Speciation I - Biology II Assignment

When members of populations do not mate with each other or cannot produce fertile offspring, they are: A. Experiencing gene flow. B. Reproductively isolated. C. Undergoing anagenesis. D. Undergoing speciation.

B. Reproductively isolated.

If reproductive isolation is the criterion used to define species, then the process of speciation is equivalent to which of the following? A. The interaction between gene flow and natural selection. B. The evolution of reproductive isolating mechanisms. C. The interaction between genetic drift and natural selection.

B. The evolution of reproductive isolating mechanisms.

Which of the following situations are consistent with partial reproductive isolation? - Hybrid offspring have lower fitness than non-hybrid offspring, but some hybrids survive and reproduce. - Members of two populations live in the same habitat, but they do not breed due to differences in their mating rituals. - Members of two populations mate primarily with members of their own population, but occasionally hybridize. - Members of two populations live in the same habitat, so they are less likely to mate with members of their own population.

- Hybrid offspring have lower fitness than non-hybrid offspring, but some hybrids survive and reproduce. - Members of two populations live in the same habitat, but they do not breed due to differences in their mating rituals. - Members of two populations mate primarily with members of their own population, but occasionally hybridize.

Which of the following are limitations of the biological species concept? - It is difficult to determine whether geographically isolated species would interbreed in nature as they do in artificial settings. - The biological species concept is not an effective way to understand the existence of species in nature. - Interspecies hybridization occurs in nature more often than was thought. - Reproductive isolation cannot explain speciation in organisms that reproduce asexually.

- It is difficult to determine whether geographically isolated species would interbreed in nature as they do in artificial settings. - Interspecies hybridization occurs in nature more often than was thought. - Reproductive isolation cannot explain speciation in organisms that reproduce asexually.

Which of the following have seen speciation due to polyploidy? - Some insects. - Humans. - Bananas. - Cotton.

- Some insects. - Bananas. - Cotton.

What percent of 260,000 species of plants have had a polyploid episode in their history?

50 percent.

When populations are only partially reproductively isolated, which of the following may occur? A. Despite prezygotic and postzygotic isolating mechanisms, some individuals may survive and reproduce. B. Postzygotic isolating mechanisms will act to prevent the survival and reproduction of hybrid offspring if a zygote is formed. C. Even though individuals are interbreeding, prezygotic and postzygotic isolating mechanisms ensure that hybrids do not survive and reproduce. D. Prezygotic isolating mechanisms will act to prevent the formation of a zygote if postzygotic isolating mechanisms fail.

A. Despite prezygotic and postzygotic isolating mechanisms, some individuals may survive and reproduce.

Identify the feeding behavior and habitat of lions. A. Hunt in groups in open grassland areas. B. Hunt in groups in forest regions. C. Solitary hunters in forest regions. D. Solitary hunters in open grassland areas.

A. Hunt in groups in open grassland areas.

How does the biological species concept define a species? A. Members of a species are able to interbreed in nature and are reproductively isolated from members of other species. B. It combines ideas of several species concepts, resulting in one that considers reproductive isolation, evolutionary lineage, and ecological factors. C. Members of a species require the same set of habitat resources and have a similar influence on other species and the environment. D. Members of a species are defined based on the separate evolution of lineages over time.

A. Members of a species are able to interbreed in nature and are reproductively isolated from members of other species.

Which of the following correctly links geographic isolation to speciation? A. Populations living in geographically separated areas can undergo allopatric speciation. B. Populations living in the same geographic area can undergo allopatric speciation. C. Populations living in geographically separated areas can undergo sympatric speciation.

A. Populations living in geographically separated areas can undergo allopatric speciation.

Polyploid individuals can arise in two ways. In ______, all of the chromosomes come from a single species and in ______ two species may hybridize.

Autopolyploidy; allopolyploidy (fill-in-the-blanks).

The production of pheromones by an animal contributes to which types of prezygotic isolating mechanisms?

Behavioural isolating (type of).

The ______ species concept defines a species as a group of individuals that is able to interbreed, producing viable and fertile offspring.

Biological (fill-in-the-blanks).

The idea that species are defined based on the ability to interbreed with each other and exchange genes is the basis of which species concept?

Biological species concept (definition).

What are reproductive isolating mechanisms? A. Ways used by researchers to facilitate breeding of animals in captivity. B. Techniques for isolating gametes and reproductive tissues for genetic analysis in order to identify species. C. Barriers that prevent successful interbreeding among members of different species. D. Procedures used to study the embryonic development of different species. E. Procedures used in the study of courtship behavior in different species.

C. Barriers that prevent successful interbreeding among members of different species.

Speciation is more likely in geographically isolated populations because which of the following does not occur? A. Natural selection. B. Genetic drift. C. Gene flow.

C. Gene flow.

Which of the following statements is true in regard to how scientists define species based on the biological species concept? A. Members of different species cannot successfully hybridize in the wild or under artificial conditions. B. Members of different species can successfully hybridize in the wild or under artificial conditions. C. Members of different species may be able to successfully hybridize under artificial conditions, but don't do so in the wild. D. The ability to hybridize is irrelevant as long as the species use different ecological niches.

C. Members of different species may be able to successfully hybridize under artificial conditions, but don't do so in the wild.

What process may lead to speciation when a population adapts to its environment in such a way that it becomes reproductively isolated from other populations? A. Genetic drift. B. The founder effect. C. Natural selection. D. A population bottleneck. E. Polyploidy.

C. Natural selection.

How can natural selection play a role in speciation? A. Many small random genetic changes can accumulate, causing reproductive isolation. B. If one species is subject to natural selection while the other is not, speciation will occur. C. Species adapt to different environments, they can accumulate differences that lead to speciation.

