level?
2,900 feet above sea level
What percentage of Southern California residents were of European ancestry in the 1850's? In the 1880's?
20% in 1850s, 80% in 1880s
In 1852, how many Chinese miners came to California?
20,000
What was the Indian population at the California missions by the early nineteenth century
20,000
What was the average resident population of the early El Presidio de San Francisco
200-400
How many miners came to the gold rush in the vicinity of Placerita Canyon
2000
What percent of Californians were female in 1850
2000
How many California missions were established between 1769 and the 1820s
21
How many people traveled to California over the trail in 1849
25,000
According to Census reports, how many Chinese were in San Francisco by 1855
25,000+
How many Anglo miners were working claims in 1850?
25000
The State Water Project (SWP) supplies drinking water for how many people
27 million people
In 1880, how many tons of wheat was shipped by Hugh Glenn to England?
27,000
As of December 31st, 1924 how many electric railroads were operating in California? What was the approximate total mileage of all of the electric rail track? NOTE: You will have to add it up.
28 lines, 3,285.032 miles
How many soldiers, militiamen, and Indian auxiliaries were in Ensign Jose Antonio Sanchez's expedition that rode out of Mission San Jose to fight Estanislao
28+6+70= 104
What was the size of Rancho San Lorenzo in acres
28,000
By 1870, how many Indians were left in California?
30,000
How deep is the Malakoff Mine pit today
300 feet
How many Americans "made their tortuous way over the Sierra Nevada" to California in 1841?
34
How many Chicanos served in World War II? What were some of the repercussions of this service
350,000, labor shortage
About how many miles of Empire Mine passages were dug to get the gold out?
367 miles
How many permanent foreign residents were estimated to live in California by 1840
380
Out of the 200 miners living at Rich Bar how many were female
4 plus shirley
What percent of the emigrants died during the journey along the Oregon Trail?
4-6%, 12500-20000 people
Up to how much money did President Polk offer Mexico to buy Upper California and New Mexico
40 million
What was the estimated population of the Yahi in 1840
400
How many cattle were counted in the herds of the California missions at the time of secularization?
400,000
How many Latino miners left in the year after the passage of the Foreign Miners Tax
4000
As of December 31st, 1924 how many steam railroads were operating in California? What was the approximate total mileage of all of the steam rail track? NOTE: You will have to add it up.
46 lines, 13,348.366 miles
In the Early 1960s the Indian Claims Commission awarded California Indians almost 30 million dollars to compensate for lands that were taken. How much was that per acre of confiscated land
47 cents
How many people died in the "Great Egg War
5
Moving State Water Project water uses a lot of electricity. How many "equivalent months" of power use does it take to provide a California household with 4.5 days worth of water
5 months
How long did it take to travel the Oregon and California Trails by ox-drawn cart
5 months, 2000 miles
How many acres were being cultivated by missions at their peak in the early 1820s?
5,000-10,000
How many species of plants and animals are found in California
5,879 species
Taxing the Chinese miners was lucrative, what proportion of California's tax revenue was generated by the Foreign Miners Tax?
50%
By the spring of 1829, Estanislao's army had grown to how many "neophyte and gentile warriors, one of the largest Indian forces to fight against whites in California
500-1000
How wide is California at its most distant east-west points
560 miles
The history of the Sand Hill Bluff archaeological site goes back almost __5700__________ years?
5700
Before the construction of the transcontinental railroad, how long would it take to move people and supplies by sea from the east coast of the United States to San Francisco?
6 months
How many acres was Hugh Glenn's farm in Colusa County?
60,000
(Start of Exercise 4)How many people were in the Portola Expedition that left San Diego in July, 1769?
64
How many distinct languages were spoken by California Native Americans
64
How much of the San Francisco Bay Area's water is imported
65%
How many children did Don Guillermo Castro have by the time he was 28 years old
7
How many islands are there in the Farallon island group
7
How many private land grants were made in California between 1834 and 1846? Of those, how many were granted to women?
700 covering more than 8 million acres. 60 grants for women
What was the total travel distance across the Isthmus of Panama to get from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean?
75 miles water and 25 miles land
What percent of California's water is in the Northern third of the state
75%
How many people remain that can speak the Yokut language?
78
How many of the forty-eight constitution makers for California in 1849 were Californios
8
How many of the ten bioregions are adversely impacted by water management issues
8
By 1877 what percentage of railroad tracks in California were controlled by the Big Four?
85%
How many California missions were established by Father Serra
9
How many California missions were established by Fermin de Lasuen?
9
What president authorized and signed the Pacific Railroad Act of 1862?
