Span 414-Final Exam

Why is Alta Vista, which is a machine translation program, like a glossary?

The Alta Vista fails because it approaches translation as a problem of finding supposed equivalents or synonyms. The Alta Vista functions like a Morse code operator.

What does Juan Ramón have to do with Dr. Seuss?

That is Sam-I-am to rhyme with jamón. Juan Ramon was the key to translating Green Eggs and Ham since Jamon rhymes with Ramon.

15. When main characters (e.g., C-3PO or Anakin) speak a different language, they retain the accent of their first language. Cronin argues that this phenomenon suggests something about "going native" (p. 121). What is it?

That there is difficulty when speaking another language because although there is a desire when speaking a new language to sound native, it is hard not to lose your identity in doing so or keep your origin silent. It is important to keep self and identity intact. Showing that having an accent doesn't diminish self, or that it is a threat. Self and culture cannot be eliminated. The speaker keeps their accent to maintain "dominance" (saying your culture is better than theirs, and you don't want to assimilate to their culture)

Baseball in Latin America started primarily in which Caribbean country? a) Cuba c) Puerto Rico b) Dominican Republic d) Panamá

a) Cuba

What is a literary canon?

A group of literary works that are considered the most important from a certain time or place (classics). Over time they are put into a classified group and become a canon that everyone respects and accepts as hegemonic literature.

2. How is transliteration different from translation?

MORSE CODE. Transliteration is substituting letters of a given alphabet with letters of another one, and letters are meaningless. Translation is the rendering from one language into another.

10. Name two areas in which machine translation has been effective.

Machine translation is effective in areas like attorney work or law where there is a lot of content and information to cover and they need to know just the basic understanding of what is asked of them or what the pages say. Another example is when there are documents that have highly predictable text with repeated words and phrases. Help with searches for lawyers, like terminology. Manufacturers as well 1. Legal field2. Manufacturing sector

14. Name two challenges that make machine interpretation difficult.

Machines can't look past speech impediments or unfamiliar accents. They need consistency and repetition to understand something. Machines can't listen like humans can. They can block out some noise, but can't single out everything. Speaking quietly and differentiating between two male voices is very hard for a machine.

5. All interpreters fill a communicative role. How do interpreters in movies fill a "testimonial" role in addition to a communicative role?

"Because the interpreters must be there in order to ensure that individuals or groups may communicate with each other, they become witnesses to any number of dramatic or key events." They are witnesses of tension or turning points and important shifts.

2. What is imagination's role in empathic accuracy?

"a translator cannot imagine what source authors, colleagues, and native speakers might mean or say without somehow imagining their worldview."Translators need to be able to imagine the expectations of a particular audience.

1. T/F - Mal de Ojo is when a person is having trouble seeing out of one of their eyes.

(False - Mal de Ojo is when someone is sick because another person shot them a nasty glare)

Why isn't translation competence simply an amalgam of these four skills?

- Just because you have the 4 skills doesn't make you a skilled translator. Thus, people's translation performance did not show correlation with the four skills involved. You have to have intercultural competence.

According to Lefevere, Romantic thought opposes refraction for four reasons. What are they?

1. Assumption of genius and originality of the author 2. Sacred character of the text, which is not to be tampered with 3. Belief in the possibility of recovering the authors true intentions 4. Concomitant belief that works of literature should be judged on their intrinsic merit only

Why doesn't Joseph Smith qualify as a classic spirit channeler? 2 reasons

1. Because his translation process did not come easily or spontaneously. It required work. 2. Joseph changed grammar and made editions later to the text that would rebuke the thought of him just being a spiritual channeler. Smith also wrestled to properly put things into words from the SText, and had struggles with this, so he did understand both languages to an extent to know that some translations were not how they should be said. First of all, regarding terminology. We would describe Joseph Smith's work as inspiration or revelatory. The idea of inspiration is God breathing out. Hague doesn't believe that he is a ventriloquist doll. What suggests that he is not a ventriloquist doll? Lapses in spelling, corrections to the mechanics of the writing that showed his lack of education. There were several thousand corrections to the BOM. Most are corrections of Oliver Cowdery but some were corrections of meaning. Jeffrey R. Holland's master's thesis studies the changes.- Over time, Joseph Smith improved over time.

What are three options for translating metaphors?

1. Find an equivalent equivalent a. Juan es muy caballo b. Will is strong as an ox 2. Explain the metaphor a. Will is strong 3. Use the metaphor and explain it a.Will is like a horse; he's really strong

Lefevere's systems approach has four assumptions. These assumptions concern certain "constraints" on literature. What are they? (pp. 241-243)

1. Literature is a system, embedded in the environment of a culture or society 2. It is a contrived system, consisting of texts and people who write, refract, distribute, read texts. Code of behavior, a poetics. 3. The literary system possesses a regulatory body (people or organizations that extend patronage to the literary system). Economic factors/commercialization. - The literature system has a regulatory body that influences ideology components, status and economic components 4. Natural language in which a work of literature is written, both the formal side of that language (what is in grammars) and its pragmatic side, the way in which language reflects culture. IN CLASS: "Who creates the constraints? The editor, publishers, satisfy the critics, other novelists as well. Other actors that play the same part."

Describe two challenges that make translating colors difficult.

1. Some languages don't have words for colors at all, rather they compare colors with something else in the same color (like blood) 2. Some languages have a word for all the colors and their shades like in English which makes it difficult when a different language doesn't have a word to describe those.

Name three things that interpreters do to help the Miss Universe pageant.

1. They help with the contestants' interviews, as they interview with judges before the final round. 2. They help the contestants for weeks before with pageant activities and live telecast rehearsals. 3.They also do voice-over work for the contestant's introductions to people

9. Describe two activities that can help translators improve their empathic accuracy.

1. Training students to identify their own "emotional states" as well as those of others. 2.Helping students recognize similarities between themselves and others.

3. Although C-3PO has some power, he is often presented in a subservient role. List two ways in which C-3PO's subservience appears in the Star Wars films.

1. When Han Solo asks someone to "Take the professor into the back and plug him into the hyperdrive. He may be very intelligent, but he is just a tool. 2. He consistently refers to Luke as Master Luke or sir, these are "honorifics".

How does the target culture's "need" for the author affect the degree of compromise?

A country has different needs at different times, so if they need the author or what the author has to offer, they will compromise more fully and completely with the author's work. They will close that gap. If they don't need it, they throw it out. Where the "need" for the foreign writer is felt, the critical establishment will become more receptive to the foreign model, or even possibly champion it. If the need is greater, the willingness to compromise will also be greater; the more value the target culture places on the author's work, the more receptive they will be to a foreignized representation.

What is covert narrator translation?

A covert narrator translation is one with the narrator being not visible at all. A Tale of Two Cities: French working class speaking in perfect English to each other. Subtitles are always overt translations

8. Concerning computer tools for translators, what is translation memory?

A database that stores past translations for reuse rather than translating from scratch.

14. How does a source text's "world" help translators make decisions about meaning? (pp. 19-20)

A human understands that she is working with a spiritual text, legal text, etc. That understanding can help her make good choices when translating.

How does refraction represent a compromise between two systems? (p. 243)

A refraction will contain elements of both the source text language and culture and the target text language and culture. The translator will try to "naturalize" a text, or try to make it conform more to what the reader of the translation is used to. But the translation must also contain elements of the source language and source culture, therefore it is a mix of the two language/cultural systems. bridges the gap b/t the two cultures.

9. What is machine translation?

A software program or online tool automatically translates the text according to its own set of rules.

1. What "scarce resource" does C-3PO control?

Knowledge of languages is a scarce resource. Multi language capabilities

What word is commonly overlooked by computer translation programs? A. once B. medication C. for D. treatment

A. once

5. Why are abusive husbands motivated NOT to empathize with their wives?

Abusive husbands are motivated to avoid understanding so they can dominate their wives. They choose not to understand, even if the actions of their wife are not negative or critical towards them.

