Speech Final '18
college students and people in jobs like sales and counseling can spend up to
90% of their time listenting
speech preparation for public speaking
do not procrastinate, practice several times beforehand in a setting and way as close to the real setting as possible: record self, fake it till you become it, yo never look as nervous as you feel
fear of the unknown
don't know what to expect
managing communication apprehension: preparation
choose a topic you like and know, get to know your audience, prepare and practice thoroughly, use positive visualization, check the setting and environment
the transactional model
co-participant a encodes verbal message and co-participant b decodes nonverbal and vice versa. there is noise present
noise (interference):
contextual, physical, psychological
listening fidelity
degree of congruence between what a listener understands and what the message sender was attempting to communicate
audience analysis stage 4
disposition toward the topic, disposition toward the speaker, disposition toward the occasion
communication apprehension
fear of judgement, fear of rejection, fear of failure, fear of the unknown
response
feedback (verbal and nonverbal)
mental preparation for public speaking
focus on message rather than self, be realistic about experience and what's at stake
sensation/hearing
hearing, being mindful, in the moment, without imposing our thoughts, feelings, or judgments
context:
historical, cultural, social, physical
channel:
means through which a messages gets from sender to receiver, face-to-face and immediate as opposed to a mediated (computer, phone), verbal and nonverbal
when we think of something to say
message creation occurs
transmit our ideas and emotions via
messages
fear of rejection
might say something different than what audience believes
main causes of poor listening:
not concentrating, listening too hard, jumping too conclusions, focusing on delivery and personal appearance
interpretation/understanding
organize based on source and context, is primarily intrapersonal
similarities between speaking and converation:
organize thoughts logically, tailor message to audience, tell story for maximum impact, adapt to feedback
what is public speaking?
organized, face-to-face, intentional (purposeful) attempt, to inform, entertain, or persuade, involves a group of people, use through words, physical delivery, and perhaps visual/audio aids
listening involvement
passive listening, active listening, interactive listening
active listening
paying close attention to what someone is saying and communicating
seven elements of public speaking:
people, context, message, channel, noise, feedback, outcome
the importance of public speaking:
personal, professional, civic
physical preparation for public speaking
protein rather than high sugar content, sleep well the night before, wear comfortable clothes and shoes, utilize stretching techniques
differences between public speaking and conversation:
public speaking is more highly structured, public speaking requires more formal language, public speaking requires a different method of delivery
encoding:
putting thoughts and feelings into words or symbols
decoding:
putting words and symbols into personal meaning
audience analysis stage 2
racial, ethic & cultural backgrounds, religious or political views, group membership, gender, sexual orientation, age, occupation, economic position, education, intelligence, & pace of residence, year in school, major, activities, job aspirations, & living arrangements
we spend the majority o our time listening of the 4 communication skills:
reading, writing, speaking, listening
decoding
receiving a message and interpreting its meaning
observing the audience:
stimulation, interaction, audience type
face-to-face adds to
urgency, immediacy, and "linear" nature
value of learning public speaking
career, academic, personal
glossophobia
a severe fear of public speaking
evalutation
accept/reject, good/bad
sources of anxiety
all or nothing thinking, over-generalization of experiences, fortune telling, fixed mindset about intelligence, skill, and learning, fear of failure and rejection
tradition of public speaking
ancient egypt, classical greece and rome
noise
any interference with or degrading of the quality of the message
interference
anything that impedes the communication of a message
getting audience information
ask the person who invites you, questionnaries for the audience, informants in the audience, observation of the audience
listening fidelity and informative listening is very hard to do
because we are often more interested in expressing our view than in listening to & understanding another's view
utilizing the audience analysis
before the speech: topic, message, delivery; during the speech: feedback; after the speech: critiques
an individual's frame of reference influences
both the encoding and decoding of messages
managing communication apprehension: performance
breathe correctly, use eye contact strategically, involve your listeners, keep your poise
smaller group may be
easier to communicate with
understanding the process of public speaking
enlarge or projected conversation, commonalities with other forms of human communication
physical noise
hunger, sleepiness, uncomfortable clothes, loud music, too hot of a room
feedback lets a sender know
if the message was received and how it was interpreted
fear of failure
inexperience might cause not doing so well
audience analysis stage 3
interest, knowledge, attitude, values
semantic noise
interference through the language. too technical or full of jargon, words in a different language.
