Speech final

hypothetical example

an example that describes an imaginary or fictitious situation

What are the difference among initial credibility, derived credibility, and terminal credibility?

*write definition: key terms*

What are the 3 criteria for evaluating the soundness of research materials that you find on the Internet?

1. Authorship 2. Sponsorship 3. Recency

What are the 3 stages of a research interview? What should you do in each stage to help ensure a successful interview?

1. Before the interview -Figure out your purpose -Decide who to interview -Arrange the interview -Decide to record the interview -Prepare questions 2. During the interview -Dress appropriately and be on time -Repeat the purpose on the interview -Set up the recorder, if used -Keep the interview on track -Listen carefully -Don't overstay your welcome 3. After the interview -Review your notes ASAP -Transcribe your notes

Why is it important to start your speech research early?

1. Ensures time to find resources. 2. Gives time to think about what you find. 3. More time you have more all pieces fit.

What are 5 resources for finding what you need in a library?

1. Librarians 2. The Catalogue 3. Reference Works 4. Newspapers and Periodical Databases 5. Academic Databases

What 4 things should you do to take research notes efficiently?

1. Take plenty of notes 2. Record notes in a consistant format 3. Make a separate entry for each note 4. Distinguish among direct quotations, paraphrases and your own ideas

Monroe's Motivated Sequence

A Method of organizing persuasive speeches that seek immediate action. The five steps of the motivated sequence are: Attention, Need,Satisfaction, Visualization, and Action.

Academic Database

A database that catalogues articles from scholarly journals.

Hasty Generalization

A fallacy in which a speaker jumps to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence.

False Cause

A fallacy in which a speaker mistakenly assumes that because one event follows another, the first event is the cause of the second.

Ad Hominem

A fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute.

Either-Or

A fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist.

Red herring

A fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion.

Bandwagon

A fallacy which assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable.

Appeal to novelty

A fallacy which assumes that something new is automatically better than something old.

Appeal to Tradition

A fallacy which assumes that something old is automatically better than something new.

Slippery Slope

A fallacy which assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented.

Preliminary Bibliography

A list compiled early in the research process of works that look as if they might contain helpful information about a speech topic.

Catalogue

A listing of all the books, periodicals, and other resources owned by a library.

Comparative Advantages Order

A method of organizing persuasive speeches in which each main point explains why a speaker's solution to a problem is preferable to other proposed solutions.

Problem-Solution Order

A method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem.

Problem-Cause-Solution Order

A method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point identifies a problem, the second main point analyzes the causes of the problem, and the third main point presents a solution to the problem.

Call Number

A number used in libraries to classify books and periodicals and to indicate where they can be found on the shelves.

Speech to Gain Passive Agreement

A persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience that a given policy is desirable without encouraging the audience to take action in support of the policy.

Speech to Gain Immediate Action

A persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience to take action in support of a given policy.

Question of Fact

A question about the truth or falsity of an assertion.

What are questions of fact? How does a persuasive speech on a question of fact differ from an informative speech? Give example of a question of fact.

A question about the truth or falsity of an assertion. Informative speeches are factual, meaning everything in it is a fact. Will the economy be better or worse next year?

Question of Value

A question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action.

What are questions of value? Give an example.

A question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action. Is it morally right to keep prisoners in solitary confinement for extended periods of time?

Question of Policy

A question about whether a specific course of action should or shouldn't be taken.

What are question of policy?

A question about whether a specific course of action should or shouldn't be taken. Should the electoral college be abolished?

Newspaper and Periodical Database

A research aid that catalogues articles from a large number of magazines, journals, and newspapers.

Virtual Library

A search engine that combines internet technology with traditional library methods of cataloguing and assessing data.

Abstract

A summary of a magazine or journal article, written by someone other than the original author.

Creating Common Ground

A technique in which a speaker connects himself or herself with the values, attitudes, or experiences of the audience.

Reference Work

A work that synthesizes a large amount of related information for easy access by researchers.

