Speech Commmucations

how to orally cite a source

- title of the source (ex. Speech Craft) - type of source (ex. Textbook) - author or organization (ex. Dr. Joshua Gunn) -credentials of the author if helpful (ex. "Dr. Joshua Gunn, who is a Communication Professor and wrote the textbook Speech Craft") -date (ex. January 2021, March 2020 etc.)

parts of an introduction

-Attention-Getter Examples include rhetorical questions, statistics, stories Should relate to the topic -Thesis Statement: Sums up purpose of speech, and connection to audience Can be an argument -Preview of Main Points "Tell them what you will tell them, then tell them, then tell them what you told them" Previews are transitions

problem-solution

-builds main points around a problem and proposed solution. -Three main points could be: problem, consequences, solution or problem, cause, solution. -Monroe's Motivated Sequence (chapter 16) is a variation on a problem/solution pattern.

adapting to an audience

-no "one-size fits all" approah -every situation is diff, so is every audience -adapt based on age, desire, to hear about topic, and location

Testimonies

-sharing of viewpoints, perspectives, or opinions of an individual -Individuals' beliefs and informed opinions; can be expert testimony, lay testimony, personal experience, or declaration of faith

Strategies for decreasing communication apprehension

public speaking teacher focus on -Teaching you how to prepare & plan your speech -Getting you to practice public speaking -understanding the process well -know your location

Characteristics of voice

Volume: loudness or softness(somber at funeral) Pitch: sound frequency of voice; typically related to mood ( lower voice) Articulation: clarity( no mubbing, clear words enunciated-sound of themselves) Pronunciation: correct sound of a word/phrase ( correct way of saying the word, pronouncing someone name) Accents relate to pronunciation; dialects relate to accents and language style Rate: speed of talking; can include pauses Modulation: changing volume, pitch, rate(change in terms of sound)

speech genres

a label for a widely recognized form of a given culture

claim of value

asserts that something is good or bad ex: Jorge is a great dancer" -common in special occasion (or celebratory) speaking

Claim of policy

asserts that something should or should not change, happen, or be done in the future Ex: Let's go to the pool today! -common in persuasive speaking (ROKEACH'S BELIEFS, ATTITUDES, AND VALUES)

Slippery Slope

assumes something terrible will result without support

informative speaking

attempts to introduce or impart new knowledge and information to audience -that meets their needs( clear, appropriate to their knowledge level

Enumeration

concern composing transitions for oral delivery and the creation of mental signposts, which are verbal indications of the direction of the speech Ex: first, second, third, one, two, next, finally

Vivid language

concerns words that are sensuous( cuing the mind to the experiences of touch, taste, sound, smell, and sight) and evocative

Ethos

credibility of speaker

Persuasion

is a consequence of the unstated or missing premise supplied by the audience( cannot be reduced to what people actually say or write)

solidarity

is a feeling of agreement or unity in a community about a belief, a cause, an event, or a proposed action

civil disobedience

is a refusal to comply with the norms, demands, or laws of a group of government for the purpose of social change

coalition

is a temporary grouping of people for the purpose of collective social or political advocacy

coercive communication

is influencing someone to do or think something by threats, unwarranted emotion, or force, which includes distorting, hiding, preventing, conscious choices

topical

is less constrained than spatial or temporal patterns. -Topics can be characteristics etc. Logical transitions become a bigger challenge as main points can be in any order.

civic engagement

is the manner in which citizens participate in the political or social processes and governance of a given community

Jargon

is the specialized or peculiar language of particular community or group

communicating to outsiders

language use- if a part of group you can use "us" / if "not us" outsiders not make assumes being apart of the community

memorized delivery

learning the speech by heart, then reciting it

Listening vs. Hearing

listening the process of actively making meaning of messages( ex nonverbal) hearing is a physical/physiological process involving sounds

types of informative speaking

processes, events, places and people, objects, and concepts

Statistics

quantitative measures of the amount, size, or number of something; statistics are facts delivered in numbers -Quantitative evidence that represents facts using numbers such as averages (mean, median, mode). - important to understand who the source is, and what it specifically measures. Also important to not "cherry pick" certain statistics just to prove your point. -Persuasive and informative speeches often use statistics as support.

bandwagon fallacy

reasoning that suggests that because everyone else believes something or is doing something, then it must be valid or correct

Straw Person

reduces an argument to something simpler to argue against

social movements

refers to a group (or collective) of like-minded individuals who promote a particular cause, politics, or ideology

extemporaneous delivery

refers to a speech that is delivered with few notes or that seems to be delivered with little or no preparation

communcation apprehension

refers to the anxiety or fear experienced by communicators ex: speech anxiety: specific to speech making

consciousness raising

refers to the attempt to make others more aware of cultural and political problems and challenges

social agitation

refers to the deliberate violation of widely accepted or sanctioned norms of a social or political culture

impression management

refers to the way in which a person navigates his or her self-presentation in body and language (holistic style)

