speech craft midterm

solidarity

a feeling of agreement or unit yin a community about a belief, a cause, an event, or a proposed action

extemporaneous speaking

a form of public speaking that appears to require little or no preparation

techne

a habit of mind and body that is activated to make something

genre

a label for a widely recognized form of a given culture

selective exposure

a psychological theory suggesting that people prefer information that supports their views and avoid information that does not

attitude

a set of beliefs that cluster around a common object and predispose behavior

thesis statement

a single sentence that expresses the topic and purpose of a speech

active listening

a technique of observing and responding to a speakers verbal and non-verbal messages

coalition

a temporary grouping of people for the purpose of political advocacy

narration

a verbal account of an event or series of events

consciousness raising

an attempt to make others more aware of cultural and political problems and challenges

belief

an idea about reality

stereotype

an overgeneralization about a person or group based on assumed characteristics

general speech purpose

answers the "why" with regard to the topic, audience, and occasion

demographic tools, avoid stereotypes, understand how someone identifies in terms of (sex and gender), be sensitive to racial and ethnic identifications, socioeconomic status, and group memberships (religion/politics)

as a speaker, how can you determine who your audience is?

informative speaking

attempts to introduce or impact new knowledge and information to audiences

values

deeply held core beliefs

ethics

discernment of right and wrong and good and evil

fear of public speaking

if you pretend you are not nervous, you will not be nervous

concept map

visual representation of the relationships between different concepts, usually depicted with arrows and lines

most of the work is behind the scenes, activism is primarily for the insider, stay motivated, vary your strategies of public engagement, learn how to talk to news media, and violate norms sparingly

what are some bits of advice related to activism?

using forbidden speech, boycotts and tax refusals, hacking and data leaks, sit-ins

what are some forms of civil disobedience?

research the speech, organize main points, plan how you will present the speech and rehearse it, and deliver it to the class

what are the 4 steps of basic speech planning and delivery?

description, definition, explanation, demonstration, and narrative

what are the 5 informative speech strategies?

Throughout human history, public speaking has been regarded as a robust skill or tool?

What is true about the history of speech?

truth

a fact or belief that is widely accepted by a given community or group of people

identity crisis

eight stages in life (argued by Psychologist Erik Erikson)

common knowledge

events, ideas, things, or beliefs that are widely known and understood in a given community

misinformation

false, inaccurate, or misleading information

description

gives audiences a mental sense of an event, a process, or an object, evoking sights, sounds, and smells

amorphous or unknown audience

groups of individuals who are brought together by a given message who may or may not share common characteristics

audience disposition

how the audience feels about you, your topic, and the occasion for which you're speaking

purpose of public speaking

inform or teach, persuade or seduce, celebrate, honor, mourn

formal audience analysis

involves employing various tools and methods for gathering information about people

civic model

public speaking is understood as a component of a much larger democratic dialogue among communities or "publics"

social movement

refers to a group (or collective) of like minded individuals who promote a particular cause, politics, and ideology

noise

refers to anything that distorts or distracts from a message in the context of communication

speech situation

refers to both the exigency or reason for giving the speech as well as those things that constrain what can be said. the primary characteristics of the speech situation is the reason and purpose of a speech. secondary elements include the speech and place of a speech, as well as the characteristics of the audience

visualization

refers to imagining the outcome of a possible course of action or behavior

communication

refers to the coordination of behavior using symbols

misunderstanding

refers to the inability of one or more communicators to apprehend meanings, feelings, or identities, and to coordinate their behaviors

invention

refers to the process of discovering materials and arguments for a speech

selective perception

refers to the ways in which people attend to the things they like, ignoring the things they do not

feedback

refers to verbal and non-verbal responses to a speaker that indicate an understanding or misunderstanding of a message

selective listening

refers to ways in which a person attends to some auditory information (speech or sound), ignoring other information

civil disobedience

refusal to comply with the norms, demands, or laws of a group or government for the purpose of social change

social norms

rules that govern what is normal in a given culture

specific purpose statement

single sentence that explains the specific topic or goal of your presentation

civility

speech or behavior that is seen as polite, courteous, or appropriate to a given social or public situation