Abe Lincoln
What American, who entered California in 1829, was known as "Cara de Caballo?
Abel Stearns
1. How much of Southern California's water is imported?
About 50%
What port in the Philippines was the terminus point for Spanish galleons
Acapulco
What was the Yokuts primary food source
Acorns
How do the Sutter Buttes figure in Maidu legend
After death, the spirits of their people rest in the Buttes before the journey to the afterlife
What is the name for the "chief executive officer and judicial figure" for Alta California towns?
Alcalde
During the last one hundred years, how much of California's managed water supplies were consumed by farmers
90%
What percentage of California's rain falls in "roughly the northern half of the state
90%
What percentage of these California Native American languages may disappear in our lifetimes
90+
How many historic sites are listed for Mexican Americans?
99
What was the 1880 rank of San Francisco "among the nation's cities in manufacturing and population?"
9th
During the 1830s and 40s, where did American firms maintain "large stocks of merchandise" to supply trading ships plying the California coast
?
What was the overland travel time from St. Louis to San Francisco before the railroad? After the railroad?
?
What is the traditional portrayal of Native Americans? What is wrong with this perception
A docile primitive people who openly embraced the invading Spaniards and were rapidly subdued
When was the Bear Flag adopted as the official flag of California?
1911
Heavy rains during what four years of the twentieth century "unleashed huge earth slides, isolated towns, wiped out entire neighborhoods, and killed scores of people
1982, 1983, 1986,1995
What city in California was captured by United States fleet in 1842 and then returned to Mexico
10,000
What was the estimated population of the Ohlone when the Spanish arrived in California
10,000+
Based on redwood fire scars, what was the natural occurrence interval for large-scale fires in the Bay Area
10-12 years
What was the lowest population level of the Chumash after being exposed to European diseases and the harsh conditions imposed on them by the Spanish
100
Under Mexican law, what was the limiting size (acres) of an individual land grant?
11 square leagues, or 50,000 acres
How many Central Pacific Railroad tunnels were "blasted through the granite mountains" of the Sierra Nevada?
12+
How many of the 13,500 Central Pacific Railroad's employees were Chinese?
12,000
The gold rush was a disaster for the states already decimated 1848 native American population of 150,000. How many Native Americans died by 1860?
120,000
How many pounds of gold were extracted from Placerita Canyon?
125 pounds
How far back do scientists date the earliest occupation of the Channel Islands by the Chumash
13,000 years
By 1860, how many California residents, not including the Chinese, were foreign born
13-15%, nearly 40%
How many different types of rail lines are shown on the map
14
How high is Mt. Shasta in feet
14,162 feet above sea level
How high is Mt. Whitney in feet?
14,494 feet above sea level
What Californian tribe "carried civilization to its highest level in pre-European California?
Chumash
What California tribes "organized their lives" around fisheries
Chumash, Yurok, Karok
How many ships have foundered and sunk near the Farallon Islands
More than 300
When was the "Chinese Exclusion Law" passed by the United States? What were some of the provisions of the law
1882. Chinese laborers were excluded from entering the U.S for 10 years
What does the Chinese term "Gum Shan" mean?
Mountain of Gold
What miners used the gold mining technique of "Winnowing?"
Chileans, Sororans, and Indians
What miners introduced the gold mining technique of the "Waterwheel?"
Chinese
What two groups were singled out as being to blame for the poor economic conditions of laborers in the 1870's?
Chinese and large corporations
What was the name of the anti-foreign and anti-Catholic political party referred to by Californios as the "Los Ignorantes
"Know-nothings"
What was the name of the old Anglo-American common law that "gave landowners along watercourses the sole right to divert water?"
"Riparian" doctrine
How much, per month, was the 1850 foreign miners tax?
$20
What was the monthly fee imposed on "Foreign" miners?
$20
The enslavement of Native America children was a common occurrence. What was the "going rate", in dollars, for Native Americans in 1862
$30-150
According to John Bidwell, how much money did Dr. Marsh charge for passports
$5
How much money did one of the other women in camp the Tiny "Mrs. R" earn in nine weeks of doing laundry for the miners in the camp?
$900
How much of the "virgin redwood groves" have been cut down since the Spaniards first came to California
+90%
How many Chinese are estimated to have died building the transcontinental railroad
1,200
How many dams are in California
1,472 accounted for
What percent of California's water goes to the following uses
1. Agriculture - 62% 2. Urban - 16% 3. In stream flows - 22%
What is the lowest precipitation amount, in inches, for California
0-5 inches
What three railroad companies had the most extensive rail networks as of December 31st 1924
1) Southern Pacific Co (6928) 2) The Atchinson, Topeka, and Santa Fe Ry. Co. (2757) 3) Pacific Electric Ry. Co. (1138)
How long is California at its most distant points?