Feedback

refers to verbal or nonverbal responses to a speaker that indicate an understanding or misunderstanding of a message( step3 of active listening )

Pathos

emotional appeal to audience

Logos

reasoning and argument in speech

Citing Sources

. Only one person from your audience (me) will see your final outline and reference page, so you need to also cite your sources for your audience. Additionally, outside of this class, nobody might see your outline or reference page unless you specifically provide it. lets the audience know that you have researched the speech, and are supporting it using quality information.

research planning

1 narrow your topic during preliminary research 2 give yourself enough times 3 develop a list of possible sources 4 take notes and print your sources

Types of body movement

1) gestures 2) facial expression 3) eye contact

4 steps to active listening

1: receiving/ attending-physical process of receiving a message and paying attention 2: understanding- interpreting and making sense of the message 3:responding/paraphrasing/ clarifying: describe verbal and nonverbal feedback that communicate understanding 4: Recalling: remembering what audience take away from a message

Gunn's basics of crafting a speech

1Research 2Organize 3Practice 4Deliver

speech outlines

2 types: -preparation or working outline: organize your main points that is more extensive and detailed organization of the speech -speaking outline: is shorter, phrase-based outline that is used as a quick, at-a-glance cue for memory or for reading quotations and statistics

rhetorical audience

A group of people rhetorically constructed by a speaker based on perceived shared values and understanding (more on this later). Ex. Students interested in learning public speaking to advance their careers. rhetorical audience" is defined by the speaker. Not a real audience but an optimistic goal.Example: Everyone should donate blood.

Target Audience( specific audience)

A group of people that are very specifically addressed for a very specific reason

impromptu delivery

A speaker delivers a speech with little or no planning or preparation

Claim of fact

A statement that asserts that sometthine hs happened, is happening, or will happen, or a statement that asserts that something is true: "X is Y" ex: I have a waffle for breakfast" -common in informative speaking

pathos

Appeals to the audience's emotion and feeling (

Forensic

Ask audience to determine guilt or innocence about a past act( guilty or innocent) Still used in legal situations, but more generally a type of persuasive speaking Ex: speech defending oneself in court ( judicial)

Deliberative

Asks audiences to do something related to the future -speaking to induce change -A type of persuasive speaking, often used by politicians, that can be considered "risky" due to uncertainty in the future ex: speech in favor of invading Sparta ( political)

Toulmin Model of Argument

Claim, Evidence, Reason linking evidence to claim (Warrant)

Example of model of argument

Claim: Plants need sun to grow Evidence: Plants planted in the shade grow smaller and slower than those in the sun, plants in a closet die. Reasoning: Since plants kept away from sun die and those grow in low light grow slower than those in high light, light is necessary for plant growth

Persuasive Genre

Focus is on future, and moving an audience to action Ex: a speech that argues that people should adopt animals from rescue shelters rather than buy them from breeder

informative genre

Focus is on past, and providing knowledge on a topic to an audience Ex: a speech that explains how to start an organic garden

celebratory/special occasion genere

Focus is on present, and building community with an audience Our speech 1( using beliefs, attitudes, etc) -evidence: personal experiences Ex: a eulogy honoring a deceased relative

specific purpose

Purpose/ Audience/ Topic of this specific speech a single infinitive phrase that states precisely what a speaker hopes to accomplish in his or her speech One sentence; typically also begins with "To.." (Not stated directly to audience)

fear tactics

Purposely scaring the audience into doing or avoiding something

Different types of organization patterns

Spatial Temporal Topical Problem-Solution Cause and Effect Rambling

parts of a conclusion

Summary of main points with restatement of thesis closing or parting shot

general purpose

To celebrate/ honor/ mourn/ entertain with an audience (celebratory/ special occasion speech) To inform an audience (informative speech) To persuade

manuscript delivery

The speaker writes the entire speech and then reads it word for word

stories

an account of real or imagined events or people for the purpose of illustration or entertainment -Longer form examples with narrative structure(i.e., introduction, body, conclusion)

Research Process

an orderly series of steps that allow a researcher to move from asking the research question to finding the answer -Credibility (e.g., author qualifications, expertise in subject area) -Accuracy (e.g., current) -Reasonableness (e.g., balanced or biased?) -Support (e.g., does it cite sources?) relying too much on common knowledge could lead a speaker to overlook important complexities and details about a topic research makes speech more reliable and balanced Ex: Online databases "Common knowledge" - what is generally known by a given community.