response-ability

the ability to respond to others, which is the foundation of listening and speaking

form

the activation and satisfaction of expectations in audiences

psychological audience analysis

the anticipation of audience feelings and an attempt to marshal those feelings in order to change beliefs, attitudes, values, or behaviors

communication apprehension

the anxiety or feat experienced by communicators

speech anxiety

the communication apprehension specific to speech making

brainstorming

the creative process of developing ideas and solutions to problems

social agitation

the deliberate violation of widely accepted or sanctioned norms of a social or political culture

model of belief and attitude change

the idea that people tend to hear in a way that is consistent with their beliefs, attitudes and values

civic engagement

the manner in which citizens participate in the political or social processes and governance of a given community

listening

the process of actively making meaning of messages

audience analysis

the process of studying an audience before, during, and after a speech

plagiarism

the representation of someone elses words or ideas as your own; plagiarism is intellectual identity theft

identification

the shared sense of identity between or among two or more people usually in reference to a common thing, experience, or event

conversational model

the speaker and audience are understood to be in dialogue with each other

demography

the study of statistical characteristics of a given population

sound reinforcement

the use of microphones, sound processors, and amplifiers to enhance the quality or volume of sounds

violence

the use of physical of psychological force to injure, harm, or alter something or someone to cause or stop change

informal audience analysis

the way in which a speaker gathers information about his or her audience in an unsystematic way

paraphrase

to summarize the ideas or remarks of others without directly quoting them

definition

used to explain or describe the meaning of a term or concept

objects, people, events, processes, concepts, and issues

what are some types of informative speeches?

epideictic/celebratory (speaking to celebrate community), forensic (speaking about guilt/innocence), and deliberative/policy (speaking to induce change)

what are the 3 ancient speech genres?

celebratory, informative, persuasive

what are the 3 contemporary speech genres?

narrow your topic during preliminary research, give yourself enough time, develop a list of possible sources, take notes and print your sources

what are the 4 research planning tips?

group (or collective) driven; community oriented, promote a non mainstream cause, politics, or ideology, not institutionalized, consist of many activists, speakers, and leaders, and push for social or political change

what are the characteristics of a social movement?

ask the host of an event about the expected size of the audience and who will be present (informal), or conduct interviews, focus groups, or surveys about the expected audience (formal)

what are two ways to gather info about your audience?

who the heck wrote it? who the heck paid for it? who the heck published it?

what can you ask yourself to determine if an internet resource is reliable?

people derived a sense of pleasure from reading or hearing things repeated

what did Burke conclude about form?

the kind of speech/speaking situation

what does research depend on in public speaking?

it focuses on the relation between words and concepts, and less on the words and concepts themselves

what is an advantage of concept mapping?

source (newspaper, book, article, ect.) + volume/issue number, author/owner, credentials of author, the date the info was made available (year, sometimes month and day) + date accessed

what is the correct citation format?

speaking to inform is about imparting new information or knowledge and speaking to persuade is about changing the audiences behavior or mind about something

what is the difference between informative and persuasive speaking?

beliefs > attitudes > values

what is the order of easiest to change and hardest to change?

listening comes before speaking, and any kind of speaking is a form of calling

what is true about listening and speaking?

whenever you choose to listen to someone, the speaker enters into a pact with you to be earnest, be truthful, or say something of value, in other words to be responsible

what it true about ethics as a listener?

objectivity

what should you aim for when informing?

what is the speaking situation? what topics are interesting/relevant to me? what topics will be interesting/relevant to my audience?

what should you ask yourself when coming up with a topic?

It was studied, celebrated and even feared because human speech moves people, because it can influence how people think, act, and feel about the world around them

How was speech viewed?

consider where you will be speaking in relation to whom you are speaking to, including the physical space and general characteristics of your probable audience

what should you think about when you analyze the speech situation?

speeches that make claims beyond the reach of common knowledge are more credible when they appear to have been researched or seem to be based on evidence from reliable resources.

why is it important to research?

direct quotations

word-for-word references to what someone else has said