speech final

diagrams

a visual representation that shows relationships between abstract ideas. the information is not quantitive, unlike a data graphic. typically composed of text, boxes, lines and arrows. another type of diagram is an organization chart that shoes the hierarchy, chain-of-commant, and/or reporting process within an organization

communication is...

goal directed. we create messages to accomplish personal, professional or social goals. always takes place in a context, requires a receiver / audience

relationship roles

provide for the social needs of the group and serve to foster teamwork and collaboration. many groups are successful at accomplishing tasks, but someone who fulfills a relationship role sees it that everyone respects each other in the end. - gatekeeper: sees that everyone is involved in open discussion, encourages others and helps control flow - harmonizer: settles conflicts - tension reliever: uses humor - supporter: encourages positive feelings, consoles, and counsels other members

warrant

provides the justification and reasoning to connect the evidence with your claim. A warrant explains how the evidence substantiates your point and demonstrates that making the mental leap from one to the other is rational. ex: "people value access to higher education"

initial credibility

refers to credibility before you give the speech

ethos

refers to the credibility of the speaker.

logos

refers to the logic and rational you use during your speech, including inductive, deductive, causal and analogical reasoning

claims

represents the assertion of point that a speaker advocates. persuasive speakers can advance claims of fact, policy or value. ex: "passage of the DREAM act would allow undocumented access to higher education"

appeal to authority

rests on the assumption that because an authoritative figure says something, it must be true.

red herring

roots in english fox hunting. A fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion ex: "senator johnson has argued that i completely support president obamas strategy for stimulating the economy. his most recent ads have attacked me as a tax and spend liberal. in fact, like many senate republicans, has accepted money from the very financial institutions that created our current economic problems. clearly, its time for a new start."

ethical norms

rules of behavior

two types of display technologies

screen or paper

what an ethical listener does

shows respect by paying attention to the speaker, is open to new ideas, avoids pre-judging speaker, provides nonverbal feedback, is aware of his or her own bias.

factors for determining a presentation aid

situation, audience, goals of speech first step is articulating goal of presentation -- have a clear idea about your purpose and the direction of your speech

dialogical perspective

sociologist martin buber. interactions between people should promote the development of self, personality and knowledge. should make decisions based on ability to improve mutual understanding and dialog. should have sound motivations for communicating and should listen to all sides of an issue before making a decision. ex: controversial issues

advantages

some advantages include sharing of workload and pooling of resources, bouncing ideas off one another, and the enjoyment and motivation of working with others.

disadvantages

some disadvantages of groups include group members who do not take their responsibilities seriously, group members who do not communicate well, scheduling problems and disagreements

rate

speed at which you are speaking. this might include some well-planned pauses for emphasis or effect. to find a comfy rate, try taking 3 deep breaths before you speak

argument model

stephen toulmin, model for understanding the critical components of effective arguments. contains 6 elements

types of presentation aids

written language, data graphics, diagrams, illustrations, photographs, film/videos, objects

oral style

writing for the ear, conversational

specific purpose example

"to persuade my audience to..."

thesis example

"volunteering for community service can improve your self esteem and satisfaction as well as benefit members of the community"

HURIER model

- hearing: involves the physiological process of accurately receiving sounds, therefore we must focus our attention and concentrate to begin the process of listening. - understanding: we do not always comprehend sounds, listening for understanding improves with practice. it involves a thought process within us and requires reflection. - remembering: essential if you intend to apply what you have heard in future situations, requires a conscious effort on the part of the listener. - interpreting: involves the ability to see a situation from another persons perspective, requires that you pay attention to the meaning and the context of the message. - evaluating: evaluate messages through past experiences, attitudes and values. based on these predispositions, we analyze the messages we receive. - responding: once we have listened, we must decide how we will respond

6 steps to reflective thinking

1. Identifying the problem: The first thing the group should do is discuss its issue or problem that has brought them together. This discussion may require the selection of a particular topic to be addressed. This requires all members to have input in the discussion. 2. Analyzing the topic: This requires thorough research into the current status of the topic as well as the issues associated with it. The group will need to explore what is known about the problem, what is not known, what are the controversies associated with the problem, and what solutions have been proposed in the past. 3. Guidelines for evaluating solutions: Once the group understands the nature of the problem, the members need to discuss what guidelines or criteria will be used to evaluate the solution to the problem. The best solution will be the most cost effective, cost the least harm to the environment, be consistent with an ethical code of conduct, or help meet the goals of the campus mission statement. 4. Generating solutions: Based on the nature of the problem, the combined research of the group, and the guidelines for evaluation, the participants can now begin the process of brainstorming possible solutions. 5. Selecting the best solution: With many ideas generated in the last step, the group can now begin the process of choosing the best solution based on the guidelines that were previously set. If one solution doesn't meet one of the criteria, then the group can either throw out the idea or modify it. 6. Evaluating the solution: Once the group has agreed on the best solution, the members need to carefully determine if the best solution meets the guidelines established earlier in the process. The group needs to also consider if there will be any problems with implementing the solution.