Where do Robinson's "word-demons" come from?

Action potentials, they are exterior and interior forces (economic, ideological, personality...) that represent responses to a source text, influence the choices a translator makes. They only exist in the translator's imagination. Pandemonium is a gathering of demons, not trying to be critical at all, just trying to describe the experience of translating.

Describe the allusions in the BOM.

Allusion and the Book of Mormon-forces us to think of multiple stories at the same time we are reading one story. Abinadi: Apostate king and a Prophet. A disguise. The disguise either doesn't work well and is removed quickly. Either way, the king receives a message, that they are going to die. Stories have the repeated elements. Removal of disguise is a revelation, revealing identity. The Lord reveals a message to the king as well. Noah/Riplakish: King Noah has basic problems with sin. He demands heavy taxes. Uses the tax money to create buildings. Then he has a lot of concubines. He is burned and his own people kill him. Moroni wrote this story and also the author of Ether which tells us about the story of Riplakish. He describes him the same way that Noah is described. Containing the same elements. Both burned and killed by their own people, heavy taxes, concubines. Removing a disguise is an act of revelation--point of removing disguise is to announce a revelation

11. Eco says Alta Vista never interpreted "the name God" when translating Genesis from English to Spanish. Why? (p. 15)

Alta Vista didn't know that it was working with a religious text. Dios is a proper name, Alta Vista didn't know. Machine translation problems don't know anything. They can be trained to use religious vocabulary.

8. How does an encyclopedia provide more interpretants than a dictionary?

An encyclopedia includes facts, context, information, and examples of a given word while a dictionary provides only one or two possible interpretations.

7. Eco says that dictionaries contain a series of interpretants (a term used by C.S. Peirce). What is an interpretant?

An interpretant is a series of interpretations for a given word. An interpretant is another representation which refers to the same 'object'. Definition of sorts

12. On p. 16, Eco says that translation requires more than knowledge of words and language. What more is required?

An understanding of the world or the possible world described by a given text. We need to have an understanding of the text as well.

Why does St. Jerome's Moses have horns?

Answer: The word for radiance in Hebrew was mistranslated as horned because the version that St. Jerome was using did not have the diacritical marks necessary to signify the vowels and properly identify the word. Problem with the mistranslation from Dr. Hague: The mistranslation, due to the missing of those diacritical marks, created sexual connotation which Dr. Hague likened to, "Ponerle los cuerdos" convincing someone to cheat on their significant other.

How do anthologies create a literary canon?

Anthologies create literary canon by determining which authors are to be canonized. Usually they are compilations of works in a specific field (like drama or plays or romance) that are used to introduce a student to that style of writing. The student entering the field simply accepts these anthologies as classic without wondering about the origin, and so become a literary canon.

How do different translators' approaches to Brecht's profanity illustrate the power of artistic regulatory bodies?

Artistic regulatory bodies can determine the content of a work that gets translated and considered canon. They are essential to the process. The regulatory bodies decide what is accepted in a specific culture. They can completely change or omit the profanity in the translation if they wish...The U.S. entertainment industry didn't allow profanity so the translators wouldn't include it either.

10. How does the example of illegal immigrants help illustrate a method for helping us develop empathic accuracy for groups we may not like?

As students participate in thoughtful classroom discussion about such marginalized groups, they can gain a deeper acquaintance with those groups. Instructors can identify negative characteristics of a particular group, evaluate the credibility of those negative imputations, and use students' moral framework to explore similarities between themselves and the unpopular group. People think that immigrants take jobs, taxes, and social services. - Getting paid in cash, don't have to pay income but they do pay sales tax. - Property tax usually to pay for schools. - All renters are paying property tax Increase in crime Xenophobia: different culture Illegal means wrong.

Lefevere opposes the idea of a truly original work of literature. Why? (p. 240)

Authors are always referencing things from the past. We are not born into a vacuum. We are born into a situation. That situation will influence us in different ways.

4. What does Card mean by "the substance of truth" or "the ring of truth"? (Pp. 71-72, 81)

Authors may try to hide their own moral framework. The substance of truth is defined as no matter how many deliberate lies a writer tells, his own most deeply held beliefs about good and evil will inevitably appear in his work. The illusion of truth and the unavoidable substance of truth require evil to be present in fiction. "The substance of truth" refers to the authors own moral code (what is right vs wrong) that is expressed in the piece of fiction. The author will likely insert what he views as evil into the work of fiction.

4. Provide an example of a person who cannot identify with another person. That is, provide an example of someone with mind blindness.

Autistic people cannot identify with the other at all. Mind blindness, the inability to imagine another's mind, is one of autism's principal characteristics.

How does the "banality" of translation provide an explanation for narrator amnesia?

Banal = trite/common/everyday. Translation is banal because it is something that happens all the time and we can't see it. It happens in mono-lingual conversation all of the time. I as a reader tend to forget that I am a reader. An author gets caught up in their writings and so they also start to forget and commit errors. The example in the text described the short story, Horton Hears a Who! Since Horton is the only one who can hear the cry for help coming from the dust speck, yet the monkeys exclaim that they are going to put a stop to him listening, it is a prime example of narrator amnesia.

Why aren't pictures of hand gestures sufficient to communicate a message in American Sign Language?

Because Sign language also requires facial expression and hand position, body language to be understood completely. It is a complete language with grammar. Pictures of hand gestures are not sufficient to communicate a message in American Sign Language since how the hand points, the direction it points, and facial expressions all add to the meaning of a sign.

Why is there so much confusion about lunch ("almuerzo") in Latin American Spanish?

Because cultures see lunch or almuerzo as different things eaten at different parts of the day. Some countries eat earlier, some eat later, some eat more than others, and they all call it lunch.

6. Why does homonymy make translation difficult?

Because it means there could be multiple interpretations of just one word and it would depend on context and a lot of other things to know how to interpret it and apply it to a translation.

Why is translation competence considered a "supercompetence"?

Because it requires much more than four language skills. Because a translator needs to know about languages, cultures, and domain-specific things.

How does habitualization suggest something like rationalism's executive self?

Because over time if a translator has a habit of performing or translating something a certain way, then that's a way of saying the executive self wins out, that there is one word-demon or bias that the translator has stronger than anything else.

Literature often makes translation appear quick and easy. Should translators be concerned about that?

Because people don't appreciate the difficulty of cultural mediation. It provides a counterpoint to the misunderstanding of people's absolute need for it. We all need translation and no one really appreciates it enough which can create issues. So it is essential, ubiquitous, undervalued, and banal.Translators can be concerned that their work is not valued by others since they do not value cultural mediation and its role in translation.

Why have many food companies had to change the names of their products for foreign markets (pp. 150-152)?

Because the words in the foreign language do not sound very tasty in the foreign markets, they can be actually vulgar and gross, talking about human body parts and other problems.

13. Why can an experienced interpreter "infer, from a wrong translation of an unknown original, what that original was probably saying"? (p. 19)

Because they know enough about both SL and TL to see mistakes and realize that when the context doesn't make sense there is usually and issue and they can then infer problems (understanding that bees don't grab bananas, but monkeys do, and then looking further into the translation and realizing that there was an error and why) It is possible to understand what the original text was trying to say because a reasonable interpreter can usually infer, using his or her encyclopedic knowledge, what the original translation was trying to say. Draw on world knowledge.

8. Describe one way in which the Star Wars films mistakenly assume that a "universal grammar of gesture" exists.

Between the Ewoks and Princess Leia, they communicate with gestures and there are moments where they think Leia is being hostile when she isn't and then with other gestures they communicate just fine, so there's inconsistency there.

