SP 203 Midterm Exam Prep

Five Steps of Monroe's Motivate Sequence

1. Attention 2. Need 3. Satisfaction 4. Visualization 5. Action

"Canons of Rhetoric" (in order)

1. Invention 2. Arrangement 3. Style 4. Memory 5. Delivery

Tips for Designing Presentation Aids

1. Keep the Design Simple 2. Use Design Elements Consistently 3. Select Appropriate Styles & Fonts 4. Use Color Carefully

Ways to Increase Audience Understanding

1. Preview Main Points 2. Use Clear Transitions 3. Organization Helps the Listener 4. Remember Presentation Aids

Five Ways to Influence the Audience

1. Set Modest Goals 2. Favorable/Unfavorable Audience 3. Make Your Message Personally Relevant 4. Demonstrate Positive Consequences 5. Establish Your Credibility

Three Elements of an Argument

1. Stating a Claim 2. Providing Evidence 3. Establishing a Warrant

Creator of Monroe's Motivated Sequence

Alan Monroe

Tips for Using Body Language

Animate Your Facial Expressions Maintain Eye Contact Use Gestures that Feel Natural Create a Feeling of Immediacy Maintain Good Posture Dress Appropriately

True or False: Informative speeches by contrast to persuasive speeches aim to advocate for a specific position rather than enlighten an audience on a topic

False

True or False: LISTENING is the physiological, largely involuntary process of perceiving sound whereas HEARING is the conscious act of receiving, constructing meaning from, and responding to spoken and nonverbal messages

False

True or False: The method of conveying information that explains how to do something or how somethings works is explanation

False (Demonstration)

Solutions to Overcome Public Speaking Fears

Fear #1 Center of Attention Solution: Focus on the speech and not on yourself Fear #2 Appearing Different Solution: Dress appropriately for the occasion Fear #3 Lack of Experience Solution: Prepare well and practice many times

Types of Presentation Aids

Least-tech to Most-high tech 1. Props/Models 2. Pictures 3. Graphs/Charts 4. Multimedia

Presentation Aids

Objects, models, pictures, graphs, charts, video, audio, and multimedia

Methods of Speech Delivery

Speaking from Memory word for word in writing, then commit to it Speaking from Manuscript read verbatim from prepared written text Speaking Impromptu unpracticed, spontaneous, or improvised Speaking Extemporaneously (most speeches delivered this way!) mix between impromptu and written/memorized

True or False: Related to the Greek verb "to induce by words to believe," persuasion is a deliberate process of influence, of convincing others to share your beliefs

True

True or False: Showing a picture of homeless conditions or a chart that illustrates high rates of homelessness when persuading an audience to donate for the homeless is an example of visual rhetoric—conveying meaning by integrating the visual with the verbal message

True

True or False: The main purpose of conducting informative speeches is to focus on sharing knowledge

True

True or False: When members of an audience during a speech decide either that they won't like what the speaker is going to say or that they know better, they are engaging in defensive listening

True

True or False: the difference between seasoned public speakers and the rest of us is that seasoned public speakers use nervousness for them as opposed to against them

True

Anxiety

a state of increased fear or arousal

Argument

a stated position, with support for or against an idea or issue

Claims of Value

addresses issues of judgement

Dyadic Communication

communication that happens between two people (i.e. having a conversation)

Aristotle

famous person in Ancient Greece who has been credited with explaining that persuasion can be achieved by the speaker's use of three types of persuasive appeals or proofs—termed logos, pathos, and ethos

Claims of Fact

focuses on whether something is or is not true or whether something will or will not happen

Method of Conveying Information: Definition

identifying essential qualities or discussing the meaning of something

Method of Conveying Information: Description

providing details that "paint a mental picture" of a topic

Method of Conveying Information: Explanation

providing reasons, demonstrating relationships, and analyzing

Claims of Policy

recommend that a specific course of action be taken or approved

Epideictic Oratory

speech delivered in special ceremonies

Deliberative Oratory

speech given in legislative/political contexts

Forensic Oratory

speech given to advocate in legal settings

Appeals to Pathos

targets audience members' emotions using storytelling techniques

Appeals to Ethos

targets audience members' feelings about the speaker's character

Appeals to Logos

targets audience members' rationality and logic through argumentation

Brainstorm

the act of spontaneously generating ideas

Effective Delivery

the controlled use of voice and body to express the qualities of naturalness, enthusiasm, confidence, and directness

Body Language

the facial expressions, eye behavior, gestures, and general body movement used by a person when speaking

Agora

the name of Athen's "public square" whereby the community met to deliberate and hold their public speaking engagements

Rhetoric

the practice of giving speeches (also called oratory)

Category of Informative Speech: People

this category is used for when topics are chosen that revolve around athletes, authors, and political leaders

Persuade

to influence the attitudes and behaviors of others

Preview Statement

used early on in a speech to tell audience members why they should listen to you and also demonstrates the topic's relevance to the audience by pointing out how some aspect of it relates directly to the listeners' lives

Multimedia Effect

used to describe when someone learns better from words and pictures than from words alone