conflict management

1. avoidance - "hands off" (low concern for people and results) 2. accommodation - "have it your way" (highly person oriented but the participant gives in to the other person in the conflict 3. compromise - "have it your way for now' (middle strategy for both people and results) 4. competing - "winner take all" (low concern for people, high concern for results" 5. collaboration - "win-win" (encouraged most, high concern for both people and results)

6 steps to improve listening

1. remove, if possible, the physical barriers to listening: relocate to another room, mov furniture around, close the door. 2. focus on the speakers main idea: initial purpose should be to figure out the speakers main idea. 3. listen to the intent, as well as the content, of the messages: as yourself, "why is this person saying this?" 4. give the other person a full hearing: do not spend your tie creating your own messages and responses rather than listening and concentrating to the speaker. 5. remember the saying that meanings are in people, not in words: try to overcome your emotional reactions to words. 6. concentrate on the other person as a communicator and as a human being: listen with all your senses, not jus tight ears. focus on questions such as, "what is her verbal meaning?", "her nonverbal meaning?".

monroe's motivated sequence

5 step approach for arranging main points 1. attention: capture attention 2. need: demonstrate serious problems that exist 3. satisfaction: offer plan to solve them 4. visualization: help listeners visualize advantages of adopting your plan or disadvantages of not 5. action: tell listeners what they should do

which of the ethical standards mentioned earlier do these premises relate to? what is a speech topic that might violate the NCA credo?

According to the dialogical or situational perspectives of ethical standards, you will want to choose a topic that you think will benefit your audience or add to the general body of knowledge. According to the NCA credo and human perspective, you want to choose a topic that advocates truthfulness, accuracy, and honesty. A speech topic that might violate the NCA credo would be any topic that is not considered to be ethical. This could be a speech on anything from drugs to crime.

data graphics

Pictures of numbers. Carefully chosen data displayed in an appropriate visual form can make complex information much easier to understand. Includes -pie graphs (percentages), line graphs (time), - bar/column graphs (can also be time, although data set us usually not as large as one you would use in a line graph, and data maps. also comparison between groups, graphically and historically , students can make policy decisions. can also be used without time series) - data maps (compared in space. ex: use a map of community to plot the number of traffic accidents that took place during the year) fallacy of excluded middle = us vs. them quality that is a form of either/or thinking

ethical credo

The National Communication Association decided to create and adopt a credo or code of ethics to guide our communication behaviors. these guidelines should help you to understand further the relationship between ethics and ethical communication. this credo is based on the first amendment, respect for others, access to information, democratic decision making, and responsibility for our behavior.

triangle of meaning example

The word blue has different meanings depending on the context. It is up to the speaker to assign meaning to the word, and for the person who is listening to understand the correct meaning of the word in context. Word choice creates implications on reality. Ex: saying policemen and firemen vs. police officer and fire fighter — gender implications. Language creates a social reality because it tells us what and whom to value in society.

evidence credibility statements

a brief statement that establishes the quality of the information you are using to support your ideas ex: "according to.."

claims of value

a claim of value concerns what you might consider to be right or wrong, moral or immoral, just or unjust, or good or bad. — burdens of proof: speaker must define key terms, as well as identify some criterion, or standard, by which the value judgement is to be made. ex: capital punishment is justified, product testing on animals is inhumane, national security is more important that freedom of expression

what does it mean to be a consumer?

a consumer of messages takes in all messages, whether given by another person, or the media, and evaluates these messages. being able to consume media messages critically and draw conclusions based on that information can have serious consequences, because it is not always easy to make the right decisions.

value

a deeply held, stable conviction about what is good or bad, right or wrong, and respectful

what's the difference between an argument and a disagreement? what are the consequences of neglecting one of the six elements of a persuasive speech?

a disagreement occurs when two or more people's point of views do not coincide with each other. one can be in disagreement with another, but it is handled in a more civil manner than an argument. a disagreement is more concerned with learning about why another disagrees with you, while an argument is focussed on making claims and giving supporting evidence as to why you are right and the other person is wrong. if you neglect one of the six element, you will not be able to argue your point as well because you will lack credibility as a result of not including each of these elements.