Describe what you know about the "Bowels of mercy"

Bowels of mercy Intestines: filled with something Heart: Hard heart Clean hands Ears to hear Itching ears: anxious to hear things that are bad about others. Necks: stiffneckedness Anciently, the center of emotion is the intestine, bowel, or "las entranas": Very little protection. Jeremiah looketh on the reins (los riñones, the kidney, associated with the kidney) This is a metaphor, even though others are gross, we don't think of them that way. "We need our hearts knit together in love"--literally this is gruesome imagery In Greek sacrifice: the priests eat the bowel first. The bowels of the animal end up in the bowels of the Greek sacrifices. They feel the animal's pain by doing so. Literally, the bowel is going in but symbolically but the most central part of the animal is in the most central part of the human. Feeling or sharing the pain of another person. D&C 121: 45: Filled with mercy for all men and for the household of faith. Alma 34: Amulek teaching about the nature of the Atonement: "To bring about the bowels of mercy" specifically, to bring about our bowels but we feel a little bit of the pain of others. We need to be moved by the sacrifice of the Savior. In addition, this refers to the Savior's mercy for us. "Entranas" a bosom friend, we place the center of emotion in the heart. Suggests a connection between us and the most central part of another person.

How does Brecht's work illustrate that Britain "needed" him more than did the U.S.? (pp. 243-244)

Brecht filled a need in Britain that was not needed in the U.S. This is shown by the great reception his work received in Britain. That need in the U.S. was filled by Eric Bentley.

11. What does the foregoing example suggest about interpreter subjectivity and empathy (page 115)?

C-3PO alters the message that he was going to give based on the message he was going to share. In the instances where he is called upon to translate, his attitude to what he translates and how he frames his translation is determined by his relationship to the participants in the exchange. He was able to imagine the consequences of those around him.

How do you say "Climbing Shoe" in Spanish? A. Climbing Shoe B. Zapatos para Escalar C. Pies de Gato D.Pezuña de Cabra

C. Pies de Gato

What does the expression "All your base are belong to us" have to do with CATS?

CATS was a characters in a Japanese video game, and this phrase was a mistranslation of what he actually meant to say which was "CATS has taken all of your bases" The expression was stated by a character named CATS in a 1991 Japanese video game called Zero Wing. This sentence has the dubious honor of becoming one of the most famous internet memes to date.

Where did KFC make their translation mishap of "Eat your fingers off!"

China

9. Provide an example of a gesture that means something very different in Spanish-speaking cultures versus English-speaking cultures.

Come here, thank you, ok. How do you point in Latin America? You point with your lips. Some get offended when you point your lip in the US. In Latin America, if you point with your finger, one might be offended.

What is translation's role in the so-called "medical tourism" area of cosmetic surgery?

Companies make sure they have common search words connected to their websites in all major languages that people would search for. So if you are a Brazilian company that wants Americans coming to your place for cosmetic surgery, your website must have a connection to searching common American words for that. The client also needs help navigating insurance and billing information, travel plans, appointments, and rehabilitation information.

16. How would Eco decide what makes a good translation?

Conserve not just what it says but what it means. good translation would be concerned not only with such matters as 'equivalence' in meaning, but also with 'equivalences' in the substance of expression. Translators are bound to identify each of the relevant textual levels, but they may be obliged to choose which ones to preserve, since it is impossible to save them all. A good translators cannot save all of the textual levels, but they can make up for some of their losses.

16. Describe one example where archaic English indicates a character's subservient relationship to another (pp. 122).

Darth Vader talking to his master, C3PO talking to pretty much anyone, welcoming them back, or asking what they need. They use this language to distinguish.

What's the difference between a Deaf person and a deaf person?

Deaf with a capital letter is used to denote people who are typically deaf since birth or at a very young age and who identify themselves as culturally deaf in addition to physically deaf. A deaf person is one who is only physically deaf. Folks of the Deaf culture celebrate their challenge. Some discourage others from learning to read lips.

Describe the Hermeneutic Frameworks main ideas:

Definition: How we interpret texts based on our life experiences. Where did we grow up, jobs, education. All of these things influence how we read. The accumulated life experiences, the interior psychological forces, and the exterior ideological and social forces that determine how we understand the world can be described as a frame of reference. The hermeneutic framework shapes both translators' reading of the foreign text and their production of the finished translation. We aren't born into a vacuum. Our families and culture impact our decisions. How people read Constraints on translators' choices The role of imagination and empathy

How does the problem of translating "God" and "Jesus" into Chinese illustrate the ethical issues that translators face?

Different cultures see God very differently. Chinese culture traditionally believes in Buddha or in worshipping multiple gods. Typical Christianity only believes in "one" god. Hong Xiuquan & British missionary Robert Morrison. Taiping Heavenly Kingdom violent rebellion.

What is subjectivity?

Does not refer to biases or prejudices but agents. Ex: we are subjects to the king, agents who act. A translator views themselves as a subject with a purpose as they translate.

How in the heck did Dr. Seuss mess up like he did?

Dr. Seuss is human as well, he may have gotten caught up in the story like the rest of us do. Example in class: Scene from LOR: We sacralize the story of Lord of the Rings even though the Hands on the statues are switched in the scene.

8. How does "acquaintance" influence our perceptions of a person or a group?

Empathic accuracy improves as people come to know each other better. As one learns about a culture better too, they are more inclined to be empathetic towards a group of people as well. It depends on whether people are "willing to disclose" at a high level. Empathic accuracy improves as people come to know each other better. The relationship's length is not important, just how vulnerable they are willing to be.

On page 107, a poet laureate says that translating poetry is an "act of supreme empathy." Other people, however, argue that literary translation can be an act of colonization. How so? What is the example of colonization that I should remember?

Empathy: When translating one has to closely understand/be in the shoes of one person (the SL author) and then tell that same story in a different language. Colonization: Because poetry, and art in general, is about the impossible (saying a thousand words with just one) that to try to translate that would turn a piano sonata into a trombone piece; the melody will still be distinguishable, but the whole will sound much different. At its core, it is the same notes of music (piano sonata = trombone piece) but a piano and trombone sound very different, thus, colonization changes it a lot.

What languages do interpreters work with in Major League Baseball?

English, Spanish and Japanese. A lot of the translation includes turning English words into other words in other languages.

What is the Poetry Translation Centre, and what does it have to do with Amazonian bejuco vines?

Established 2004 by British poet Sarah Maguire to translate contemporary poetry from Africa, Asia, and Latin America to bring these works to the English-speaking world. In London Royal Academy of Dramatic Arts building. A group of 10 people from all over the world and with all over the world cultural experience. They were in charge of translating the Bejuco story of the Shuar poet María Clara Sharupi Jua. The word bejuco was debated but ultimately the group decided to leave it with a word of clarity to describe it.

9. How does every interpretant resemble a homonym (p. 13)?

Every interpretant represents one possible definition of the word (which definition is determined by context). These interpretations are "homonyms of the word, because they are different concepts represented by the same word.

2. Why does Card believe that "any depiction of life without evil is a lie"? (P. 71)

Evil is such an essential aspect of the human condition. People die, friends cheat, family members hurt us, crimes are committed against us, however, sometimes we are the individuals who perpetrate evil. Evil is more entertaining because it is real. Hell sells--movies, literature, etc. There is no such thing as unrelenting goodness. Even while readers read fiction they don't expect all lies, they also want to see at least part of real life.

Provide your own example of a false cognate, such as "actualmente." How do false cognates illustrate the influence of hermeneutic frameworks?

Example of a false cognate: Exito ---- Sounds like exit, but actually success False cognates illustrate the influence of hermeneutic frameworks because the false cognate sounds right because the first-language form has seemingly always been part of the language learners' world.

1. T/ F : The musical alphabet/note names in English are the same in Spanish.

F

2. Only those descended from white Europeans are considered Caucasian. T/F

F

2. T/ F: In solfège, "SI" is the same note in English and Spanish.

F

2. T/False In Spanish, a preliminary round in a race or event is known as un calor.

F

True or False: Financial Statements are translated using only the current translation rate on the reporting date?

F

True/False Where text is printed in children's literature does not influence translator choices

F

1. Are Latin American and Latino synonymous? T/F

F: Latino refers to Latin Americans residing in the United States, whereas Latin American refers to inhabitants of Latin America.