1,040 miles
What happened to Ishi's body right after he died
1. Autopsy and brain removal
Define the following terms
1. Peninsular - Born in Spain 2. Criollo - Born in New Spain of pure Spanish ancestry 3. Mestizo - Of Spanish and Indian ancestry 4. Mulato - Of Spanish and African ancestry 5. Zambo - Of Indian and African ancestry 6. Mestizaje - Racial mixture
What were the 7 primary rules established by the 1850 Act for Government and Protection of Indians?
1. The Justice of the Peace would have jurisdiction over all complaints between Indians and whites; "but in no case shall a white man be convicted of any offense upon the testimony of an Indian or Indians."2. Landowners would permit Indians who were peaceably residing on their land to continue to do so.3. Whites would be able to obtain control of Indian children.4. If any Indian was convicted of a crime, any white person could come before the court and contract for the Indian's services, and in return, would pay the Indian's fine.5. It would be illegal to sell or administer alcohol to Indians.6. Indians convicted of stealing a horse, mule, cow, or any other valuable could receive any number of lashes not to exceed 25, and fines not to exceed $200.7. An Indian found strolling, loitering where alcohol was sold, begging, or leading a profligate course of life would be liable for arrest. The Justice, Mayor, or Recorder would make out a warrant. Within 24 hours, the services of the Indian in question could be sold to the highest bidder. The term of service would not exceed four months.
What happened to the Portola Expedition supply ship "San Jose"?
1. The San Jose, for which the expedition had searched for over six months, had been forced to return to San Blas for repairs. That ship never reached California; it departed San Blas after the repairs were made, and was never heard from again.
Why did the Portola Expedition fail to find Monterey
1. They failed to recognize it
How much more groundwater storage is there compared to surface storage in the state of California
10 times more
How many of the 200,000 Native American remains estimated to be in public collections are accounted for?
10%
How many grizzly bears roamed California before Spanish occupation
10,000
What was the 1880 percentage of Chinese in San Francisco's "total work force of 100,000?"
15%
In what year did Spanish "mutineers" discover the Baja Peninsula which they mistakenly thought was an island
1533
In what year, soon after Vizcaino's return, was the Spanish royal order that "prohibited further exploration of California?
1606
When was the San Antonio de Padua Mission created
1771
How many were estimated killed in the "Chinese Massacre"
18
What is the population estimate for the Chumash before the Europeans arrived in California
18,000
When did Russian Count Nikolai Rezanov visit San Francisco
1806
(Start of Exercise 5) In what year did the Mexican Revolution begin
1810
When did Mexico win independence from Spain
1821
In what year did Jedediah Smith enter Mexican California
1826
When did Capitan Jose Maria Estudillo begin construction of his casa
1827
When was the Monterey Custom House in "existence?"
1827
When did William Hartnell arrive in California
1828
When and how did Jedediah Smith die?
1830, Smith was killed by Comanche Indians while scouting for water
In what year did secularization of California missions take place?
1834
In what year was the mission system abolished in California
1834
In what year did the Workman-Rowland emigrant party cross overland to California?
1841
What was the average daily wage for white miners in 1848, 1850 and 1852?
1848-$20, 1850-$10, 1852-$6
When was California's "Testimony Ban" that had prevented blacks from testifying in court against whites finally overturned?
1850
When was the $20 per month "Foreign miners tax" passed by the California Legislature
1850
When was the Sacramento Valley Railroad completed?
1852-1856
In what year did a flood in the Central Valley "destroy about half the property value in the state, and touch off lethal epidemics
1862
When did Congress first pass a bill authorizing the transcontinental railroad?
1862
What park was the "beginning of the modern state park system?"
1862 Yosemite
In what year did African Americans gain the right to testify in California court
1863
When did Central Pacific Railroad locomotives "first haul passengers and freight between Sacramento and Roseville?"
1864
When did Central Pacific Railroad trains first pass over Donner Summit?
1868
In what year did the railroad make it to Los Angeles? What was the significance of that date?
1876, 100 years to the year of founding of republic- triumph
How was tallow made
Butcher the cow, melt the fat. Membrane and beef pieced strained
What factors explain why the Spanish waited 150 years after the Vicaino Expedition of 1602 to send the Portola Expediton
By the early 17th century, trade between Mexico and the Philippines had dwindled to just one ship a year, thus reducing the need for a port in northern California. Over-land expeditions into the South-West U.S. had failed to identify mineral wealth. The Spanish colonization model did not encourage exploration and settlement. And finally there was no competition from other European powers for these lands
What was transportation technology was introduced to San Francisco by Andrew Halladie in 1873
Cable Cars
John Fremont was a senator for what state during 1850-51?