bandwagon

a fallacy which assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable. ex: "recent polls suggest that the vast majority of americans oppose war in iraq. obviously we must bring troops home and end the war"

slippery slope

a fallacy which assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented ex: we have to stop tuition increase. the next thing you know, they will be charging $100,000 a semester"

group

a gathering of people who interact with one another for a common purpose. groups must have at least 3 or more people, all participants must be able to interact with each other, should be limited to about 10 members -- anything more would cliquey 5-7 = best size

ethics

a set of standards that offer guidance about the choices we make and explain why we behave as we do. we often behave based on what we ought to do, rather than what we want to do in certain situations. why we do this has to do with ethics

personal, professional and social benefits of studying communication

become a competent, confident and ethical communicator

one of the overarching goals of basic speech communication

become a more ethical communicator

being credible and reliable

as you research your topic, you will want to use information that is credible and reliable. you will want to use sound evidence and reasoning so you don't pass off information that could mislead your audience. you want to be sensitive to audiences differences.

false dilemma (either-or)

asserts that a complicated question only has 2 answers, when more actually exist. one easy way to identify this fallacy is listen for the words either and or. ex: "look, you're going to have to make up your mind. either you decide that you can afford this mp3 player, or you decide that you're going to do without music for a while"

causal reasoning

asserts that one condition or event brings about another condition or event. in order to be a cause, one condition must obviously precede the other false cause fallacy -- avoid, post hoc ergo propter hoc -- after this, therefore because of this. ex: the town council erred in permitting the adult bookstore to open, for shortly afterward two women were assaulted. (doesn't mean they caused one another)

character

audiences perception of the speakers trustworthiness and sincerity

advice to avoid conflict

avoid feelings or perceptions that imply the other person is wrong and needs to change, communicate a desire to work together to explore a problem or seek a solution, try to identify or empathize with another team members problems, share feelings or accept reactions, treat other team members with respect and trust, investigate issues rather than taking sides

belief

acceptance that something is true even if we can't prove it. even absent any evidence ex: some people may hold positive attitudes toward drilling for oil onan ANWR based

listening

activity we engage in the most, but we are taught the least. important survival skill, essential to academic success much more complicated then hearing

qualifier

admits exceptions and demonstrates that argumentation is not an exact science.

target audience

after you analyze positions, identify a minority group or target audience. this audience will become the focus of your persuasive efforts as they represent the portion of the whole audience that you most want to influence

status quo

all of the laws, regulations and attitudes that currently exist

attitudes

an attitude is a relatively enduring set of beliefs around a person, group, idea or event that is predisposed an individual to respond in a particular way

captive audience

an audience that has been forced to attend

common purpose

any gathering of people does not make a group; the gathering of people must share a common goal

persuasive communication

any message that is intended to shape, reinforce or change responses of another or others. speaker is an advocate for a position, policy or way of viewing the world. goal is to influence attitudes, believes or values. must construct audience analysis to develop argument

pathos

appeals to emotion. can target fear, anger, pity, envy, love, etc... very powerful ethics: it is possible to ethically and effectively combine emotional and logical appeals

ethical communication

application of our ethical standards to the message we produce and consume question becomes: what standards do we use to make decisions?

classroom code of conduct

as the members of class expand upon their own norms, this is developed. you will begin to consider ethical responsibilities that all studies have for a classroom participation as well as for listening to a presentation

political perspective

based on value system, first step is to understand values of political system. ex: politics

design principles

basic design principles include contrast, repetition, alignment and proximity. these can help you in creating an appropriate presentation aid. first, to show contrast, you can vary the size of the visual elements you use. it is also important to be consistent throughout your presentation by using repetition. thirdly, visual elements can be aligned on their tops, bottoms and sides to create a more professional look. lastly, if two or more visual items are related, group them closely, using the idea of proximity.

being a responsive and responsible member of a group

be committed to the groups goal and task, respect and listen to all group members, attend all meetings on time, complete individual assignments on time, be mindful of other members relational needs

deductive reasoning

begins with generalization and moves to specific ex: killing people is always wrong (major p). capital punishment involves killing people (minor p). therefore capital punishment is wrong (conclusion). syllogism -- aristotle deemed this full version of a deductive argument a syllogism. when the premises are true and the conclusion can be logically derived from the premises, the syllogism is highly persuasive

written language

bullet points, numbered lists or tables that you can easily incorporate into a power point presentation. you should deliver these points in complete sentences when speaking, however full sentences are not necessary for the visual presentation. a bullet list may be used to communicate items that are related but in a particular order. a numbered list can display rankings or other ordered content, making it easy for your audience to grasp important relationships. a table often includes numbers as well as words, and it is often advantageous to create a table that includes numbers rather that writing all information in sentence form.