True or False: Having a friend interpret for a patient is just as good as having a professional interpreter, and is encouraged.

False

True/False: All that is needed for a proper marketing translation is a machine translation.

False

2. True or False: 'Abono' can mean "fertilizer" but it can also be used when talking about "Live feeds".

False: Although 'Abono' DOES mean fertilizer, it is also used when talking about PAYMENTS.

T/F: The 2021 Tokyo Olympic Games will include these 3 climbing events: Free Soloing, Speed Climbing and Bouldering.

Falso: Speed Climbing, Lead Climbing, Bouldering

1. What are two parts of the process to requesting asylum in the U.S?

Filling out and submitting documentation and attending a credible fear interview

Why does one translation of Los de abajo include profanity that the others do not?

Fornoff's (the author that included the profanity in his/her translation) takes a functional approach which insults them without using a verb at all. It established the subject of Mexican Revolution as part of literature. Nixtamalero significa que alguien es pobre y probablemente indigeno. He is trying to communicate the social impact of eating tortillas. Since eating tortillas is the food of the poor, it was derogatory.

3. Provide an example of a person who identifies completely with another person.

From the text, Norman Bates, the killer in Psycho, is an excellent example of a person whose identification with another is absolute: Norman becomes his mother. He is psycho because he has an alter ego such that he actually believes he is his mom. Jesus Christ

What is the role of habitualization in translation work?

Habitualization could be understood as the role of experience. It's that over time, a beginner translator gains experience sifting through all the "demons" and becomes more efficient. Even though there is always pandemonium in translating, over time it is more streamlined with experience, less like a bar room brawl. They produce a standard transfer pattern, or patterns in how to translate, and which demons to listen to.

17. Anakin kills a group of Tusken raiders, none of whom speak a language that Anakin or the audience can understand (p.128). How does the Tusken raiders' lack of intelligible language make it easier for Anakin to kill them without remorse?

He can't empathize with them or understand them, so they don't seem like real people to him. It is easy to kill something that seems like a machine or animal when you don't understand their feelings, motives, or lives.

What is unusual about Joseph Smith's approach to revealed language?

He did not claim that the words in the revelation were God's words. He never considered the wording infallible, and edited under divine influence. SL text was engraved in stone. The use of a seer stone just helped him concentrate. Koran is the opposite. It is seen as the Literal word of God directly from Gabriel's mouth.

How would Joseph Smith qualify as a creative translator?

He does, since he employed creativity in order to synthesize a variety of idiomatic expressions into a coherent piece. Smith is a channeler, but he is a channeler whose subjectivity remains intact and makes a significant contribution to the creation of the text. He would translate the same passage a different time with different wording - showing that he was listening to different "demons" each time.

How has Theo Hermans addressed the issue of authenticated translations? Is the translator present?

He explains that authenticated texts are those that carry equivalence in every aspect of the document, (consonance of voice, singularity of intent, and convergence of meaning). The translator is evacuated entirely. He explains this with the Book of Mormon in that there was performative external speech, with eye witnesses to say that rather than Joseph Smith translating he was reading off a stone, and had not personal bias or influence on the transcription.

Why did Martin Luther's Bible translation exercise such powerful influence on the development of German?

He tried to make his version as accessible as possible, and he even coined some words in his translation that are still in use today. Before Martin Luther's New Testament was published, there was no standard language for German literature, but Luther's straightforward language disseminated and became the norm. In class example was scene from mission impossible: The old English, these, thous, "Thou shalt not covet thy neighbor's wife".

What is translator subjectivity?

How translators view themselves as they translate. Some translators view themselves and that they should disappear. One perspective is how the translation's readers incorporate or don't incorporate their personality into the text. Agent is a subject, or self.

So, do you really believe that art—literature, paintings, photographs, films— can create or limit the image of a foreign culture? I mean, for heaven's sake, isn't Lefevere exaggerating here?

I believe that art can both create and limit the image of a foreign culture. One is never going to truly be able to understand all of a foreign culture but art can allow us to gain a realistic understanding of other cultures and how we can interact with them. If we are only receiving 3% of literature from other countries, then our view will be very limited.

Give an example of how you would create one of Bart Simpson's prank phone-call names in Portuguese or Spanish.

I would create something similar to the book's example. The book's example of Anu Saukko is humorous because it links Anu, a woman's name with Saukko, which is a last name. When they are spoken together they sound like the Finnish word for anus. I think his point with the name thing was that with things that don't really matter like names, they can be changed easily to fit the new culture.

4. Eco says that if a lexicon contained only synonyms, translation would be easy. Why?

If a lexicon contained only synonyms, translation would be easy because you would simply translate words and you wouldn't have to take into meaning their contextual meaning. Because then you could just pop out translations through a machine and program things to come out like in morse code. There would be no guessing or wondering about what matches with what, because everyone would already know. Only one right answer every time

Name two kinds of good wishes that people express while drinking (e.g., "Cheers!")

In Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish you say skal, which is another way of wishing people well. In Spanish we say salud, wishing people good health.

Concerning criminal cases, how are judges' powers in some Latin American different from those of U.S. judges?

In common law countries, English speaking countries, judges do not file criminal charges, rather, government lawyers have that responsibility. US judges cannot file charges against people and then be the judge for said case.

What do amorous drunken chickens have to do with interpreting challenges in Cirque du Soleil?

Interpreters had to consult with each other in real time in order to figure out how to convey brand new concepts, such as cave breath, fish flob, and body grow. The trainers tend to create their own language as they help their trainees with different ways of performing.

8. Why is the phrase "if only" a lie? (Pp. 87-89)

It implies a singleness that never occurs in real life. Implies that a single change would have a single effect which is absurd and not true. It implies that tragedy can be avoided by one simple change or having done or not done something. There is no such thing as one single result or cause from any change. "If only" implies that the reader has a perfect knowledge of the cause and effect chain. But no one on the planet has that perfect knowledge.

Why does Lefevere consider refraction to be simply a "fact" of literature (p. 240)

It exists everywhere, in criticisms, in commentary, historiography, teaching, production of plays. They have all been influential in establishing the reputation of a writer and their work. Any translation of a play for example is a refraction into another language and culture that some don't even understand the original anyway.

What is the principal challenge facing translators who render soccer content into Brazilian Portuguese?

It has to accommodate both semi-illiterate readers and highly educated readers.

4. What happens to Linked In's user numbers when it adds new languages?

It increases. The network grows because the multilingual community can then add others that speak their language and increase their network. Every time they added a new language the rate of the new member sign ups has doubled, sometimes by much more, in that country.

17. What is a gisted translation?

It is an approximate translation. It is useful for conveying the most important information.

Muslims have an interesting attitude toward Koran translation. What is that attitude?

It is generally believed to be untranslatable, but it is still translated so the general meaning can be accessible to those who do not speak Arabic. The Quran was given in Arabic, the angel Gabriel dictated the words to Muhammed. The Quran is the word of God that is quite literal in a way that the Bible is not. Any translation is rather just an explanation of what is in the text. The Quran is the final word of God to His people. Thus, they don't believe in modern revelation.

What is transcreation, and what is transcreation's role in the greeting-card industry?

It is when text is not transferred from one language to another but re-created entirely. They start not with a source text to translate, but a concept to be conveyed. They will take concepts from a card or sometimes multiple and generate entirely new cards to reflect the meaning of something new or an event. So one card in English can be transcreated to another language where it means get well soon but has a different picture and says something completely different.

15. Visit translationparty.com for ten minutes. What does this website do?

It keeps translating a phrase switching translations between Japanese and English until the translation doesn't change and it reaches equilibrium, or until one translation is equal in both languages without changing anything.

Why does wine create a huge challenge for translators?

It requires fluency in two tongues and one could argue fluency in a third tongue, one that is highly sensitive to the spectrum of tastes that exist among reds, whites, roses, and sparkling wines. Translating wines is a very involved and extensive process.

How does the author's reputation in the source culture affect the degree of compromise listed above?