Invalid Analogy

An analogy in which the two cases being compared are not essentially alike.

Fallacy

An error in reasoning.

Research Interview

An interview conducted to gather information for a speech.

Sponsoring Organization

An organization that, in the absence of a clearly identified author, is responsible for the content of a document on the internet.

What is analogical reasoning? Why is analogical reasoning frequently used in persuasive speeches on questions of policy?

Analogical reasoning compares two similar cases to draw the conclusion that what is true in once case will also be true in the other. When arguing for a new policy, you should find out whether it has been tried elsewhere. You may be able to claim that your policy will work because it has worked in like circumstance.

What are the five steps of Monroe's motivated sequence? Why is the motivated sequence especially useful in speeches that seek immediate action from listeners?

Attention, Need, Satisfaction, Visualization, Action It is more detailed than problem-solution order, leads listener step by step to the desired action

What are three guidelines for ethical listening discussed in the chapter?

Be courteous and attentive, avoid prejudging the speaker, and maintain the free and open expression of ideas.

What are ethics? Why is a strong sense of ethical responsibility vital for public speakers?

Because public speaking should be geared towards the good of their audience, and sometimes public speakers take advantage of that.

What are the three kinds of examples discussed in this chapter? How might you use each kind to support your ideas?

Brief- specific instances Extended- tell a story vividly and dramatically, they pull listeners into the speech Hypothetical- describes an imaginary situations and are examples that are brief stories used to relate to a general principle

What is causal reasoning? Why is the relationship between causes and effects not always clear?

Causal reasoning tries to establish the relationship between causes and effects. The fact that one event happens after another does not mean that the first is the cause of the second.

What are five tips for using examples in your speeches?

Clarify your ideas reinforce your ideas personalize your ideas make examples vivid and richly textured practice delivery to enhance your extended examples

What is credibility? What two factors exert the most influence on an audience's perception of a speaker's credibility?

Credibility is the audience's attitude toward or perception of the speakers. A speaker's credibility is affected by two primary factor-- competence and character.

Whhat is the role of emotional appeal in persuasive speaking? Identify three methods you can use to generate emotional appeal in your speeches.

Emotional appeal are intended to make listeners feel sad, angry, guilty, fearful, reverence, or the like. 1.Use emotionally charged language 2. Vivid examples 3. Speak with sincerity and conviction

What is evidence? Why do persuasive speakers need to use evidence?

Evidence consist of examples, statistics, and testimony used to prove or disprove something. Careful listeners are skeptical of unsupported claims and generalizations. Strong evidence is particularly important when the speak is not recognized as an expert on the topic and when the target audience opposes the speaker's point of view.

Incremental plagiarism

Failing to give credit for a particular parts of a speech that are borrowed from other people

What are the ten logical fallacies discussed in this chapter?

HG, FC, IA, B, RH, AH, EO, SS, ATP, ATN

Plagiarism

Presenting another person's language or ideas as one's own

What are the five guidelines for ethical speechmaking discussed in this chapter?

Make sure your goals are ethically sound, be fully prepared for each speech, be honest in what you say, avoid name-calling and other forms of abusive language, and put ethical principles into practice.

What are the three basic issues you must deal with when discussing a question of policy? What will determine the amount of attention you give to each of these issues in any particular speech?

Need, Plan, Practicality. Depends on your topic and your audience, how much does the audience know about your topic?

What four methods of organization are used most often in persuasive speeches on questions of policy?

Problem-Solution Order Problem-Cause-Solution Order Comparative Advantages Order Monroe's Motivated Sequence

Explain the difference between passive agreement and immediate action as goals for persuasive speeches on policy

Passive agreements is trying to convince the audience that a given policy is desirable without encouraging the audience to take action in support of the policy. Immediate action is to convince the audience to take action in support of a given policy.

testimony

Quotations or paraphrases used to support a point

What is reasoning from principle? Why is the relationship between causes and effects not always clear?

Reasoning from principle involves moving from a general principle to a specific conclusion. It is the exact opposite of reasoning from specific instance.

