SPC2608 UF Midterm Review

Interference

Anything that impedes the communication of a message. Interference can be external or internal to listeners.

there are 5 key elements to include in every introduction:

-Gain attention -reveal topic -relate topic to audience -establish credibility -preview body

Public Speaking and Conversation Similarities

-Organizing thoughts logically -Tailoring message to audience -Telling story for maximum impact -Adapting to feedback

Listener

-The person who receives the speakers message -It is important to realize as a listener that everything a speaker says is filtered through a frame of reference

Extended Example

-a story, narrative, or anecdote developed at some length to illustrate a point ■ Using s story vividly and dramatically can pull your listeners into a speech

Hypothetical Examples

-an example that describes an imaginary or fictitious situation ■ The first two types of examples were factual, the incidents that they refer to really happened. ■ Hypothetical examples are a great way to get your listeners involved in your topic ■ The chili pepper speech used a hypothetical example as an attention grabber

General Purpose

-broad goal of speech, usually this is to inform or persuade -This is what you are speaking to accomplish in general.

Tips for using examples

-clarify ideas -reinforce ideas -personalize ideas -make vivid, richly textured -practice delivery to enhance

ways to have a vivid ending

-end with quote -make dramatic statement -refer to intro

How to gain attention of audience

-relate topic to audience -state importance of topic -startle audience -arouse curiosity -question audience -begin with quote -tell story

include in conclusion

-signal end of speech -reinforce central idea -vivid ending

speech delivery:Manuscript

-speech that is written out word for word and read to an audience. -this type of speech is most appropriate when absolute accuracy is essential, for example: president's speech to congress, CEO announcement to company, where press will analyze speech

Things we can control about our voice:

-volume -pitch -rate -pauses -vocal variety -pronunciation -articulation

Situational Audience Analysis

-what is important about physical setting of the speech and disposition of your audience •S​ize- t​his will affect how you present your visual aids etc •P​hysical setting- m​ore imp when speaking outside this class but consider how comfortable your audience is this will effect their attention span etc. •D​isposition toward topic- c​onsider your audience's interest, knowledge, and attitude about a topic •D​isposition toward speaker- a​s a speaker your relationship to a topic is important, an audience can tell when you are experienced/knowledgeable about a topic or if you are interested in a topic, they are more likely to respond positively when you are believable •D​isposition toward occasion- l​isteners have expectations of what they consider appropriate based on the occasion

Chronological Order

-​main points follow time pattern

Public Speaking and Conversation Differences

-More highly structured -More formal language

Analyzing the Audience

•Considering your audience is extremely important in public speaking •You are speaking to communicate a message, you want to be as effective as possible

When Presenting

•Display where listeners can see •Display only while discussing •Explain clearly, concisely •Talk to audience, not to visual aid •Practice with visual aids •Check room & equipment

Photos and Drawings

•Enlarge for audience •Avoid passing •Display with PowerPoint

Effective Colors

•High contrast •Easy to see •Limited number •Consistent across slides

Strategic Images

•Large enough •High-resolution •Clear, simple •Title included on slide

Central Idea

•O​ne-sentence statement •Encapsulates major idea of speech This is the punch line of your speech. What are you here to tell us. •Express as full sentence •Don't express as question •Avoid figurative language •Don't be vague

Guidelines for Language in Public Speaking

•Use language accurately •Use language clearly •Use language vividly •Use language appropriately

Words have 2 kinds of meanings

● Denotative-​precise, literal, and objective ● Connotative-​variable, figurative, and subjective

Types of Supporting Materials

● Examples ● Statistics ● Testimony

When you do have access to your audience used questionnaires:

● Fixed alternative questions:​These questions offer fixed choices between two or more alternatives ● Scale questions: T​hese questions require responses at fixed intervals along a scale of answers ● Open-ended questions: O​pen-ended questions give maximum leeway in responding. Although open-ended questions invite more detailed responses than the other two types of questions, they also increase the likelihood of getting answers that do not give the kind of information you need.

Citing Sources orally

● Name of document ● Author/ sponsoring organization ● Qualifications (optional) ● Date

Guidelines for Preparing Visual Aids

1. prepare visual aids well in advance 2. keep visual aids simple 3. make sure visual aids are large enough 4. use a limited amount of text, use fonts, color 5. use effectively

There are three questions to keep in mind during the speech planning process

1.To whom am I speaking? 2.What do I want them to know, believe, or do? 3.What is the most effective way of accomplishing that?

All of these demographics about your audience should influence your planning and delivery process.

Age, gender, religion, sexual orientation, racial, ethnic, cultural background etc.