It seems that the translator is willing to lean more towards the target system if the author does not have prestige in the source culture. When you translate a canonized author, those that receive the translation are more likely to read. Historiographical refractions will remember the canonized author as a "classic author" of the twentieth century. If the author has a good reputation/is well known to the target audience, then his works will be translated more on his own terms, rather than on the terms of the receiving system.

12. What is a Microsoft LIP, and how do LIPs make less-common languages "cool" for younger members of communities that speak these languages?

It stands for Language Interface Pack, which is a pack of translations in a language for the most commonly used parts of the software. LIPs make less common languages cool by allowing the languages to be used on the internet to describe memes and other things that young people are interested in. Instead of everything being in English, young people can be cool in less common languages. Providing less-common languages encourages the younger generation to use it with more regularity because they can still be "cool" using it.

Why do Japanese women give chocolates to Japanese men on Valentine's Day?

It started aimed primarily at foreigners to begin Valentine's day and have men buy chocolate for women. But one point a statesman from the foreign company in Japan was mistranslated, leading everyone to believe women were supposed to buy chocolate from men. So now Japan has another holiday a month later where men buy women things for valentine's day.

Why didn't God simply provide an English translation of the Book of Mormon? How does this relate to revelation?

It was a part of Joseph Smith's refinement process. Joseph's production of the BOM illustrates our understanding of revelation, that it is always mediated by a human being.

4. Describe one way in which "the messenger and the message become one" (page 111). What does this problem suggest about the tensions interpreters encounter in their work?

It's as if the translator giving the message as the "bearer of bad news" is the person at fault for passing it on. So when C3PO tells Jabba the Hut that the Bounty Hunter wants more money, Jabba gets angry at the droid for delivering the news instead of the Bounty Hunter. "Translators in situations of conflict cannot, therefore, remain immune to the pressures of competing interests."

What is a "continuity problem" in film?

It's where one action is not repeated the same way throughout the film, almost as if those filming forget what actually happened. Like when someone gets wet in one scene and in the next is suddenly dry. Something is happening in the present when previously it was established in the movie that this couldn't happen. Film is a collaborative effort which makes it easier for continuity errors.

18. Name a movie or book in which the villain has no language (Hint: consider children's movies involving dinosaurs or animals).

Land Before Time

Why might Mormons, who presumably reject the concept of hell as a place where people burn forever, assume that the gates of hell refer to just such a place?

Many assume that the gates of hell refer to Satan's power because we understand that popular culture influences our interpretation of texts, even when that interpretation contradicts something we consider fundamental to our understanding of the world.

What does cow dung have to do with Clairol's inability to sell its Mist Stick in Germany?

Mist means manure in German, so it wasn't such a popular item there, same with Sierra Mist.

What process is the culprit behind major mistranslations in arcade games?

Misunderstanding context of phrases!

1. Why can Morse code operators transmit a message they do not understand?

Morse code operators can transmit a message they do not understand because Morse code involves a process of transliteration. Transliteration is substituting letters of a given alphabet with letters of another one, and letters are meaningless. Thus, operators can correctly translate messages written in a language they do not understand into a series of dots and dashes.

Do most literary translators make tons of money? Explain your answer, and make sure you mention toilet paper.

Most are professors or have a day job. Most literary translators are on the verge of poverty. The people who translate the ingredients on the packaging of your toilet paper earn more than those who translate the works of the greatest poets.

Name one movie you have seen (a science-fiction film, for example) in which all the dialogue was covertly translated for you.

Mulan

2. Are asylum seekers granted an interpreter at their interview by the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services?

No

Do translators enjoy the same copyright protections as other writers (who supposedly aren't "derivative")? In your answer, explain why you might prefer to translate into Thai as opposed to some to other language.

No, translators do not enjoy the same copyright protection as other writers. Because you can translate without obtaining permission from the plaintiff. In other countries you have to get permission first to not violate copyright laws. I might prefer to translate into Thai because Thailand protected the right of its citizens in saying the he/she was unaware that publishing the translated works would violate the copyrights.

How does Backstroke of the West illustrate some of George Lucas's problems with film-title translation?

Occasionally there are cases where people try to translate information and do it incorrectly like with the movie Revenge of the Sith that had mistranslations everywhere, even the title being Backstroke of the West and other parts like Jedi Council being Presbyterian Church.

19. Obi-Wan Kenobi says the following: "Only a Sith deals in absolutes." Cronin argues that some people live with linguistic absolutes, resulting in a failure to listen to the many voices in their community. Name at least one voice in your community that most people probably don't hear or even know much about.

One voice in my community that is not heard very often are the individuals who suffer from domestic abuse, especially young married women.

How do translators use imagination to perform their work?

Our audience exists only in our imagination. And the author, native speakers. People who are fluent in both languages.

Describe the relationship between the literary system's "regulatory body" and patronage. (p. 242)

Patronage is the idea that literature should not be allowed to get too far out of step with the other systems in a given society. Literary system possesses a Regulatory body which is the person, persons, institution (various prelates, noblemen, provincial governors, mandarins, Church, Court, Fascist or Communist party) who or which extend patronage to it (the literary system). Patronage consists of 3 components: 1. Ideological one: literature can't go beyond was is acceptable in society 2. Economic: patron assures the writer's livelihood 3. Status component: writer achieves a certain position in society

Many people assume that the gates of hell refer to Satan's power. Why?

Popular culture has had a significant influence on our concept of hell because of works like Milton's Paradise Lost and Dante's Inferno. These texts have influenced our western concept of hell.

The word "condom" has a not-so-predictable equivalent in Portuguese and Spanish. What is it?

Preservative in English is the false cognate, and it actually means condom in those languages, instead of what it normally means for us. "Preservativo"

How does Pym view translator invisibility?

Pym argues that for readers, the translator is nobody in particular, because the translated text functions as an ideal equivalent of the source text.

How does Pym define translation competence?

Pym defines this supercompetence as combining two abilities.First, the ability to generate a target-text series of more than one viable term (target text 1, target text 2 ... target text n) for a source text. - Second, the ability to select only one target text from this series, quickly and with justified confidence, and to propose this target text as a replacement of source text for a specified purpose and reader.

Pym criticizes Venuti. What is Pym's criticism?

Pym's objection to raising translator visibility is not an objection to foreignized translation per se. Rather, his objection concerns what readers will accept as translational discourse: the equivalence in translation is a result of the work, but its social function depends on the relative anonymity of the work. This ideal equivalence can only function for as long as the receiver is indifferent to the translator's individuality.

In the novel Brunswick Gardens, two letters illustrate how hermeneutic frameworks influence translation. Why?

Rather than being original letters between lovers, they are translations of the same ancient letters. The reverend and the woman each translated the same letters and their background had a strong pull on the tone and content of the letters. The reverend's translation work reflects his spiritualizing approach to themes of love and loneliness, while the young woman approaches those same themes with great passion.

What are the four skills that people usually use to measure linguistic competence?

Reading, writing, listening, and speaking.

Why does Robinson reject the (rationalist) idea that an executive self is in charge of everything we say or do?

Regarding the executive mind, Robinson states that the concept of the "executive mind" does not control the exterior or interior forces pulling them in different directions. Robinson believes that we employ a concept of pandemonium. Because of community influence. We are always influenced by the location where we grow up, like economies, state systems, neighborhoods. Much of who we are is created in us without us knowing it.

Do translators' personalities disappear in the translation process?

Reject the Goldberg idea. We do not stop being a human being and having personal experiences. Translator's personalities don't disappear. It would depend on who you are talking to, but according to this article no they don't. Part of subjectivity and Joseph Smith as an example, that each time he translates, even sometimes translating the same things more than once, he will change it depending on what he feels in the moment is right. Word-demons fight differently in each translator's mind.

What is retranslation?

Retranslation into the same language, of the same original text.

16. Describe statistical machine translation, which is Google Translate's principal means of producing translated content. What is the downside to statistical machine translation?

