Speech Final

Briefly note an argument against your thesis and then use evidence and reasoning to refute it. • Can help change your audience members' attitudes in favor of your thesis and can strengthen your credibility

- Two-sided argument •

Teaches the audience something, Increases listeners' understanding, awareness, or sensitivity to your topic, May contain a bit of persuasive power

An informative presentation does what?

cited, plagiarism

Direct quotations should be short and must be [_________]. Putting another person's ideas into your own words is [________] if you don't attribute the original source.

- Competence • Practical wisdom - Trustworthiness • Virtue characterized by being honest and fair - Goodwill • Understanding listeners' needs and feelings

Elements of credibility

Communicating truthfully, crediting others' work, and using sound reasoning.

Ethical issues related to public speaking include? Name two.

- Credible and moral speakers win audience trust, as they are seen as: - Knowledgeable - Honest - Genuinely interested in doing the right thing

Ethos (establishing credibility as a speaker)

It is important to cater towards each learning style because public speaking is audience centered. The audience understanding the speech should be the speaker's top priority, and the best way to do that is to cater towards their learning styles, so they get more out of the speech. A visual learner will get more out of a speech if there is a visual presentation. An active learner needs to do something with the material in order to learn it. A reflective learner needs time to think on the material. A verbal learner gets more out of words, whether they are spoken or written.

Explain learning styles and why is it important to appeal to different learning styles within a speech.

Remain focused on your rhetorical purpose at every phase. If you know your subject well enough not to have to do research, establish your own credentials. Remember your responsibility to remain objective

Focusing on Your Goal to Inform

Many classes require speeches and presentations. Presentations for meetings may be necessary for a future employer. Public speaking skills will help in my wedding, or if I ever host a party or event.

How can public speaking help you in the classroom, on the job, and in your community? Answer for each in your own words.

In short, biased language and stereotypes can be offensive. If your speech is audience centered, you will try not to offend your audience so you don't lose their attention.

In your own words, why is it important to avoid biased language and stereotypes?

No limit on audience size, diminished feedback

List and explain one (1) advantage and one (1) disadvantage/challenge to mediated presentations.

Involves the effective use of trustworthy facts to back your claims and clearly show how those facts have led you to those claims Avoids fallacious (faulty) reasoning that twists or distorts the facts in your favor

Logos (presenting sound reasoning behind your claims)

Introduction, body, conclusion

Most speeches (and most outlines) have what three parts?

Natural, Cultural, Personal

Name [3] Types of objects suitable for an informative speech

Reduce the quantity of information you present., Use presentation aids, Reiterate your message

Name and describe 3 techniques for clarifying or simplifying complex messages

Definition: Explains the essence, meaning, or purpose of something such as a/an: Object Person or groupEvent Explanation: Providing an analysis of something to clarify it, or tracing a line of causal connections between events Works well on speeches that: Present a process or Trace the end of an important event Explain how an interesting object works Narrative: A story used in an informative speech to both share information and capture the audience's attention Used skillfully, narratives can help "humanize" a speaker and enhance credibility or ethos.

Name and describe three (3) Techniques for Informing

Age, race, gender composition, religious orientation

Name four (4) demographics.

Present solid, truthful claims that support your thesis Avoid arguments based on faulty reasoning Research your facts. Note any biases.

Name four ways to persuade ethically

Help your audience remember your speech, make your speech more interesting, and simplify a complex topic

Name three (3) things presentational aids can do.

head nodding, eye contact, asking questions, paraphrasing questions

Name two (2) nonverbal and two (2) verbal ways that you can show that you are listening.

Ask a rhetorical question, or provide a quotation.

Name two (2) ways to craft a good clincher.

Leaving too little time for planning and practicing, focusing on length rather than quality, and failing to follow the assignment

Preparation helps speakers avoid what three common problems?

plan, practice

Procrastination leaves you without a [_______] and adequate [___________].

Public speaking is audience centered.

Public speaking is centered on who?

credible

Sources must be ______. (There is a section about evaluating this about your source).

2, 5, 3

Speeches should have [__] to [__] main points. The typical number of main points is [__]. (Fill in using the number, not the word).

Informing, persuading, marking a special occasion.

Speeches typically have one of three common objectives. What are the three possible objectives?

clarity

Strive for _________ in every informative speech, no matter what your topic is or who your listeners are.

post hoc fallacy

The _________________lies in the assumption that just because one event followed another, the first event caused the second.

Strengthen audience commitment Weaken audience commitment Advocate audience action

Three goals of persuasive speaking

Ethos, Logos, and Pathos.

Three persuasive tools and be able to explain them

Books, journal articles, newspapers

What are three types of sources you may use in research?

Examples, Definitions, Statistics

What are three types of supporting materials you may use when presenting?

To motivate an audience to take a specific action or adopt certain ideas, values, or beliefs.

What outcome do you want in a persuasive speech?

Slander, obscenity, and fighting words.

What three exceptions are there to the First Amendment free speech protection?

Your message is more likely to succeed when it is relevant to the audience.

Why should you appeal to your audience's needs?

Get your facts right. Pronounce words correctly.

• Avoiding Loss of Your Credibility

Share your qualifications to speak on the topic. Present strong evidence from reputable sources. Highlight common ground with the audience.

• Building Your Credibility

- Hasty generalization

• Occurs when a speaker bases a conclusion on limited or unrepresentative examples

- Slippery slope fallacy

• Occurs when you argue against a policy because you assume (without proof) that it will lead to some second policy that is undesirable

- Appeal to tradition fallacy

• Occurs when you argue that an idea or policy is good simply because people have accepted or followed it for a long time

- Ad populum (bandwagon) fallacy

• Occurs when you assume that a statement is true or false simply because a large number of people say it is

- Ad hominem fallacy

• Occurs when you attack an opponent rather than address the issue in question

- false dillemma fallacy

• Occurs when you claim that there are only two possible choices to address a problem, that one of the choices is wrong, and that therefore your listeners must embrace the other choice

straw person fallacy

• Occurs when you replace your opponent's real claim with a weaker claim that you can more easily rebut

Emotional appeals help you to put a human face on a problem you're addressing. Stirring your listeners' feelings enhances your persuasive power. o These kinds of appeals can also be abused, so it is important to use them responsibly

• Pathos (using emotional appeals)

reversed causality,

• With ___________speakers miss the fact that the effect is actually the cause.