speech craft midterm
solidarity
a feeling of agreement or unit yin a community about a belief, a cause, an event, or a proposed action
extemporaneous speaking
a form of public speaking that appears to require little or no preparation
techne
a habit of mind and body that is activated to make something
genre
a label for a widely recognized form of a given culture
selective exposure
a psychological theory suggesting that people prefer information that supports their views and avoid information that does not
attitude
a set of beliefs that cluster around a common object and predispose behavior
thesis statement
a single sentence that expresses the topic and purpose of a speech
active listening
a technique of observing and responding to a speakers verbal and non-verbal messages
coalition
a temporary grouping of people for the purpose of political advocacy
narration
a verbal account of an event or series of events
consciousness raising
an attempt to make others more aware of cultural and political problems and challenges
belief
an idea about reality
stereotype
an overgeneralization about a person or group based on assumed characteristics
general speech purpose
answers the "why" with regard to the topic, audience, and occasion
demographic tools, avoid stereotypes, understand how someone identifies in terms of (sex and gender), be sensitive to racial and ethnic identifications, socioeconomic status, and group memberships (religion/politics)
as a speaker, how can you determine who your audience is?
informative speaking
attempts to introduce or impact new knowledge and information to audiences
values
deeply held core beliefs
ethics
discernment of right and wrong and good and evil
fear of public speaking
if you pretend you are not nervous, you will not be nervous
concept map
visual representation of the relationships between different concepts, usually depicted with arrows and lines
most of the work is behind the scenes, activism is primarily for the insider, stay motivated, vary your strategies of public engagement, learn how to talk to news media, and violate norms sparingly
what are some bits of advice related to activism?
using forbidden speech, boycotts and tax refusals, hacking and data leaks, sit-ins
what are some forms of civil disobedience?
research the speech, organize main points, plan how you will present the speech and rehearse it, and deliver it to the class
what are the 4 steps of basic speech planning and delivery?
description, definition, explanation, demonstration, and narrative
what are the 5 informative speech strategies?
Throughout human history, public speaking has been regarded as a robust skill or tool?
What is true about the history of speech?
truth
a fact or belief that is widely accepted by a given community or group of people
identity crisis
eight stages in life (argued by Psychologist Erik Erikson)
common knowledge
events, ideas, things, or beliefs that are widely known and understood in a given community
misinformation
false, inaccurate, or misleading information
description
gives audiences a mental sense of an event, a process, or an object, evoking sights, sounds, and smells
amorphous or unknown audience
groups of individuals who are brought together by a given message who may or may not share common characteristics
audience disposition
how the audience feels about you, your topic, and the occasion for which you're speaking
purpose of public speaking
inform or teach, persuade or seduce, celebrate, honor, mourn
formal audience analysis
involves employing various tools and methods for gathering information about people
civic model
public speaking is understood as a component of a much larger democratic dialogue among communities or "publics"
social movement
refers to a group (or collective) of like minded individuals who promote a particular cause, politics, and ideology
noise
refers to anything that distorts or distracts from a message in the context of communication
speech situation
refers to both the exigency or reason for giving the speech as well as those things that constrain what can be said. the primary characteristics of the speech situation is the reason and purpose of a speech. secondary elements include the speech and place of a speech, as well as the characteristics of the audience
visualization
refers to imagining the outcome of a possible course of action or behavior
communication
refers to the coordination of behavior using symbols
misunderstanding
refers to the inability of one or more communicators to apprehend meanings, feelings, or identities, and to coordinate their behaviors
invention
refers to the process of discovering materials and arguments for a speech
selective perception
refers to the ways in which people attend to the things they like, ignoring the things they do not
feedback
refers to verbal and non-verbal responses to a speaker that indicate an understanding or misunderstanding of a message
selective listening
refers to ways in which a person attends to some auditory information (speech or sound), ignoring other information
civil disobedience
refusal to comply with the norms, demands, or laws of a group or government for the purpose of social change
social norms
rules that govern what is normal in a given culture
specific purpose statement
single sentence that explains the specific topic or goal of your presentation
civility
speech or behavior that is seen as polite, courteous, or appropriate to a given social or public situation