Rules based translation: This is what Alta-vista did. - Altavista was parsing sentences. The computer would identify parts of speech and replace them with the equivalent in the target language. The statistics machine translation is better: it uses bi-texts which are source texts in Spanish and its human produced translation on the other side. You put millions of these documents into the machine translation program. Based on the bi-texts, the program analyzes statements and produces a statement. DOWN SIDE: Statistical machine translations do not evaluate new metaphors or new language. They are terrible at developing recent information. A new kind of machine translation program is called neural net machines. They are based on intelligence models.

Why is the constraint of "natural language" similar to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis? (pp. 242-243)

Sapir and Whorf believe that the structure of a language determines the native speaker's perception of the world, and therefore, perception of whatever text he/she reads or translates. The idea of the "natural language" constraint consists of the same idea: that language reflects culture. Therefore, when translating a text into any language, there will be certain constraints, and changes may be made to the source text in order to adapt it to a new language and culture

Pages 142-144 describe how a make-up translator helps Sarah Ferguson, a.k.a. "Fergie," sell a line of cosmetics for MAC. What kind of research does the successful Mexican translator do to translate this kind of material?

She has dictionaries, bilingual make up books, glossaries, cultural information. She uses the internet to find information for more current trends, web pages, blogs, going into shops to look up products and read labels, she always reads the makeup section in magazines.

How is narrator amnesia like a continuity problem?

Similar in that the narrator or author forgets about something that happened in one chapter and continues to explain the story with an inconsistency (like sancho panza in Don quijote when he loses his mule, and then is riding it again later with no explanation of how he got it back.

How does the example of FL learners illustrate Robinson's rejection of an executive self?

Since the executive self refers to the internal capacity to choose and to direct one's own behavior, by rejecting the concept of the executive self, Robinson states that foreign language learners must be influenced extensively by word demons in the form of external factors. They are constantly going through the pandemonium concept.

What is singularity entity?

Singularity entity: can't distinguish between human and non human. More efficient than humans. Limitations: Main limitation is the new linguistic developments within a language that the program already has. New Language English changes in the past 40 yrs Dope Chat

What are neural net computers?

Some of these systems can actually learn. For example, they can do what's called "zero-shot" translation. If there is a neuronet translation software that can do japanese and English, Korean and English, then eventually it can do Japanese and Korean Zero shot can eventually, based on those two models, on its own, can produce japanese korean translation. It's not perfect. But it's a possibility. The main limitation for MT programs. Statistical or neuro, is a new language. New linguistic developments within a language that the MT program already has. Jeff's notes: We can train the computer to translate more specifically by using neural net. A.I. Zero-shot: It has been trained to work with these two languages. Japanese-English Korean and English On its own, it can produce Japanese Korean translation. The main limitation for machine translation is new language. Meaning new linguistic developments within the one system Machine translation is terrible in general. Figurative language is still very hard for machines to handle.

What do the colors blue and green have to do with the linguistic term grue?

Sometimes languages have one word that could mean green or blue, so this new word was created to explain both.

Depending on your language, find out how Portuguese or Spanish translators have resolved the problem of "Tom Marvolo Riddle" in the Harry Potter books.

Soy Lord Voldemort—Tom Sorvolo Ryddle Some have simplified the middle name so that it is a comparable anagram. Others have made more complex manipulations to the name. For example, the French version is quite subtle.

What is Stylesight, and how does the company help the style and design industries?

Stylesight is a trend forecasting company that provides coverage not just of fashion, but of style and design for clothing, accessories, and interiors. The company reviews trends and creates forecasts not just based on what they see on the runway, but by what they find happening in local markets.

3. What is synonymy?

Synonymy is equivalence in meaning. When two terms refer to the same thing or concept. Rabbit, hare, and bunny all mean the same thing. Their context defines how we use them. We won't eat bunnies, but we will eat hares.

( True /False) A correct way to translate "buffer" to Spanish is "tampón."

T

( True/False) A significant barrier to scientific translation is a lack of translator expertise.

T

1. True/F Translation/interpretation is provided for roughly 30 languages during the Olympics.

T

2. T/F - Professional interpreters can improve the efficiency of medical visits by both reducing a patient's length of stay in the hospital and allowing doctors to diagnose the problem with fewer examinations. (True)

T

True/False Those that translate children's literature are usually parents involved frequently in reading children's books.

T

5. What is TED, and how does TED provide content in multiple languages?

TED is an organization that invites dynamic speakers to share their life's work in 18 minutes or less. 7500 registered, volunteer translators provide content in multiple languages.

2. How does C-3PO's control of that resource give him power?

The Ewoks think he is a God because of his ability to communicate with them differently than anyone else. Because of this, they listen to him and eventually agree to be enlisted as helpers against the empire. Most characters can't communicate, so he helps them through the whole story.

Based on your answer to the foregoing question, what might the gates of hell be?

The Gates of Hades (Hell) actually mean death. When the same word is used in other places in the Bible it means tomb or "la tumba". Christ gives him keys to open the gate right after.

1. What is empathic accuracy?

The ability to imagine others' perspectives is known in psychological literature as empathetic accuracy. Empathetic accuracy measures "the extent to which such everyday mind reading attempts are successful".

What is a hermeneutic framework?

The accumulated life experiences, the interior psychological forces, and the exterior ideological and social forces that determine how we understand the world can be described as a frame of reference. The hermeneutic framework shapes both translators' reading of the foreign text and their production of the finished translation. We aren't born into a vacuum. Our families and culture impact our decisions.

Name one book you have read (one set in China, for example) in which the narrator covertly translated for you.

The author described the book "The Mouse and the Motorcycle".

7. Concerning computer tools for translators, what is a term base?

The encyclopedia version of online databases. It contains more detail and has lots of descriptive detail. Explanations of when to use details and when not to. Term descriptions come from professional translators. Example: Microsoft wants you to do a project, you receive a group of words from the client. They want the terms to be equal across a product, even if they have multiple translators working on one project.

3. What does Card mean by "the illusion of truth"? (Pp. 71-72)

The illusion of truth demands that there be evil, or his readers will cease believing in his characters and toss the book away. The idea of Verisimilitude: when we watch a play that has verisimilitude, it is something that we can relate to. How can I watch Lord of the Rings? Are orks realistic? We endow them with human feelings or sentiment.

Why does Pym believe translators should be invisible?

The invisibility factor tends to lead to more authenticity. Readers have the expectation that they may know who the translator is but they don't care. Since source text authors generate little interest, translators generate even less. Therefore, readers' expectations of equivalence means that 'nobody in particular' could have translated the work 'with little or no change in the reception process'.

How did referees at the World Cup prepare to penalize players who used curse words?

They gave all the coaches a list of all the curse words in the 17 different languages spoken. They were given to the coaches, all the lists of bad words.???? I thought that the referees had to study all of the words not give the coaches something?

20. Cronin's chapter ends by discussing the rebels' linguistic diversity. How does that diversity (and, of course, translation's role in it) reflect the rebels' commitment to democratic ideals?

Their purpose is to be able to unite everyone, not dominate over the other, just like one language is not any better than the other. They are trying to take a step towards tolerance (of language and culture), unlike the dark side.

How does a boxing interpreter's approach change during post-fight interviews? What are the two kinds of interpreting?

There are a couple different ways that translation is needed. Sometimes it is simultaneous interpreting (translating from one language to another) other times it is consecutive interpreting where you have to memorize passages and then repeat when they are done. It requires quick thinking and action, switch as the situation demands.

What does Lefevere mean when he says that Romanticism assumes that texts have "a sacred character"?

There are good and bad ways to translate them, and some bad translations are just thrown out. You can't poorly translate the bible, it has to be a sacred rendition that includes the same meaning and understanding.

How does Robin Williams' hirsute body illustrate why The Simpsons is an exceptionally challenging program to translate?

