SP 203 Midterm Exam Prep
Five Steps of Monroe's Motivate Sequence
1. Attention 2. Need 3. Satisfaction 4. Visualization 5. Action
"Canons of Rhetoric" (in order)
1. Invention 2. Arrangement 3. Style 4. Memory 5. Delivery
Tips for Designing Presentation Aids
1. Keep the Design Simple 2. Use Design Elements Consistently 3. Select Appropriate Styles & Fonts 4. Use Color Carefully
Ways to Increase Audience Understanding
1. Preview Main Points 2. Use Clear Transitions 3. Organization Helps the Listener 4. Remember Presentation Aids
Five Ways to Influence the Audience
1. Set Modest Goals 2. Favorable/Unfavorable Audience 3. Make Your Message Personally Relevant 4. Demonstrate Positive Consequences 5. Establish Your Credibility
Three Elements of an Argument
1. Stating a Claim 2. Providing Evidence 3. Establishing a Warrant
Creator of Monroe's Motivated Sequence
Alan Monroe
Tips for Using Body Language
Animate Your Facial Expressions Maintain Eye Contact Use Gestures that Feel Natural Create a Feeling of Immediacy Maintain Good Posture Dress Appropriately
True or False: Informative speeches by contrast to persuasive speeches aim to advocate for a specific position rather than enlighten an audience on a topic
False
True or False: LISTENING is the physiological, largely involuntary process of perceiving sound whereas HEARING is the conscious act of receiving, constructing meaning from, and responding to spoken and nonverbal messages
False
True or False: The method of conveying information that explains how to do something or how somethings works is explanation
False (Demonstration)
Solutions to Overcome Public Speaking Fears
Fear #1 Center of Attention Solution: Focus on the speech and not on yourself Fear #2 Appearing Different Solution: Dress appropriately for the occasion Fear #3 Lack of Experience Solution: Prepare well and practice many times
Types of Presentation Aids
Least-tech to Most-high tech 1. Props/Models 2. Pictures 3. Graphs/Charts 4. Multimedia
Presentation Aids
Objects, models, pictures, graphs, charts, video, audio, and multimedia
Methods of Speech Delivery
Speaking from Memory word for word in writing, then commit to it Speaking from Manuscript read verbatim from prepared written text Speaking Impromptu unpracticed, spontaneous, or improvised Speaking Extemporaneously (most speeches delivered this way!) mix between impromptu and written/memorized
True or False: Related to the Greek verb "to induce by words to believe," persuasion is a deliberate process of influence, of convincing others to share your beliefs
True
True or False: Showing a picture of homeless conditions or a chart that illustrates high rates of homelessness when persuading an audience to donate for the homeless is an example of visual rhetoric—conveying meaning by integrating the visual with the verbal message
True
True or False: The main purpose of conducting informative speeches is to focus on sharing knowledge
True
True or False: When members of an audience during a speech decide either that they won't like what the speaker is going to say or that they know better, they are engaging in defensive listening
True
True or False: the difference between seasoned public speakers and the rest of us is that seasoned public speakers use nervousness for them as opposed to against them
True
Anxiety
a state of increased fear or arousal
Argument
a stated position, with support for or against an idea or issue
Claims of Value
addresses issues of judgement
Dyadic Communication
communication that happens between two people (i.e. having a conversation)
Aristotle
famous person in Ancient Greece who has been credited with explaining that persuasion can be achieved by the speaker's use of three types of persuasive appeals or proofs—termed logos, pathos, and ethos
Claims of Fact
focuses on whether something is or is not true or whether something will or will not happen
Method of Conveying Information: Definition
identifying essential qualities or discussing the meaning of something
Method of Conveying Information: Description
providing details that "paint a mental picture" of a topic
Method of Conveying Information: Explanation
providing reasons, demonstrating relationships, and analyzing
Claims of Policy
recommend that a specific course of action be taken or approved
Epideictic Oratory
speech delivered in special ceremonies
Deliberative Oratory
speech given in legislative/political contexts
Forensic Oratory
speech given to advocate in legal settings
Appeals to Pathos
targets audience members' emotions using storytelling techniques
Appeals to Ethos
targets audience members' feelings about the speaker's character
Appeals to Logos
targets audience members' rationality and logic through argumentation
Brainstorm
the act of spontaneously generating ideas
Effective Delivery
the controlled use of voice and body to express the qualities of naturalness, enthusiasm, confidence, and directness
Body Language
the facial expressions, eye behavior, gestures, and general body movement used by a person when speaking
Agora
the name of Athen's "public square" whereby the community met to deliberate and hold their public speaking engagements
Rhetoric
the practice of giving speeches (also called oratory)
Category of Informative Speech: People
this category is used for when topics are chosen that revolve around athletes, authors, and political leaders
Persuade
to influence the attitudes and behaviors of others
Preview Statement
used early on in a speech to tell audience members why they should listen to you and also demonstrates the topic's relevance to the audience by pointing out how some aspect of it relates directly to the listeners' lives
Multimedia Effect
used to describe when someone learns better from words and pictures than from words alone