intentional plagiarism

can occur on a global level (entire passages or speeches) or on a partial level (key words and phrases)

analogical reasoning

can use to help clarify complex situations by comparing them with the situations more familiar to the audience. - literal analogies: compare the similarities in things that are alike. - figurative analogies: draw upon metaphors to identify the similarities in two things that are not alike,, but share some identifiable characteristics. - invalid analogy: occurs when the items being compared are not sufficiently similar

competent and ethical communication

central to the tenants of democratic self-goverance

key to avoiding plagiarism

cite sources, oral citations

citizen in a democracy

citizens of democracy communicate with one another, both competently and ethically. a democracy requires informed citizens, and citizenship implies responsibility.

claims of policy

claims of policy concern what should be done, what law should be changed, or what policy should be followed. policy claims can be easily identified by the word "should" as well as the existence of an agent of action, or the entity who is responsible for taking action. — burdens of proof: clearly define key terms, prove that some problem or harm exists, prove that the status quo won't or can't solve the problem. speaker must establish that some inherent barrier exists that is preventing the status quo from acting to solve the problem. lastly, the speaker must recommend their course of action to solve the problem. should include action statement - immediate action: goal should be to motivate the audience to either engage in specific behavior or take action - passive agreement: goal is to persuade audience to adopt new attitude without asking them to engage in behaviors ex: the university should double the tuition, the united states should... etc.

four considerations for effective word choice

clarity, accuracy, vividness and appropriateness

articulation

clear formation of words lazy articulators lack credibility in the eyes of the audience

body

communicates to your audience how you feel about your message. through the use of postures and gesture. posture -- start with wight distributed evenly, don't sway, etc. gestures -- use of your body in some way to reinforce an idea. gestures should be natural

eye contact

communicates to your audience that you are credible and that you care about how they are receiving your message; can differ from culture to culture. in some asian cultures, avoiding eye contact is a sign of respect public speaking -- eye contact establishes connection between speaker and audience. should be purposeful

political engagement

communication, critical thinking, information, visual and media literacy skills are all important

conflict

conflict is a way of avoiding groupthink. because groups are made up of three or more people, and because these people have different ideas and come form difference perspectives, conflict is a natural result. conflict occurs when individuals experience competing goals or ideas. conflict may occur because there are not enough resources to go around, or it might raise as a result of a misunderstanding within the group, differences in information, beliefs, values, interests, and ideas not all conflicts are alike

accomplishing tasks

consider what should happen at a group meeting. groups meet to report on what has already been done and what needs to be done. know specific purpose, have an agenda, follow agenda, allow each member to report on their individual progress, assign each member a new task before the new meeting, report on the accomplishments of the current meeting

derived credibility

credibility a speake develops during the speech

terminal credibility

credibility given to the speaker at the end of the speech

CTSA

critical thinking self assessment knowledge level -- distinguish among various types of speeches, recall specific facts used in speech development, identify major criteria, methods for analysis comprehension level -- illustrate arguments using evidence in a matter the audience can easily understand, draw conclusions based on evidence application level -- organize and outline ideas in a speech, choose evidence appropriate for topic analysis level -- recognize flawed assumptions, identify main points, distinguish fallacies, compare validity of antithesis synthesis level -- write a well organized speech, deliver well, plane and produce outline, research, audience analysis evaluation level -- evaluate effectiveness of a speech

culture

culture is made up of the values and believes learned by a group of people who share the same social heritage and traditions. thus, culture is a way of life that is learned over time. when you compare your culture to another persons, you learn more about why you do things the way you do. you become more tolerant of ideas, etc

planning the presentation

divide the pic into areas of responsibility, draft individual outlines according to these responses, combine individual outlines to create a group outline, discuss the details of delivering the presentation, practice the presentation as a group

political perspective's ground rules for public or political communication

do not use false, fabricated, etc... evidence, intentionally use unsupported reasoning, represent yourself as an expert, use irrelevant appeals to divert attention from issues at hand, link proposal to unrelated things, deceive audience, distort or hide features of consequences, use emotional appeals that lack a supporting basis of evidence, oversimplify complex situations, pretend certainty, advocate something you don't believe in

audience analysis

does your audience agree with position? are they undecided? do they oppose it?