There are many allusions in the program and parts where the characters refer to people or places (like Robin Williams) assuming the audience knows who they are talking about and other aspects of the man, like how he has a lot of body hair. They are like inside jokes, which make it difficult to translate across cultures. Robin Williams' body hair is an exceptionally challenging program to translate because it represents one of the 44 separate allusions that are in an episode of the Simpsons. They would have to know that Robin William's was a hairy man. Robin Williams is extremely hairy. It's a fantastic commentary on pop culture. It requires a knowledge of pop culture. Robin Williams actually looks like he's wearing a bear suite when he doesn't have a shirt on. You would have to know that for the joke to be funny.

10. How does the English term bachelor illustrate homonymy?

There are several meanings for the English word, bachelor. The English term Bachelor in the university context is a person who has received a bachelor's degree. In the marital context, it means an unmarried man. In the medieval context, the word bachelor means 'a young knight who follows the banner of another'. Since there are several meanings for a single word, it can be difficult to identify which meaning is intended.

Is there really a language of high fashion (a "language of luxury", p. 144)? If so, how can we learn it?

There is, it's a form of slang and language of business. They have words for clothing and styles that stay in previous languages and carry over, and also phrases that become a part of the industry over time. Rolex wants you to buy the "class" that is associated with its product.

6. How does crowdsourcing work for translating Facebook content? Does Facebook use professional translators in addition to the crowd?

They get help from communities and groups of people that provide their opinions about how they would like the website to be translated into their language. So it's a group effort. About 30 language are supported by paid and professional translators.

10. Cronin notes that C-3PO's success as an interpreter could be seen as promoting the idea that translation is a simple linguistic exercise for machines. However, Cronin says that C-3PO's BEHAVIOR doesn't support this idea at all. Describe at least one example where C-3PO decides that he must add something to or omit something from his interpretation to protect himself or others.

There's the part when C3PO is interpreting for Jabba the Hut and the Bounty Hunter, and adds a phrase after Jabba tells the final price for Chewbacca, telling the Bounty Hunter to take the sum because Jabba is really angry. He says this to protect his own safety and all around him. He includes emotion and feeling in what he says and is not just an objective translator. He doesn't always act like a machine because his behavior reflects human feelings.

How do we see self-censorship among translators of Buddhist writings?

These passages were often censored by the translators themselves because it did not match with their preferred view of Buddhism. Example from the reading: Those who favored mystical and mysterious Catholicism favored Mahayana Buddhism and those that preferred no-pomp-and-circumstance Protestantism, favored Theravada form of Buddhism.

7. How have men been successfully encouraged to improve their empathic accuracy?

They are paid to be. Researchers eliminated the gender difference by finding a way to motivate men, by paying them. Empathic actions can be motivated by society or with money.

7. How can expressions of emotion (e.g., R2-D2, Chewbacca) "transcend" translation?

They are things that everyone can understand. So even if the language is unintelligible, humans can still understand if the situation is dangerous or sad because of the noises and fluctuation of R2D2 and Chewbacca. 1 minute of emotions of Chewbacca: anger, surprise. Body language conveys emotion. R2-D2 expresses emotion through his beeps. An increase in beep intensity and frequency convey that danger is approaching or also positivity.

How does retranslation illustrate the influence of hermeneutic frameworks?

They are very far apart in time and space. In contrast, active translations share a similar location or generation which allows students to study hermeneutic frameworks. Retranslations can be very different, depending on who the translator is and what their life views are. You can see this just in comparing the "retranslations" for the title of a single book.

6. How can movies "democratize" linguistic incomprehension and thereby illustrate people's need for interpreters (page 112)?

They can create languages that are unintelligible to any humans, and highlight the fact that we need interpretation. Having every language available ensures everyone can participate. When there's just one language to rule them all, you eliminate large groups of people. How are languages represented in films? A film democratizes linguistic incomprehension. We are all confused in the theater together. We don't know how to translate Ewok. By not translating, the film forces us to put ourselves in the shoes of the character since I nor the character understand what the subject is saying.

12. How do subtitles indicate "otherness" or "difference" (pp. 115-116)?

They communicate to the audience that the character is interacting with someone foreign. It allows the audience to still listen to the auditory distinctness of the sounds of the foreign language.

Name two ways that fast-food restaurants have adapted to different countries.

They create foods that are culturally understood and cater to the cultural palate of various ethnicities (like making a burger with rice cakes instead of hamburger buns). They also have translators to translate software for anyone new working at McDonalds, making sure that no matter how long someone works there, they can make the food the same way every time and every day. 1. They have changed the names of their products. 2. Changed the products themselves to reflect culture tastes and preferences.

How do authenticated translations view subjectivity?

They don't see subjectivity as a part of the translations at all. The translator has no part in the translation, is only relaying words rather than inserting himself. He is a tool no more.

2. Wikipedia has several methods for providing content in hundreds of languages. What are those methods?

They have 100,000 people who volunteer their time to edit and change pages, and some are translators who contribute to multiple pages. Each page is completely not by just one person but by a community. Sometimes they create completely new pages about a topic, but much of the time they translate. Sometimes ethnic groups want information in their language and so they start translating and creating pages for their own minority groups.

1. What is Twitter's principal method of translating its content?

They have volunteer translators who translate phrases and then those phrases are voted on by quality control and larger groups of the community to decide if they are worth it or not.

How have Chinese translators made Mamma Mia palatable to their audience?

They incorporated local slang, Mongolian and Tibetan folk dances Updating the dance moves and made it cheesy. It is supposed to be exaggerated.

14. How can accent (e.g., the Gungans or the Neimoidians) reveal whether a character is good or bad?

They mimic accents that English speakers are already familiar with, but understanding the history of the people helps know the good and bad. But hearing the accent of the Neimoidians, we understand that they had previously spoken Pak Pak and therefore were on the bad side of the team, and had a more distinctive, stiff accent. The Gungans, on the otherhand, were clumsy and foolish and awkward, and their accent was almost childish and foolish, marking them to not be bad guys.

How do Olympics interpreters illustrate the difference between passive and active languages?

They need to understand more passive languages than active languages. So they need to be able to understand by hearing more languages than they can speak. Passive is hearing, and active is speaking fluency.

What problem did Nestle face in marketing coffee to Latin Americans living in the U.S.?

They realized that coffee for americans meant something else for Hispanics, and so they needed to remember that rather than just a normal cup to start the day, coffee was an experience for these people, and needed to be called such and treated differently, but keeping in mind that Latin Americans in the US are now making more money than the did in Mexico, so they created a smoother flavor and called it something else to cater to that population.

What do translators do when attempting to translate colors, such as the Spanish color guindo, that do not have precise equivalents in other languages?

They use more descriptive language instead of a single word. Sometimes a new word is created if there is a color that can refer to two colors, like blue or green.

How is the suspension of disbelief similar to a translation reader's willingness to forget?

They want to accept the unreal as real. They justify phenomena or impossible things, and go to great lengths to overlook or explain narrator amnesia to make it real or valid. Readers want the author to be right, so sometimes they justify that the writer did things intentionally or made mistakes on purpose.

Why do some people oppose the idea of presenting operas in translation? 2 reasons.

They want to preserve the authenticity of the language, and translating it makes it difficult to keep the same rhythm and meaning and emotion as the original text. "Snob appeal" trumped clear communication and lyric translation fell out of favor. It is suggesting that translation is a second-class citizen; others say French and Italian are beautiful languages, English and German are not, so all operas should be done in French and Italian.

1. Why didn't some LDS readers understand the purpose of the pipe shown in an Ensign article? (Pp. 69-70, 77)

They weren't very good readers. They didn't realize that the pipe was included in the picture in order to invite those who may be smoking to prepare themselves to go to the temple. The thing that makes it a problem is that we have made a covenant not to. Smoking itself may not be inherently bad, however, to show obedience we don't do it.

11. How does machine translation increase translators' opportunities for professional work?

This allows a client to translate a text using a machine to know if a text is worth the cost of a human translation. Gisted translations are edited by translators

How does Venuti propose making translators visible?