noise

anything that distorts or distracts from a message in the context of communication -can be physical (external) or psychological (internal_BAV)

ethos

appeal the character and credibility of the speaker

logos

appeal the logic and reasoning at play within a speech or text

Ad Baculum

appeal to force, fear, power to prove an argument

Ad Misericordiam fall

appeal to pity

Arguments vs appeals

appeals: describes essentially any attempts to influence another ex: focused on emotions (pathos appeals) arguments: involves claim(s) supported by evidence ex: focused on logic and reasoning (logos) "argument is always an appeal but an apeal is not always an arugment

Purpose of different genres

benefit the speaker general template

purpose of transition words

bring 2 things together

body movement

changing body position

Vocalics

characteristics of the voice

Sexist language

check perceptions and assumptions when it comes to language, and use of pronouns relating to sex/ gender ( not using his/her as default)

Argument

claim or series of claims supported by evidence through reasoning

propaganda

deliberately misleading, biased, or even false information to manipulate an audience to agree with or adopt a particular belief system

denotative vs. connotative meaning

denotative -literal words connotative-feelings associated with words

3 common kinds of speech transitions

enumeration internal summaries internal previews

Ancient and contemporary genres

epideictic (celebratory), forensic(judicial), deliberative(political)

Different types of evidence

facts, statistics, testimony, examples, and stories

cultural differences

gender, race, and political affiliation -think about includes and using biased language

literal audience

group of people sitting in front of you ex: students enrolled in a public speaking class as you give a speech in class

Examples

illustration of a claim of fact or opinion

slang

informal language -more common in speech than writing, related to the "ingroup" concept, and may not be applicable for a wider, more diverse audience

either/or (false dilemma) fallacy

the speaker presents two extreme options as the only possible choices

rambling

main points that are randomly organized. -Most likely the speech lacked any logical organization, as a deliberate logical rambling pattern can confuse an audience. -Formal speeches probably should not be "rambling," but informal speeches might be okay to "ramble."

Delivery Styles

manuscript, memorized, impromptu, extemporaneous -how you dress, etc

Internal previews and summaries

more detailed forms of transition that review major points to come or that summarizing points that have said, respectively Preview: short list of ideas Summary: quick review of what was said in main point

Eye contact

norms vary by culture; can be seen as welcoming or threatening Gunn notes a study that suggests that in North America, eye contact may increase audience perceptions of speaker credibility.

non sequitur fallacy

occurs when conclusions do not follow from the premises that precede them or from irrelevant evidence

gesture

often happens naturally; probably best when not "forced" into (or out of) use.

temporal

organizes main points chronologically through time. -Historical arrangement logically flows through documented facts -Narrative arrangement logically flows like a story (with clear beginning-middle-end)

spatial

organizes the main points around the idea of a physical space (e.g., airport) or object (e.g., guitar). - main points reflect a different part of the whole (e.g., rooms in a house) -main points flow logically (e.g., first floor, second floor etc.)

cause and effect

outlines an issue (such as a problem) and has main points that argue for causes to the issue. -As it can be very difficult to "prove" causality, Gunn cautions on the use of this pattern

Facial expression

particularly eyes, eyebrows, mouth

Red Herring

something that draws attention away from the main issue

Goodwill

speaker's goodwill refers to the ways in which he or she addresses an audience with respect -by acknowledging their presence and your concern for their well being

epideictic genre

speech of praise and blame, Do not ask anything of the audience, but serve to support shared beliefs, attitudes, and values in the present ex: funeral oration (celebratory)

Claim

state or assert that something is the case, typically without providing evidence or proof. ex: fact, value, policy

Ethics

study of how we should and should not respond to others central to persuasion

active listening

technique of observing and responding to a speaker's verbal and nonverbal messages with the goal of mutual understanding

Rhetoric

the art of using language effectively and persuasively the study of the ways in which speaking and writing influence people to do or think what they otherwise would not ordinarily do or think

evidence

the available body of facts or information indicating whether a belief or proposition is true or valid. -can be formal(scholarly sources) or informal (personal knowledge) -can be spoken or unspoken

Warrent

the connective tissue or link between the claim and the evidence -like as the evidence "warranting the claims -typically not spoken to the audience; there could be several (even that the speaker is not aware of)

irony

use of language that says one thing in order to say something else

facts

verifiable truths or information; often contrasted with opinions and beliefs

disposition

what others perceive of you present yourself( to others) holistic/ body language

ad hominem fallacy

when speakers attack the person making the argument and not the argument itself

ad populum fallacy

when we attempt to persuade people by arguing our position is reasonable because so many other people are doing it or agree with it

transitions

words or phrases used to connect ideas together