Positive Nervousness

Controlled nervousness that helps energize the speaker for the presentation

Channel

The means by which a message is conveyed (tv, radio, or direct live speech)

Identification

Emphasizing common values, goals, experiences

Demographics Audience Analysis

Focuses on factors such as age, gender, religion, sexual orientation, group membership, and racial, ethnic, or cultural background

Visualization

Mental imaging in which a speaker vividly pictures himself or herself giving a successful presentation

Gestures

Personal appearance, posture, facial expression, gestures, eye contact all affect the way listeners respond to a speaker

Specific Purpose

States what speaker hopes to accomplish specifically What are you are speaking to accomplish specifically. -"To inform my audience about..." -"To persuade my audience to..." •Full infinitive phrase •Statement, not question •Avoid figurative language •Be specific! •Limit to one distinct idea •Avoid being vague

Feedback

T​he messages, usually nonverbal, sent from a listener to a speaker

Message

Whatever a speaker communicates to someone else

Connective

Word or phrase connection ideas

Speech delivery: extemporaneously

a carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes, exact wording is chosen at the moment of delivery. Once you have your outline and know what topics you are going to cover and in what order you can begin to practice the speech. Every time you run through it, the working will be slightly different. As you practice the speech over and over the best way to present each part with emerge and sick in your mind Extemporaneous speeches have a "c​onversational quality"​which means that no matter how many times a speech has been rehearsed it still sounds spontaneous. This makes this style of speech acceptable in a wide range of situations. All of the speeches in this class are extemporaneous (except the impromptu!)

Speech delivery:impromptu

a speech delivered with little or no immediate preparation, example: someone may ask you to "say a few words" at an event

Connective:Internal Summary

a​ statement within the body of speech that summarizes the preceding points example: "In short, palm reading is an ancient art. Developed in China more than five thousand years ago, it was practiced in classical Greece and Rome, flourished during the Middle Ages, survived the Industrial Revolution, and remains popular today in many parts of the world."

Connective:signpost

a​brief statement that indicates where the speaker is in the speech or that focuses attention on key ideas example: T​he first cause​of this problem is inefficient agricultural production. The second cause​is recurrent drought in the affected countries. The final cause​is mismanagement of available food resources by local leaders.

Speaking outline

brief outline to jog memory during presentation

preparation outline

d​etailed outline developed during speech preparation

Problem Solution Order

first main point: the problem, second main point: the solution

Connective:transition

indicates speaker has finished one thought & is moving to another Examples: now that we have..... Keeping these points in mind...

Audience Centeredness

keeping the audience foremost in mind during speech preparation, presentation

Topical Order

main points divide topic into logical, consistent subtopics

Spatial Order

main points follow directional pattern

Causal Order

main points how cause-effect relationship

Gestures:movement

many people are unsure of what to do with their body while giving a speech, some people: -pace back and forth -shift their weight back and forth, or heel to toe - fidget with their notes - fold their arms -lean on podium -clasp their hands These all stem from nervousness. I will give you feedback if you are prone to distracting mannerisms to help you identify and work on controlling them.

Gestures

motions of a speaker's hands or arms during a speech. Many people have different opinions about what to do with your hands while you speak. This varies for each person. The most important thing is that whatever gestures you make should not distract from your message. They should appear natural/spontaneous, help clarify or reinforce your ideas, and be suited to the audience and occasion.

4 stylistic devices for enhancing rhythm of a speech

o parallelism-​the similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences ● example: "Rich and poor, intelligent and ignorant, wise and foolish, virtuous and vicious, man and woman—it is ever the same, each soul must depend wholly on itself." o repetition-​repeating the same word or set of words at the beginning or end of successive clauses or sentences ● example: "If not now, when? If not us, who? If not together, how?" o alliteration-​repeating the initial consonant sound in close or adjoining words ● example: "Nothing great is accomplished without cooperation, compromise, and common cause." o antithesis-​juxtaposing contrasting ideas, usually parallel in structure ● example: "Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country."

Testimony

quotations or paraphrases used to support a point

Speech delivery:Memory

speech is entirely memorized (word for word) and delivered from memory (most common short speeches like toasts, acceptance speeches, introductions)

Reinforce central idea

summarize speech, restating your main points

Egocentrism

tendency to be concerned with one own values, beliefs, well-being. Listeners tend to be egocentric!

Expert Testimony

testimony from people who are recognized experts within their fields ■ Citing the views of experts is a good way to lend credibility to your speeches. It shows that you are not just giving your own opinions that that your position is supported by people who are knowledgeable about the topic

Situation

the time and place in which speech communication occurs

Speaker

​The person who is presenting an oral message to the listener

Frame of Reference

​The sum of a person's knowledge, experience, goals, values, and attitudes. No two people can have exactly the same frame of reference

Eye contact

​it is important to connect with your audience through eye contact Evenly distribute eye contact throughout the room. Some students tend to focus on the direction of the instructor, other students avoid it completely.

Connective:Internal Preview

​statement indicating what the speaker will discuss next example: "In discussing how Asian Americans have been stereotyped in the mass media, we'll look first at the origins of the problem and second at its continuing impact today."

Peer Testimony

​testimony from ordinary people with firsthand experience or insight on a topic ■ Great idea to use peer testimonies when talking about topics that student opinions are important to ■ Advice to freshmen, topics about UF etc.