Through foreignizing translation. A foreignizing translator 'resists dominant target-language cultural values so as to signify the linguistic and cultural difference of the foreign text' (pp. 15, 20, 23). Foreignized translations, therefore, will not feel natural or transparent to target-culture readers. As a result, translators will no longer be invisible.

7. What is the difference between observation and truth? (P. 87)

Truth is things as they are, as they were, as they will be. Observations are things people tell and sometimes claim as truth, but clouded by their own prejudices. The Lord defined truth as things as they are , as they were, and as they will be. One can discover truth through many means but observation tells us not what happened, but what was observed to have happened.

Lefevere proposes a "systems approach" to literature (pp. 241-244). Based upon your prior readings, how does this systems approach depend upon Tory's concept of norms?

Toury believes that social norms consist of shared values of a group of people that determine behavior. These norms greatly affect the translation process. The system approach likewise maintains that society's have social norms that make up a culture, and literature is embedded in that culture. So obviously translation is affected by the target culture's "norms."

15. Eco rejects the two main arguments against the possibility of translation (see pp. 20-26). He rejects them because they view translation as "a process taking place between two tongues" (p. 27). Why isn't translation such a process? MENTION WORF AND SAPHIR. HOW DO THEY CONTRAST?

Translation isn't just between two languages, it is between two texts, usually produced in different cultures at different points in history (a particular world and as long as we can see that world). So, an understanding of the historical and cultural context of the text is needed to translate, not just language ability Saphir and Worf say pure translation is impossible, there's no synonomy. Eco argues against Saphir and Worf. Eco says it is possible Eco says: as long as you can put both texts in the context of both worlds it works. Should remind you of Sapphir and Worf. Eco argues AGAINST Sapphir and Whorf, who argue that there is no such thing as pure translation. Translation does not take place between two languages, instead it happens between two texts that exist in two worlds. As long as we can point out those two worlds, we have a chance to translate correctly. Eco says it is possible, but Sapphir and Worf say it's NOT possible.

Lefevere says that refractions come in many forms. Name three. (p. 241)

Translation, criticism, commentary, historiography, teaching, the collection of works in anthologies, and the production of plays.

Umberto Eco argues that translators must be like encyclopedias, not dictionaries. Why?

Translators need to be like encyclopedias in order to identify context. For example, the creation story in Spanish is an example of needing context.

Why might a translator catch errors that proofreaders may not?

Translators read so much more closely for personal understanding to be able to translate—the mess up will fall on them even if it was the author that messed up.

1. "Empellon" refers to a defensive player hitting an offensive player. True or False?

True

1. A "can of corn" refers to a high, easy to catch, flyball in the outfield. True or False?

True

1. True or False: Lollapalooza is a music festival that is now located in 7 other countries. 3 of these festivals take place in South America.

True

True or False: The MLB campaign "Ponle acento" helped put the accent on Latino players' names and jerseys.

True

In Matthew 16, Jesus talks about the gates of hell. Provide two possible definitions of hell.

Two possible definitions of hell include the entryway to a place of fire and brimstone where the wicked suffer eternal punishment and a metaphor for the power of Satan.

What do you know about transcreation? What is it?

Usually refers to advertising. It has to do with how we structure a product for a certain group. Example of la llorona commercial, COMMERCIAL OF GETTING MILK CLIP This commercial is for Spanish American speakers in the US. Since the carton says milk, Latin Americans will associate leche with milk when they go to the grocery story. There is no real translation at all. Do we want to say, tienes leche? It means, are you lactating? He had regularly asked if others were lactating. The dairy producers are telling us, buy our product. Figure out who would be the audience for this particular ad. La llorona, it was a woman who married the most eligible bachelor in the town. She drowned her kids in a river. Woman who murdered her children and tries to grab other children at night.

How does Venuti view translator invisibility? He believes 2 things and recommends something else?

Venuti argues two things. First, translator invisibility "reinforces" the perception that translation is a "marginal" or derivative activity. Second, it joins together "linguistic and cultural difference" providing target readers the narcissistic experience of seeing themselves reflected in the translated text. To resolve this, Venuti recommends foreignized translations.

6. What does diversity suggest about why Church members might view a particular book as evil or not? (Pp. 83-92)

We agree on doctrine, but not on the details of things usually. It is up to us with varying beliefs and understandings to choose for ourselves what is evil and not. In class example that you can compare to viewing a book: Public vs private healthcare system. ½ of the church grew up outside of the US. They grew up with public healthcare. They disagree with Professor Hague's parents regarding healthcare. How can ½ of people in the church use/believe in public healthcare, yet be members of the same church?

9. Why does Card argue that fiction "depends as much on the reader as on the writer"? (Pp. 92-93, the example of the play)

We all interpret things differently. You may say that I am not the audience for this particular piece of art.--Could be seen as great work (art, literature, etc) by a different person/group of people. It depends on the reader's interpretation and their intention and purpose while consuming or reading the work. One could go in and see only evil because they look for it and miss the purpose of the work entirely. One person could go in and the work could change their lives completely and see that the evil is included to enhance the truth and goodness.

5. How is reality an escape from fiction? (74-75)

We know fairly well what we are going to be at 3pm, 6pm, etc. Our lives are very structured. Characters in fiction need to be put in different experiences to show their growth and character traits. Real life can be an escape from the roller coaster of the book. Life begins and ends, in contrast, we can close a book a draw conclusions from it. Fiction allows us to venture beyond our reality to learn new things. Our reality is far safer.

5. What is homonymy?

When a single word can express two different things or concepts.

What does Lefevere mean by "refraction" or "rewriting"? (pp. 239-240) What is an example?

When light passes through a medium it is diffracted. The light is being bent. Refraction in terms of translation refers to writing/reading through a certain spectrum. Any kind of interpretation is referred to as refraction. There is not a 1:1 correspondence between the writer and reader. Difference between Dracula and Edward from Twilight? His friends wife stopped reading Twilight because Edward is perfect. In the 140 years between Dracula and Edward, what has changed that has allowed Edward to be acceptable? - There is a different audience now. The intention of the authors has changed. We are used to vampires now. - We can swing from one extreme to another. We can go from frightening to comical. Another example includes ghosts. They were scary, then kind in the 60s, 70s, etc. Now they are scary again, such as the Ring.

13. Why isn't a Universal Translator likely to be invented any time soon?

Why isn't it likely? It would be impossible to translate sarcasm and voice tone by machines. Will computers replace translators and interpreters? Probably not. Once every 10 years, someone predicts the arrival of a singularity entity: a singularity entity is a computer that can do complex mental tasks more accurately than a human that will replace translators. A singularity entity can solve the Turing Test.

3. How can Wikipedia help professional translators?

Wikipedia can help professional translators because communities of volunteers come together to produce new content. Professional translators can learn from these groups.

6. How does motivation affect so-called "women's intuition"?

Women outperform men because situational cues remind them they are supposed to be more empathetic. They feel the need to because of obligation to what stereotypes say they should be doing or feeling. They are motivated for different reasons than men. NOT true that women are more empathetic than men The difference is motivation, not capability.

How did Yao Ming understand the insults that Shaquille O'Neal directed at him?

Yao Ming understood the jabs that Shaquille O'Neal directed at him through a translator named Pine. His interpreter interpreted them for him, mostly because they were rivals and both big shots in the sports industry.

13. How does Yoda force English-speaking audiences to do intralingual translation?

Yoda has a unique form of speech that requires English speaking audiences to restructure his statements to understand. Yoda speaks object, subject, verb.

. In Spanish, a down in football is referred to as ... a) Infracción b) Oportunidad c) Poste d) Tochito

b) Oportunidad

The Persuading Scale is presented in The Culture Map by Erin Meyers. The United States leans in which direction on the Persuading Scale? a. Concept First b. Task Based c. Application First d. Relationship Based

c. Application First

2. In Spanish, a homerun in baseball is referred to as ... a) Casa Carrera b) Casa corer c) Corer para la casa d) Jonrón

d) Jonrón