C. Species adapt to different environments, they can accumulate differences that lead to speciation.

Which of the following is the habitat of the scrub oak in California? A. Marshes. B. Along rivers. C. The chaparral. D. Forest areas.

C. The chaparral.

How do postzygotic isolating mechanisms prevent successful interspecies hybridization? A. The egg cannot be fertilized by sperm of another species following a successful mating attempt. B. Members of different species come into contact, but do not recognize one another as potential mates. C. Members of different species attempt to mate but are unsuccessful due to anatomical differences. D. Although fertilization is successful, the resulting hybrid is unable to develop or reproduce.

D. Although fertilization is successful, the resulting hybrid is unable to develop or reproduce.

Geographic isolation can accelerate speciation due to which of the following reasons? A. It increases the level of mutation. B. It counteracts the effect of natural selection. C. It increases the level of genetic drift. D. It restricts gene flow.

D. It restricts gene flow.

Genetic ______ leads to random changes between populations that may result in reproductive isolation.

Drift (fill-in-the-blanks).

______ isolation is another term for environmental isolation.

Ecological (fill-in-the-blanks).

Identify the two main prezygotic isolating mechanisms between lions and tigers in India.

Ecological and behavioural isolating mechanisms (lions and tigers).

The ______ ______ ______ defines a species in terms of its habitat, the environmental resources it uses, and its behaviors.

Ecological species concept (fill-in-the-blanks).

Populations of a single species that are quite distinct from one another phenotypically may be connected by populations that...?

Exhibit intermediate phenotypes (finish the sentence).

What process can promote speciation through random changes between isolated populations?

Genetic drift (definition).

Mechanisms that prevent genetic exchange between members of different species are termed reproductive ______ mechanisms and often play a role in plant and animal speciation.

Isolating (fill-in-the-blanks).

Reproductive ______ is the key to the process of speciation. Listen to the complete question

Isolation (fill-in-the-blanks).

According to the ecological species concept, species are groups or populations the share the same ecological ______.

Niche (fill-in-the-blanks).

What is meant by the term allopatric?

Occurring in geographically separated areas.

______ are chemicals produced by a species that trigger a social response

Pheromones (fill-in-the-blanks).

______ is the state of a cell or organism having more than two paired sets of chromosomes.

Polyploidy (fill-in-the-blanks).

In __-____ isolating mechanisms a hybrid zygote is formed, but it is unable to survive or reproduce due to developmental or genetic problems.

Post-zygotic (fill-in-the-blanks).

Hybrid inviability and hybrid infertility are two examples of...?

Postzygotic isolating mechanisms (examples).

What are the two main types of reproductive isolating mechanisms based on when they act relative to the production of a zygote?

Postzygotic isolating mechanisms and prezygotic isolating mechanisms (two main types).

There are two main types of reproductive isolating mechanisms, depending on whether or not a zygote is formed when two individuals attempt to mate. Behavioral, temporal, and mechanical isolation and prevention of gamete fusion are examples of __-____ isolating mechanisms whereas hybrid inviability and infertility are __-____ isolating mechanisms.

Pre-zygotic; post-zygotic (fill-in-the-blanks).

Isolating mechanisms that prevent the formation of a zygote are called ______ isolating mechanisms.

Prezygotic (fill-in-the-blanks).

Ecological isolation, behavioral isolation, and temporal isolation are examples of what?

Prezygotic isolating systems (examples).

The formation of an interspecies hybrid zygote is prevented by ______ isolating mechanisms, whereas ______ isolating mechanisms prevent the successful development of hybrid zygotes once they are formed. Listen to the complete question

Prezygotic; postzygotic (fill-in-the-blanks).

What type of isolation occurs when members of one species are unable to successfully interbreed with members of another species?

Reproductive isolation (definition).

Species that are ______ species can occur in the same location and are phenotypically different.

Sympatric (fill-in-the-blanks).

Identify the reproductive isolation described here. L. graminifolia and L. canadensis grow together in the wild in the southeastern United States. They rarely interbreed in the wild because L. graminifolia flowers in the early spring and L. canadensis flowers in summer.

Temporal isolation (identify isolation).

Which type of prezygotic isolating mechanisms occurs when reproduction is prevented because species mate at different times of the day, seasons, or year?

Temporal isolation (type of).

In this example, six populations are currently under study. Four out of the six populations can interbreed with one another and produce fertile, viable offspring. Two of the populations can only form fertile, viable offspring with members of their own population. According to the biological species concept, how many species are present in this example?

There are three species.

In Michigan, two different species of gray treefrogs, Hyla versicolor and Hyla chrysoceles, can exist in the same pond at the same time. The two species are anatomically very similar, but their mating calls differ. How would you describe the existence of such similar species in the same location?

They are sympatric species (frogs).

True or false: Populations of a single species that connect those that are more geographically separated are often intermediate phenotypically when compared to the separated populations.

True; Geographically distant populations of a single species are often connected by other populations that share characteristics of both populations.

True or False: Some populations that are considered to be separate species can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.

True; However, they do not do so under natural conditions. An example is the tiglon, which is a hybrid of lions and tigers. It can be produced in captivity, but is not found to occur in the wild.

Prezygotic isolating mechanisms prevent the formation of...?

Zygotes (finish the sentence).

The toads, Bufo woodhousei and Bufo americanus have overlapping ranges. They usually do not interbreed because B. ______ breeds in rainwater puddles and B. ______ breeds in stream.

americanus; woodhousei (fill-in-the-blanks).

Although the biological species concept can be useful when distinguishing among species, it is not as effective when pertaining to organisms that commonly undergo ______ with other species and produce viable offspring.

interbreeding, mating, or reproduction (fill-in-the-blanks).