outcomes:
internal, external, short-term, long-term
psychological noise
internal. worries, preoccupations, prejudices
secondary causes of poor listening
interpretations of chance events, secondhand information, wishful thinking, conventional wisdom and wise sayings, language confusion
face-to-face communcation
involves 2 channels: verbal and nonverbal
contextual preparation for public speaking
know the venue, circumstance, and audience, arrive early
models of communcation
linear, transmissional. interactive. transactional
research indicates that we spend 50-80% of our communication
listening
passive listening
listening role in which the listener does not share in the responsibility nor involve himself in the communication process
most people's anxiety is
lower than a true phobia
message:
may be informal and spontaneous (conversation), may be formal, intentional, and planned (speech)
audience-centeredness
respect their interests, respect their knowledge, respect their time
speaker responsibilities
respect your audience, practice ethical communication, take speechmaking seriously
managing communication apprehension: reflection
review the critiques, use the experience, build on your qualities
selection/attending
select the message.
people:
senders/receivers, exchange roles
components of listening
sensation/hearing, selection, attending, interpretation/understanding, evaluation, response
physical surrounding of a communication event make up its
setting
the speech communication process
speaker, message, channel, listener, feedback, interference, situation
the psychology of audiences
speakers can influence a desire to learn, listeners base understanding on their frames of reference, speakers should relate their message based on the listeners' frames of reference
ethnocentrisim
the belief that one's own group or culture is superior to all other groups or cultures. BEWARE
the more characteristics that participants share
the easier it is to communiacte
setting
the location where the communication occurs, the time of day or day of the week, and the proximity of the communicators
channel
the means by which a message is communicated
feedback
the messages, verbal and nonverbal, sent from a listener to a speaker
speaker
the person who is presenting an oral message to a listener
listener
the person who receives the speaker's message
hearing
the process in which sound waves strike the eardrum and cause vibrations that are transmitted to the brain
interactive listening
the process of a receiver filtering out distractions, focusing on what others have said, and communicating that he or she has paid attention
listening
the process of making sense out of the soudnwaves
frames of reference
the sum of a person's knowledge, experience, goals, values, and attitudes
encoding
the taking of ideas and converting them into messages
situation
the time and place in which speech communication occurs
an effective speaker is audience-centered
this is keeping the audience foremost in mind at every step of speech preparation and presentation
mediated messages
those transmitted though transmitted through technology can be conveyed through one or more channels such as radio, TV and newsprint
fear of judgement
threatened when stared at and when giving a speech ALL eyes are on us
starting principles in public speaking
timing is everything, requires muscle memory, has a content and relationship dimension, emulate good speaker, but don't imitate, build on strengths, address weaknesses, remember the power of story,
reluctant listening
to be polite
appreciative listening
to build and maintain relationships. pleasure listening. listen for fun
critical listening
to evaluate. very difficult interpersonal skill to use
aggressive listening
to give opinions. (often classified as a non-listening type)
empathic listening
to help others. doctors, lawyers,teachers, managers, supervisors, clergy, therapists, counsel of friends and family
comprehensive listening
to understand. students use this
feedback can be
verbal and nonverbal and can be intentional and unintentional
feedback:
verbal, nonverbal, used to evaluate effectiveness and decide next steps in interaction
audience considerations
what do they need? what do they want? what do they expect? to whom am i speaking? what is the goal for the audience? what are the most effective ways of composing and presenting to accomplish the goals?
audience analysis stage 1
what is the occasion? location of the event? size and configuration of space? rituals or protocol of the event organizers?
message
whatever a speaker communicates to someone else