Spanish Civil War
Client state
A client state is a state that is economically, politically or militarily subordinate to another more powerful state in international affairs.Spain stayed out of the Second World War and was not invaded by the Allies and it got isolation from europe due to spains poor reputation. Only with the Cold War and the US need for allies did it emerge from isolation and begin to shake off its pro-Nazi reputation. These circumstances led Spain into closer relations with the USA, but as a client state, receiving
Requisitioned
A formal request for something. when property is taken over by the state. In April 1931, Spain became a republic, raising the hopes of the landless labourers of the south. Agrarian reform was a major feature of the new regime; working hours were reduced and overtime had to be paid if they were exceeded. Landowners were compelled not to bring in cheaper labour if workers were available in their own municipality. They were forced to cultivate all usable land on pain of their land being requisitioned and redistributed to the landless workers.(all in all the landowners had to use their land or it would be used and given to the landless workers. this had a large impact on the welathy land owners and there were then more small scale peasant ownsers of land.
General Strike
A strike throughout the economy with the aim of demonstrating power of workers. The 1909 General Strike was caused by wage cuts, closure of Barcelona factories, and the calling for men in the Moroccan War led to a general strike on 26 July. This event led to 1700 arrests, attack on railway lines, and hostility towards the church. This strike led to the execution of five Workers' Party leaders. This would enforce the idea, in the leftists' minds, how the traditional government needed to change. A general strike in 1919 led to union recognition, 8 hour work day
Coalition
A temporary alliance of several groups who come together to form a working majority and so to control a government. the countryside was a battle ground (CNCA vs FNTT wealthy land owners vs peasant land owners) where violence broke out and 19 peasants were shot by police. in 1933 a centre-right coalition reversed the changes and gave back the land. Still unrest
Guernica
An aerial attack on the town of Guernica (in Spain); city was bombed with German and Italian planes/bombs; caused widespread destruction and civilian deaths; Pablo Picasso painted a mural to illustrate the tragedies inflicted upon the Spaniards as a result of this attack. 200 to 400 civilians died.
Mujeres Libres
An anarchist women's organization in Spain that aimed to empower working class women. It was initiated in 1936 and had approximately 30,000 members. Women participated in some fighting, factory work, and hospitals during the Civil War. the war resulted in negative things for women (prostitution, death of women, exiling of women, etc.) Because women played a more active role in public affairs, they had more economic, social, and sexual freedoms. These set up long-term changes for women in Spain (that would happen after Franco's ruling).
Catalan separatism
Catalain was part of Spain. Support for Catalan independence rose (history of Catalonia, the Catalan language and Catalan traditions). In 1931 a coalition of Catalan nationalist parties was the most voted force in Catalonia in the Spanish municipal elections that triggered the proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic. In 1932 Catalonia was granted a statute of autonomy and home rule institutions, which lasted until the Spanish Civil War and the subsequent Franco dictatorship, which based its public ideology on Spanish Nationalism and Catholicism, abolished home rule and discouraged regional cultures. Following Franco's death in 1975 and the Spanish transition to democracy, Catalan autonomy was restored in 1977. Rivera approved independence in 1932, national unity was rallying cries of the nationalists.
Caudillo
Dictators who gained power in many Latin American states after revolutions that brought independence from Spain. Because their primary support came from the Creoles in their country, these men helped maintain much of the traditional social hierarchy in Latin America. Means Leader (franco) Franco banned any other political parties and strikes. Although Franco was a fascist dictator, he was less severe than Hitler.
Popular Front in the government
Election in 1936, popular front won most seats, new government. The Popular Front government immediately upset the conservatives by releasing all left-wing political prisoners. The government also introduced agrarian reforms that penalized the landed aristocracy. Other measures included transferring right-wing military leaders such as Francisco Franco to posts outside Spain, outlawing the Falange Española and granting Catalonia political and administrative autonomy.
