Speech Final '18

college students and people in jobs like sales and counseling can spend up to

90% of their time listenting

speech preparation for public speaking

do not procrastinate, practice several times beforehand in a setting and way as close to the real setting as possible: record self, fake it till you become it, yo never look as nervous as you feel

fear of the unknown

don't know what to expect

managing communication apprehension: preparation

choose a topic you like and know, get to know your audience, prepare and practice thoroughly, use positive visualization, check the setting and environment

the transactional model

co-participant a encodes verbal message and co-participant b decodes nonverbal and vice versa. there is noise present

noise (interference):

contextual, physical, psychological

listening fidelity

degree of congruence between what a listener understands and what the message sender was attempting to communicate

audience analysis stage 4

disposition toward the topic, disposition toward the speaker, disposition toward the occasion

communication apprehension

fear of judgement, fear of rejection, fear of failure, fear of the unknown

response

feedback (verbal and nonverbal)

mental preparation for public speaking

focus on message rather than self, be realistic about experience and what's at stake

sensation/hearing

hearing, being mindful, in the moment, without imposing our thoughts, feelings, or judgments

context:

historical, cultural, social, physical

channel:

means through which a messages gets from sender to receiver, face-to-face and immediate as opposed to a mediated (computer, phone), verbal and nonverbal

when we think of something to say

message creation occurs

transmit our ideas and emotions via

messages

fear of rejection

might say something different than what audience believes

main causes of poor listening:

not concentrating, listening too hard, jumping too conclusions, focusing on delivery and personal appearance

interpretation/understanding

organize based on source and context, is primarily intrapersonal

similarities between speaking and converation:

organize thoughts logically, tailor message to audience, tell story for maximum impact, adapt to feedback

what is public speaking?

organized, face-to-face, intentional (purposeful) attempt, to inform, entertain, or persuade, involves a group of people, use through words, physical delivery, and perhaps visual/audio aids

listening involvement

passive listening, active listening, interactive listening

active listening

paying close attention to what someone is saying and communicating

seven elements of public speaking:

people, context, message, channel, noise, feedback, outcome

the importance of public speaking:

personal, professional, civic

physical preparation for public speaking

protein rather than high sugar content, sleep well the night before, wear comfortable clothes and shoes, utilize stretching techniques

differences between public speaking and conversation:

public speaking is more highly structured, public speaking requires more formal language, public speaking requires a different method of delivery

encoding:

putting thoughts and feelings into words or symbols

decoding:

putting words and symbols into personal meaning

audience analysis stage 2

racial, ethic & cultural backgrounds, religious or political views, group membership, gender, sexual orientation, age, occupation, economic position, education, intelligence, & pace of residence, year in school, major, activities, job aspirations, & living arrangements

we spend the majority o our time listening of the 4 communication skills:

reading, writing, speaking, listening

decoding

receiving a message and interpreting its meaning

observing the audience:

stimulation, interaction, audience type

face-to-face adds to

urgency, immediacy, and "linear" nature

value of learning public speaking

career, academic, personal

glossophobia

a severe fear of public speaking

evalutation

accept/reject, good/bad

sources of anxiety

all or nothing thinking, over-generalization of experiences, fortune telling, fixed mindset about intelligence, skill, and learning, fear of failure and rejection

tradition of public speaking

ancient egypt, classical greece and rome

noise

any interference with or degrading of the quality of the message

interference

anything that impedes the communication of a message

getting audience information

ask the person who invites you, questionnaries for the audience, informants in the audience, observation of the audience

listening fidelity and informative listening is very hard to do

because we are often more interested in expressing our view than in listening to & understanding another's view

utilizing the audience analysis

before the speech: topic, message, delivery; during the speech: feedback; after the speech: critiques

an individual's frame of reference influences

both the encoding and decoding of messages

managing communication apprehension: performance

breathe correctly, use eye contact strategically, involve your listeners, keep your poise

smaller group may be

easier to communicate with

understanding the process of public speaking

enlarge or projected conversation, commonalities with other forms of human communication

physical noise

hunger, sleepiness, uncomfortable clothes, loud music, too hot of a room

feedback lets a sender know

if the message was received and how it was interpreted

fear of failure

inexperience might cause not doing so well

audience analysis stage 3

interest, knowledge, attitude, values

semantic noise

interference through the language. too technical or full of jargon, words in a different language.