What is reasoning from specific instances? Why is it important to supplement reasoning from specific instances with testimony or statistics?

Reasoning from specific instances involve processing from a number of particular facts to a general conclusion. Because you can never give enough specific instances in a speech to make your conclusion irrefutable, you should supplement them with testimony or statistic.

Analogical Reasoning

Reasoning in which a speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second.

Reasoning From Principle

Reasoning that moves from a general principal to a specific conclusion.

Reasoning From Specific Instances

Reasoning that moves from particular facts to a general conclusion.

Causal Reasoning

Reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effects.

Why is the Preliminary Bib helpful when researching a speech?

Since you usually gather 15 to 20 works, you will find it easy to pic and choose the top 7 or 8 to use.

Ethical decisions

Sound ethical decisions involve weighing a potential course of action against a set of ethical standards or guidelines

What are three ways you can enhance your credibility during your speeches?

Speakers can enhance their credibility by explaining their competence, establishing common ground with the audience, and delivering speeches fluently, expressively, and with conviction.

What are four tips for using evidence effectively in a persuasive speech?

Speakers should use specific evidence, current evidence, evidence from credible sources, and make clear point of the evidence.

Burden of Proof

The obligation facing a persuasive speaker to prove that a change from current policy is necessary

What is the difference between an informative speech and a persuasive speech? Why is speaking to persuade more challenging than speaking to inform?

Speaking to inform means you are teaching your audience about something, speaking to persuade means you are trying to get them to agree with you. You have to convince them that your side is the right side.

Global plagiarism

Stealing a speech entirely from a single source and passing it off as one's own

What is the difference between global plagiarism and patchwork plagiarism? What are the best ways to avoid these two kinds of plagiarism?

Stealing from a single source verses stealing from a few sources and passing them off as one's own. Avoid leaving your speech until the last minute.

Patchwork plagiarism

Stealing ideas or language from two or three sources and passing them off as one's own

Evidence

Supporting materials used to prove or disprove something.

Credibility

The audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic. The two major factors influencing a speaker's credibility are competence and character.

Ethics

The branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs

Terminal Credibility

The credibility of a speaker at the end of the speech.

Initial Credibility

The credibility of a speaker before she or he starts to speak.

Derived Credibility

The credibility of a speaker produced by everything she or he says and does during the speech.

Bill of Rights

The first 10 amendments to the United States Constitution

Need

The first basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: is there a serious problem or need that requires a change from current policy?

supporting materials

The materials used to support a speaker's ideas. The three major kinds of supporting materials are examples, statistics, and testimony

Mental Dialogue With the Audience

The mental give-and-take between speaker and listener during a persuasive speech.

Logos

The name used by Aristotle for the logical appeal of a speaker. The two major elements of logos are evidence and reasoning.

Ethos

The name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as credibility.

Pathos

The name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as emotional appeal.

Target Audience

The portion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to persuade.

What is a target audience for a persuasive speech?

The portion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to persuade.

Persuasion

The process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people's beliefs or actions.

Reasoning

The process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence.

Plan

The second basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: there is a problem with current policy, does the speaker have a plan to solve the problem?

Practicality

The third basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: Will the speaker's plan solve the problem? Will it create new or more serious problems?

Name-calling

The use of language to defame, demean, or degrade individuals or groups

Why is it so easy to lie with statistics? What three questions should you ask to judge the reliability of statistics?

They are easily manipulated and distorted Are the statistics representative? are statistical measures used correctly? Are the statistics from a reliable source?

What does it mean to say that audiences engage in a mental dialogue with the speaker as they listen to a speech? What implications does this mental give-and-take hold for effective persuasive speech?

They bring up questions that can disagree with your speech, and your job is to think of those questions, and to address them. It fully explains the speech topic and address common concerns that one may have.

Paraphrase

To restate or summarize an author's ideas in one's own words

Why is it important to draw on your own knowledge and experience when gathering material for your speeches?