Francisco Franco
Francisco Franco Bahamonde was the dictator of Spain from 1939 to his death in 1975. A conservative, he was shocked when the monarchy was removed and replaced with a democratic republic in 1931. With the 1936 elections, the conservatives fell and the leftist Popular Front came to power. Looking to overthrow the republic, Franco and other generals staged a partially successful coup, which started the Spanish Civil War. the war was eventually won by Franco in 1939. He established an autocratic dictatorship, Francoist Spain, which he defined as a totalitarian state,[2] installing himself as head of state and government, with one legal political party: a merger of the monarchist party and the fascist party which had helped him
Blue Division
Franco permitted a unit of 18,000 Spanish volunteers to serve in the German Army on the Eastern Front of the Second World War on the clear and guaranteed condition they would fight exclusively against Bolshevism. and not against the Western Allies or any Western European occupied populations. In this manner, he could keep Spain at peace with the Western Allies whilst simultaneously repaying Adolf Hitler for his support during the Spanish Civil War
Popular Front
On 15th January 1936, Manuel Azaña helped to establish a coalition of parties on the political left to fight the national elections due to take place the following month. This included the Socialist Party (PSOE), Communist Party ( PCE), Esquerra Party and the Republican Union Party.The Popular Front, as the coalition became known, advocated the restoration of Catalan autonomy, amnesty for political prisoners, agrarian reform, an end to political blacklists and the payment of damages for property owners who suffered during the revolt of 1934. The Anarchists refused to support the coalition and instead urged people not to vote.
Anarchism
Political party that believed there should be no governemnt. A violent incident in the town of Alcoy in 1873 (anarchists used a strike as an excuse to spread radical ideas) caused the police to shoot into the crowd. This send anarchists underground. After anarchism went underground, there were only individual terrorists acts performed by anarchists. Then, the terrorism became anarcho-syndicalism (the state could be challenged by co-operative action by workers). This led to the formation of the Federation of Workers' Societies of the Spanish Region (1900). Gained support pior to the spanish civil war. FAI (Spanish Anarchist Federation) - anarchism banned in 1923 and 1930, group formed 1927, more radical, prevent ideological backsliding by CNT, militant (bank robberies, assassinations).The anarchists boycotted the 1936 Cortes election and initially opposed the Popular Front government, but joined during the Civil War when Largo Caballero became Prime Minister. Fought against Franco, many executed after his victory.Several attempts on his life. Resitance to Franco never truly died.
Leon Trotsky
Russian revolutionary who aided Lenin in the Russian Revolution of 1917. He broke with his fellow revolutionary, Stalin, after Lenin's death. Trotsky believed in worldwide revolution (making the whole world full of Communist states). Trotsky did not believe in Stalin's ideology. Trotsky was exiled in 1928 and assassinated (because of Stalin) in 1940. Trotsky identified as a Bolshevik-Leninist. The country of Spain was divided deeply between fascist and communist ideology. Leon Trotsky is significant because many people believed in his view of Marxism (Trotskyism). This shows the foreign influence on Spanish citizens.
Seperatists
Separatism is the advocacy of a state of cultural, ethnic, tribal, religious, racial, governmental or gender separation from the larger group. While it often refers to full political secession
Anti-clericalism
The Catholic Church - deeply embedded in Spanish life/history, 15th century conquestspower, and racial purity, linked with Spanish kings in 16th and 17th centuries, against Protestants. Aligned with landowners, army, and crown... Alarmed by anarchism/socialism and reforming legislation by the Republic after April 1931. Anti-clericalism refers to historical movements that opposes the clergy for reasons including their actual or alleged power and influence in all aspects of public and political life and their involvement in the everyday life of the citizen, their privileges, or their enforcement of orthodoxy. The republicans were against the Catholic Church and their ally, the fascists. Seperatists advocated for Anti-clericalism.
Republicans
The Republican faction (Spanish: Bando republicano), also known as the Loyalist faction, was the side in the Spanish Civil War of 1936 to 1939 that supported the established government of the Second Spanish Republic against the Nationalist or rebel faction of the military rebellion. Soviet Union supported with supplies, international brigades sent volunteers believing Republic was on the front line of the war on fascism. Lost the war.
George Orwell
The writer George Orwell served with the POUM and witnessed the Stalinist repression of the movement, which would form his anti-authoritarian ideas in later life. He became a socialist and went to fight in an International Brigade in Catalonia in 1936. He witnessed the bitter suppression of the POUM by the communists - Nin, the POUM leader, was tortured to death. Orwell was wounded in 1937 and returned to Britain to write an anti-communist account of his experiences in Spain, called Homage to Catalonia; it reveals both the revolutionary idealism and the divisions on the left.