outcomes:

internal, external, short-term, long-term

psychological noise

internal. worries, preoccupations, prejudices

secondary causes of poor listening

interpretations of chance events, secondhand information, wishful thinking, conventional wisdom and wise sayings, language confusion

face-to-face communcation

involves 2 channels: verbal and nonverbal

contextual preparation for public speaking

know the venue, circumstance, and audience, arrive early

models of communcation

linear, transmissional. interactive. transactional

research indicates that we spend 50-80% of our communication

listening

passive listening

listening role in which the listener does not share in the responsibility nor involve himself in the communication process

most people's anxiety is

lower than a true phobia

message:

may be informal and spontaneous (conversation), may be formal, intentional, and planned (speech)

audience-centeredness

respect their interests, respect their knowledge, respect their time

speaker responsibilities

respect your audience, practice ethical communication, take speechmaking seriously

managing communication apprehension: reflection

review the critiques, use the experience, build on your qualities

selection/attending

select the message.

people:

senders/receivers, exchange roles

components of listening

sensation/hearing, selection, attending, interpretation/understanding, evaluation, response

physical surrounding of a communication event make up its

setting

the speech communication process

speaker, message, channel, listener, feedback, interference, situation

the psychology of audiences

speakers can influence a desire to learn, listeners base understanding on their frames of reference, speakers should relate their message based on the listeners' frames of reference

ethnocentrisim

the belief that one's own group or culture is superior to all other groups or cultures. BEWARE

the more characteristics that participants share

the easier it is to communiacte

setting

the location where the communication occurs, the time of day or day of the week, and the proximity of the communicators

channel

the means by which a message is communicated

feedback

the messages, verbal and nonverbal, sent from a listener to a speaker

speaker

the person who is presenting an oral message to a listener

listener

the person who receives the speaker's message

hearing

the process in which sound waves strike the eardrum and cause vibrations that are transmitted to the brain

interactive listening

the process of a receiver filtering out distractions, focusing on what others have said, and communicating that he or she has paid attention

listening

the process of making sense out of the soudnwaves

frames of reference

the sum of a person's knowledge, experience, goals, values, and attitudes

encoding

the taking of ideas and converting them into messages

situation

the time and place in which speech communication occurs

an effective speaker is audience-centered

this is keeping the audience foremost in mind at every step of speech preparation and presentation

mediated messages

those transmitted though transmitted through technology can be conveyed through one or more channels such as radio, TV and newsprint

fear of judgement

threatened when stared at and when giving a speech ALL eyes are on us

starting principles in public speaking

timing is everything, requires muscle memory, has a content and relationship dimension, emulate good speaker, but don't imitate, build on strengths, address weaknesses, remember the power of story,

reluctant listening

to be polite

appreciative listening

to build and maintain relationships. pleasure listening. listen for fun

critical listening

to evaluate. very difficult interpersonal skill to use

aggressive listening

to give opinions. (often classified as a non-listening type)

empathic listening

to help others. doctors, lawyers,teachers, managers, supervisors, clergy, therapists, counsel of friends and family

comprehensive listening

to understand. students use this

feedback can be

verbal and nonverbal and can be intentional and unintentional

feedback:

verbal, nonverbal, used to evaluate effectiveness and decide next steps in interaction

audience considerations

what do they need? what do they want? what do they expect? to whom am i speaking? what is the goal for the audience? what are the most effective ways of composing and presenting to accomplish the goals?

audience analysis stage 1

what is the occasion? location of the event? size and configuration of space? rituals or protocol of the event organizers?

message

whatever a speaker communicates to someone else