We speak best about subjects with which we are familiar. Supplementing speeches with personal touch can really bring the speech to life.

What is incremental plagiarism? How can you steer clear of it when dealing with quotations and paraphrases?

When a speaker fails to give credit for certain points in a speech. Giving credit to the author in your words by using their name and the source you got your information from.

attitude

a frame of mind in favor or opposed to a person, policy, believe, Institution, Etc

What is testimony? Explain the difference between expert testimony and peer testimony.

a quotation or paraphrase used to support a point expert- people who are respected and knowledgeable in their respected field; credible peer- opinions from common people who have first hand experience of the matter; valuable to give first hand insight of the topic

brief example

a specific case referred to in passing to illustrate a point

example

a specific case used to illustrate or represent a group of people, ideas, conditions, experiences, or the like

extended example

a story, narrative, or anecdote developed at some length to illustrate a point

what are the six demographic traits of audiences discussed in this chapter?

age, gender, religion, sexual orientation, racial ethnic and cultural backgrounds, group membership

What methods can you use to adapt your speech to your audience before the speech? During the speech?

assessing how your audience is likely to respond to what you saying your speech and adjusting what you say to make it as clear, appropriate, and convincing as possible, to adjust during the speech change the way you present your visual aids, modify how you present your introduction and delivery, condense your speech so that you can present your most essential points within the time available

situational audience analysis

audience analysis is that focus on situational factors such as size of audience, the physical setting for the speech, in the disposition of the audience towards the topic, speaker, and the occasion

demographic audience analysis

audience analysis that focuses on demographic factors such as age, gender, religion, sexual orientation, group membership and racial, ethnic, or cultural background

stereotyping

creating an oversimplified image of a particular group of people, usually by assuming that all members of the group are alike

What are the 3 kinds of questions used in questionnaires? Why is it a good idea to use all three in audience analysis?

fixed alternative, scale questions, open ended questions, so you can get the most honest answers possible

Why do you need supporting materials in your speeches?

it provides more credibility & creates a stronger impact on listeners

audience centeredness

keeping the audience foremost in mind at every step of speech preparation and presentation

statistics

numerical data

what factors do you need to consider in situational audience analysis?

physical setting, disposition towards the topic disposition towards the speaker, disposition towards the occasion

What are six tips for using statistics in your speeches?

quantify your ideas use them sparingly identify their sources explain them round of complicated statistics use visual aids to clarify trends

open ended questions

questions that allow respondents to answer however they want

fixed alternative questions

questions that offer a fixed choice between two or more alternatives

scale questions

questions that require responses at fixed intervals along a scale of answers

What are four tips for using testimony in your speeches?

quote or paraphrase correctly use testimony from a qualified source use testimony from a unbiased source identify the people you quote or paraphrase

quoting out of context

quoting a statement in such a way as to distort its meaning by removing the statement from the words and phrases surrounding it.

Why must a public speaker be audience-centered?

so that he is able to connect with the audience as much as possible and they truly understand the message of the speech

peer testimony

testimony from ordinary people with firsthand experience or insight on a topic

expert testimony

testimony from people who are recognized experts in their fields

direct quotations

testimony that is presented word for word

What does it mean to say that people are egocentric? What implications does the egocentrism of audiences hold for a public speaker?

that they are concerned about their personal life most, it means that the level the audience is interested in you and your speech can vary based on the level of egocentrism in the crowd

mean

the average value of a group of numbers

What four pieces of information do you usually need to provide when making oral source citations in a speech?

the book, magazine, newspaper or web document author or sponsoring organization of document the authors qualifications with regard to the topic the date which the doc was posted, published, or updated

median

the middle number in a group of numbers arranged from highest to lowest

mode

the number that occurs the most frequently in a group of numbers

egocentrism

the tendency of people to be concerned above all with their own values, beliefs, and well-being

paraphrase

to restate or summarize a source's ideas in one's own words

How can you get information about an audience?

you can take surveys and ask the venue what kind of audience is going to be attending and what kind of makeup it will have