The union general de trabajadores
UGT. allies with CNT, 1917 significant general strike in Barcelona, workers vs. army/police A trade union founded by the Barcelona printing workers in 1888. They supported Republicanism and Socialism. They led a General Strike in 1909, and this strike was responsible for the first trade union member being elected into parliament. The trade union had 100,000 members in 1913. In 1917 the CNT (Confederacion Nacional del Trabajo) and this party united. In 1917, the two organizations held a strike in Barcelona. Another strike in 1919 allowed the government to recognize the workers; thus, having an 8 hour work day and union recognition. Violence still continued, though.
Dolores Ibarruri
a Spanish Republican leader of the Spanish Civil War and communist politician. Created the famous slogan "no pasaran" they shall not pass. The once Carlist Catholic young woman became a revolutionary militant, joining the Spanish Communist Party (PCE) when it was founded in 1921. She became a writer int he 1930s. Exiled from spain after the civil war. She symbolized the people's resistance.
Partido Obrero Unificacion Marxista (POUM)
a Spanish communist political party formed during the Second Republic and mainly active around the Spanish Civil War. It was formed by the fusion of the Trotskyist Communist Left of Spain (Izquierda Comunista de España, ICE) and the Workers and Peasants' Bloc (BOC, affiliated with the Right Opposition) against the will of Leon Trotsky, with whom the former broke. The writer George Orwell served with the party and witnessed the Stalinist repression of the movement, which would form his anti-authoritarian ideas in later life.
Jose Maria Gil Robles
formed CEDA (catholic supporter), in govt with primo de rivera. Following the victory of the Popular Front in the elections of February 1936 and the defeat of the CEDA, support for Gil-Robles and his party evaporated almost overnight and mostly joined with the falange
Federacion Nacional de Trabajadores de la Tierra
formed in 1900, against wage cuts/factory closings/church, led general strike 1909 (1700 arrests/80 religious buildings attacked) The UGT (Union General de Trabajadores) and the CNT (Confederacion Nacional de Trabajos) were two trade unions and part of the popular front. The UGT was socialist while the CNT was anarcho-syndicalist. Although they were both part of the popular front, the UGT and CNT were rivals, and instances of violence between UGT and CNT members were recorded during the spanish civil war (Such as the assassination of Desiderio Trillas the head of the UGT dockers who was shot down by a group of CNT members because he had prevented them from receiving work several years earlier.)
Falange
formed in 1934, Spanish fascist party led by Jose Antonio Primo de Rivera, very conservative, modelled early Italian fascism, supported rebel coup, nationalistic/extremism. With the eruption of the Civil War in July 1936, the Falange fought on the Nationalist side against the Spanish Second Republic (Franco supported)
bourbon
in the war of the Spanish succession in the early 18th century, Catalonia resisted the accession of the bourbon dynasty in Spain but in 1714 it was completely subjugated by the forces of the bourbon Phillip V who abolished the Catalina constitution and autonomy.
Pablo Picasso
painted about events that had occured during the conflict. For example, guernica
Martial law
the imposition of military discipline and courts on a country's civilians. usually imposed temporarily when the current government or civilian authorities fail to function effectively. primo de rivera lead a military coup 1923 and promised to eliminate corruptions and make spain better. in order to do this. he suspended constitution, established martial law, and imposed strict censorship. he said he was going to stay in power for 90 days only, however he was in power for longer than that and little social reform took place. rapid inflation occured. the army resigned in jan 1930 (the reason he was in power was because he was the head of the army and they drew back their power)
Marxism and Socialism
these ideals were based more on the left side than the right. the foundation of Marxism is all human shows there was a history of a class struggle. this was more on the left side because here the people wanted more rights and with Marxism the people got more rights and freedoms because of the idea of one single social class society. these ideas were not expected to be big in Spain because they practiced traditional customs, they valued the church and Spain had very little organized labor (plays a really big part in socialism). because there were so many different groups within the left side, there was some built up tension because they didn't have a common goal.
Miguel Primo de Rivera
was a dictator, aristocrat, and military officer who served as Prime Minister of Spain from 1923 to 1930 during Spain's Restoration era. He deeply believed that it was the politicians who had ruined Spain and that governing without them he could restore the nation. His slogan was "Country, Religion, Monarchy." He suspended the constitution, established martial law, imposed a strict system of censorship, and ended the turno system of alternating parties.He depended on elite elements. His actions discredited the monarchy.High taxes and public loans caused rapid inflation and after losing support of the army was forced to resign in January 1930.