California
What was the Boston traders' nickname for California cowhides
California Banknotes
Congress attempted to solve the problem of Mexican land grants with what law enacted in 1851?
California Land Act
What were the terms of the United States Compromise of 1850 passed in September 9th, 1850
California entered as free state, divided rest of Mexican cession into Utah and new Mexico and had voters decide
What major victory for Native Americans Occurred in 1917
California supreme court made Indians citizens
Where did the people who settled Villa de Branciforte come from and what type of people were they
Came from Guadalajara, New Spain. A collection of merchants, exploreres, retired soldiers
What California legislation attempted to bring back hydraulic mining in 1893
Camminetti Act
What American mountain man pioneered the central route over the Sierra Nevada in 1833?
Captain Joseph R. Walker
What other nearby port, besides Monterey Bay, did Vizcaino's expedition discover in the area
Carmel Bay
What railroad company acquired the Sacramento Valley Railroad, eventually extending it over the Sierra Nevada?
Central Pacific Railroad
Which of the "Big Four" suggested that Chinese work on the Transcontinental Railroad?
Charles Crocker
Which of the "Big Four" suggested that Chinese work on the transcontinental railroad
Charles Crocker
What was Drake's mission when he set sail in 1577
Continue to raid Spanish fleets and attach Spanish settlements
Why did the Russians establish Fort Ross
Contract workers began to leave the Siberian mainland seeking fur trade on Kodiak Island
What name were the Ohlone originally referred to by the Spaniards
Costenos or coastal people. Changed to coastanoan in 1978
What was the name of the Indian Village in Coloma when John Sutter established his sawmill?
Cullomain
What were the three primary cities for Chinese migrants?
Dai fou, Yi fou, Sam Fou
Where have the highest temperatures in California been recorded
Death Valley
What U.S. Secretary of State worked out a complicated deal that included buying part of California
James Gadsden
What African-American opened the first black school in San Francisco, Oakland, Sacramento, and Stockton
Jeremiah B. Sanderson
What American living in Mexican California wrote letters widely-published in the Midwest U.S. that "extolled California's virtues?
Jessie Benton Fremont
Who were elected as California's first U.S. Senators?
John C Fremont and William M Gwin
Who was the Republican Party's first candidate for U.S. President?
John C. Fremont
"Thousands of Chinese were recruited" from what Chinese province in 1864?
Kwantung Province
Why was the Bracero Program implemented?
Labor shortage of the 1940s had an impact on ag and transportation
What is the first thing that a conquering people take when they try to conquer and impose their culture on another people
Language
What were the "three forms of bound servitude" authorized under California's 1850 Act for the Government and Protection of Indians?
Leased Indian prisoners with misdemeanors to any white employer who would pay their fines, allowed employers to confine Indian children until they reached age of majority and then well past that age, 10 years of indenture for adult Indians captured in war or declared vagrants
What was supposed to happen to the missions once they had Christianized and educated the native people of California?
Leave the old missions behind to become parish churches
Who built the first hotel in San Francisco
Leidesdorff
What person of the "Big Four" is given credit for conceiving the transcontinental railroad from California?
Leland Stanford
Proportionally California receives _____ the "average annual rainfall of the South Atlantic and Gulf Coast States
Less than half
What European disease wiped out one-third of the neophytes at San Francisco-area missions in 1806
Measles
"Most of the densely populated, low-lying areas along the coast and in interior valleys" have what climate type
Mediterranean
What type of climate does California have? What does that mean in terms of rainfall and temperature
Mediterranean. Warm, dry summers and mild winters
What is the Spanish name for an "essentially Hispano-Americano, neither Indian nor Iberian in culture, but a hybrid?"
Mestizo
What ethic groups were disproportionately lynched in late 1800 Southern California
Mexican American and Chinese American
What California governor was forced to resign after the battle of Cahuenga Pass in February 1845?
Micheltorena
Who did Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo rely on to "oversee day-to-day activities on the rancho?
Miguel Alvarado
Whose call to arms set off a war to make New Spain an independent country
Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla
Where did the miners come from and why were they so proficient at hard rock mining
Miners from the tin and copper mines of Cornwall, Britain, flocked to this area to share their wealth and experience in hardrock technique.
Which Mission was completely destroyed by a Native American uprising in 1775?