response-ability
the ability to respond to others, which is the foundation of listening and speaking
form
the activation and satisfaction of expectations in audiences
psychological audience analysis
the anticipation of audience feelings and an attempt to marshal those feelings in order to change beliefs, attitudes, values, or behaviors
communication apprehension
the anxiety or feat experienced by communicators
speech anxiety
the communication apprehension specific to speech making
brainstorming
the creative process of developing ideas and solutions to problems
social agitation
the deliberate violation of widely accepted or sanctioned norms of a social or political culture
model of belief and attitude change
the idea that people tend to hear in a way that is consistent with their beliefs, attitudes and values
civic engagement
the manner in which citizens participate in the political or social processes and governance of a given community
listening
the process of actively making meaning of messages
audience analysis
the process of studying an audience before, during, and after a speech
plagiarism
the representation of someone elses words or ideas as your own; plagiarism is intellectual identity theft
identification
the shared sense of identity between or among two or more people usually in reference to a common thing, experience, or event
conversational model
the speaker and audience are understood to be in dialogue with each other
demography
the study of statistical characteristics of a given population
sound reinforcement
the use of microphones, sound processors, and amplifiers to enhance the quality or volume of sounds
violence
the use of physical of psychological force to injure, harm, or alter something or someone to cause or stop change
informal audience analysis
the way in which a speaker gathers information about his or her audience in an unsystematic way
paraphrase
to summarize the ideas or remarks of others without directly quoting them
definition
used to explain or describe the meaning of a term or concept
objects, people, events, processes, concepts, and issues
what are some types of informative speeches?
epideictic/celebratory (speaking to celebrate community), forensic (speaking about guilt/innocence), and deliberative/policy (speaking to induce change)
what are the 3 ancient speech genres?
celebratory, informative, persuasive
what are the 3 contemporary speech genres?
narrow your topic during preliminary research, give yourself enough time, develop a list of possible sources, take notes and print your sources
what are the 4 research planning tips?
group (or collective) driven; community oriented, promote a non mainstream cause, politics, or ideology, not institutionalized, consist of many activists, speakers, and leaders, and push for social or political change
what are the characteristics of a social movement?
ask the host of an event about the expected size of the audience and who will be present (informal), or conduct interviews, focus groups, or surveys about the expected audience (formal)
what are two ways to gather info about your audience?
who the heck wrote it? who the heck paid for it? who the heck published it?
what can you ask yourself to determine if an internet resource is reliable?
people derived a sense of pleasure from reading or hearing things repeated
what did Burke conclude about form?
the kind of speech/speaking situation
what does research depend on in public speaking?
it focuses on the relation between words and concepts, and less on the words and concepts themselves
what is an advantage of concept mapping?
source (newspaper, book, article, ect.) + volume/issue number, author/owner, credentials of author, the date the info was made available (year, sometimes month and day) + date accessed
what is the correct citation format?
speaking to inform is about imparting new information or knowledge and speaking to persuade is about changing the audiences behavior or mind about something
what is the difference between informative and persuasive speaking?
beliefs > attitudes > values
what is the order of easiest to change and hardest to change?
listening comes before speaking, and any kind of speaking is a form of calling
what is true about listening and speaking?
whenever you choose to listen to someone, the speaker enters into a pact with you to be earnest, be truthful, or say something of value, in other words to be responsible
what it true about ethics as a listener?
objectivity
what should you aim for when informing?
what is the speaking situation? what topics are interesting/relevant to me? what topics will be interesting/relevant to my audience?
what should you ask yourself when coming up with a topic?
It was studied, celebrated and even feared because human speech moves people, because it can influence how people think, act, and feel about the world around them
How was speech viewed?
consider where you will be speaking in relation to whom you are speaking to, including the physical space and general characteristics of your probable audience
what should you think about when you analyze the speech situation?
speeches that make claims beyond the reach of common knowledge are more credible when they appear to have been researched or seem to be based on evidence from reliable resources.
why is it important to research?
direct quotations
word-for-word references to what someone else has said