Mission San Diego
What mission was founded at Sonoma
Mission San Francisco Solano de Sonoma
What California Indians did Drake most likely encounter?
Miwok
What band of Native Americans were the last to engage in armed resistance in California?
Modoc
According to the historynet.com webpage, who led the "most lethal resistance by California Indians in 1872-73?"
Modoc chief Kientepoos aka "Captain Jack"
Which two California tribes had the "strongest tradition of militarism?
Mohave and Yuma
What city in California was captured by United States fleet in 1842 and then returned to Mexico?
Monterey
How many "tribes" were in California when it was discovered by Europeans
More than 100
Where did the Sacramento Valley Railroad begin and end with its 22.9 miles of track?
Sac to Folsom
Where was the western terminus of the Transcontinental Railroad
Sacramento (Eastern- Council Bluffs, Iowa)
The Spaniards created this mission among the villages of what Indian tribe
Salinans
What type of wetlands occur in the Bay Area-Delta Bioregion
Salt marshes, freshwater marshes. Plants- pickleweed, great bulrush, saltbush, cattail
What ship of the Portola Expedition arrived in San Diego on March 23, 1770?
San Antonio
1. California? 1834 The Spanish mission that is the most "pristine" is
San Antonio de Padua
In what region of California did the Pacific Electric Railway operate
San Bernadino/ LA area
Where were the first two missions established
San Diego and Monterey
What California mission was burned by Indians in 1775
San Diego de Alcala
Where did Jedediah Smith spend the winter of 1827-28?
San Francisco
Where was the first "normal school" in California?
San Francisco
What important feature of the California coast, not discovered until 1769, was missed by the Cabrillo expedition
San Francisco Bay
What were the only three "convenient harbors" in California for the hide-and-tallow trade
San Francisco, San Diego, Monterey
Jedediah Smith arrived at what California Mission in 1826?
San Gabriel
When was the first mission established in the Los Angeles area
San Gabriel, Sept. 8,1771
What "very good, closed port" did Cabrillo discover on September 28 during his voyage
San Miguel= San Diego Bay
What was the religion of most of the early Chinese immigrants to California
Taoism
In 1903, what U.S. President visited John Muir in Yosemite?
Teddy Roosevelt
Where in California is the "largest expanse of flat land west of the Rocky Mountains
The Central Valley
In the 1820's what were the two major trade routes to California from the United States
The Old Spanish Trail and the Santa Fe Trail, and cape horn
What 1875 law virtually eliminated the immigration of unmarried Asian Women?
The Page Act
Which mountains make up the Transverse Ranges?
The Tehachapis, San Gabriels, San Bernadinos
Many union members in the manufacturing sector charged that cheap Chinese labor was causing unemployment in the manufacturing sector in the 1870's. What was the real culprit?
The Transcontinental Railroad, which brought unemployed European immigrants and cheap manufactured goods from the East Coast
What International incident occurred at the Port of Monterey in October of 1842
The capture of Monterey by the US
What is the most acceptable theory for the origin of the word "California
The name "California" derives from a 16th Century romance novel written by a Spanish author named Garcia Ordonez de Montalvo.Spanish explorers during the 1500s were familiar with the story and applied the name to what is now called Baja California, which at the time, they thought was an island. Based on legends prevalent at the time, Spanish explorers were searching for a mythical island paradise. Even though it later became clear that Baja California was not an island, once the name started being used on maps, it stuck
What important promoter of the transcontinental railroad died of yellow fever while on a trip to the eastern U.S. to borrow money for the project?
Theodore Judah
What is the definition of Vigilantism?
When a group of people act like the legal authority
What is an "Hanging Tree"?
Where outlaws were hung
Chinese Americans were often employed as strike breakers. Why is this stereotype unfair to the Chinese?
White unions would not allow Chinese to join
Who was appointed visitador de misiones in 1839 to investigate complaints about secularization?
William Hartnell
What Mexican California town, the forerunner of San Francisco, was founded in 1835?
Yerba Buena
Did Villa de Banciforte receive much help from the Santa Cruz mission just across the river
Yes a little
What was the justification of Chief Justice Murray for his decision?
[Chinese are] a race of people whom nature has marked as inferior, and who are incapable of progress or intellectual development beyond a certain point, as their history has shown; differing in language, opinions, color, and physical conformation; between whom and ourselves nature has placed an impassable difference . . .
What is the name for the large side-notched and foliated points of chert found at the Sand Hill Bluff archaeological site
hammerstones
What native "manipulation of nature" gave the pre-European California landscape "a tended, park-like quality
controlled fire burning of the landscape
What happened at Mussel Slough on May 11th 1880
gunfight