effective delivery and ineffective delivery

effective delivery does not distract, demonstrates desire to communicate with, not at your audience. effective delivery gives life to words, while ineffective delivery has the ability to make words meaningless. delivery is important because it is the number one way you communicate your message to your audience. if your delivery is not successful, you will not seem as credible and your audience will struggle to understand and relate to your topic. audiences pay particular attention to the delivery, and are more often than not, asked to evaluate peers based on their delivery.

oral citations

ethical responsibility to properly document sources. especially important to public speakers since the audience will not have a paper copy of speech, they will depend on the speaker to attribute credit to those responsible for the ideas being communicated. establishes credibility and reliability for supporting material

physical distractions

external sources of inference. include any distractions from our environment that keep us from focusing on the speaker and the message. ex: time of day, temperature of room, noises inside and outside

what organizational patterns are best for questions of fact, value, or policy?

fact uses either a topical or chronological organizational pattern, while claims of value are typically organized topically and claims of policy can use any organizational patterns. claims of policy also has several specific organizational patterns that can be used outside of topical or chronological, such as problem-solution, problem-cause-solution, comparative advantage and Monroe's motivated sequence.

nonverbal delivery

gives meaning o your words. if your actions are inconsistent with your message, your audience is more likely to believe how you say it rather than what you say. body posture and gestures, movement, eyes, face

mental distractions

first of three internal sources of inference. occur when mind wanders

what does it mean to communicate for the common good?

focused on people behaving in mutually beneficial ways, and aims to produce more pleasant and effective interactions. common, community and communication all share same linguistic root. without these, it would be impossible to establish a hierarchal social good

critical thinking cont.

happens when you don't accept or reject things automatically, rather question them, identify relationships among ideas, required to make a great public speech

how is hearing different than listening

hearing involves not only listening, but also understanding. we can be listening to someone speak, however if we do not focus out attention and concentrate to being the process of listening, we will not retain anything we have heard. we must also comprehend what we have just heard. this involves a thought process within us and requires reflection.

task roles

help accomplish group's goal or purpose -treasurer, recorder, moderator - initiator, information seeker, organizer, clarifier, elaborator, evaluator

pitch

highness or lowness of voice inflection -- varying pitch monotone -- not carrying pitch

pronunciation

how a word is said and stressed

volume

how loud or quiet you speak, your volume should be appropriate with the size of the room you are presenting in

comparative advantages order

if you find that your audience already agrees that a problem exists in the status quo, you can use the CA order. you could organize your speech around the advantages and disadvantages of at least 2 competing solutions.

language creates a social reality

implications that word choice has on reality. tells us what and whom to value in society

methods of delivery

impromptu — given little to no time to prepare manuscript — reading and referring back to the original manuscript memorized — given time to prepare and memorize your presentation, become very familiar with it extemporaneous — deliver speech from a prepared outline of notes

ad hominem

in an argument, this is an attack on the person rather than on the opponent's ideas. It comes from the Latin meaning "against the person." ex: "bills arguments against capital punishment don't matter because he was arrested for driving drunk"

how do you know whether your topic needs to be argued from fact, value, or policy?

in order to decide how your topic should be argued, it is important to understand the difference between fact, value and policy. fact is concerned with what is or isn't true, what does or does not exist, and what did or did not happen. value concerns what you might consider to be right or wrong, moral or immoral, just or unjust, or good or bad. policy concerns what should be done, what law should be changed, or what policy should be followed. Wwth this knowledge, you can identify your topic with one of these three categories.

films / videos / animations

include the time dimension. they may even involve manipulation of time and space, making them very powerful as presentation aids because they allow us to see things we might not normally see.

screen

include the use of overhead transparencies (vu graph) computer/video projectors (most common, and computer/television monitors.

appreciative listening

individual process because it involves personal enjoyment. ex: listening to a type of music we like

factual distractions

internal source of inference, occur when we concentrate so hard on a speakers message that we miss the main point. may not be your fault, speaker could be providing too many details which can be overwhelming

semantic distractions

internal, occur when we have an emotional response to a particular word or concept the speaker is presenting. it could be offensive or cause you to remember a traumatic moment in the past.

visual literacy

involves all the processes of knowing and responding to a visual image, as well as all the thought that might go into constructing or manipulating an image

evidence

is employed to substantiate a speakers claim and may take several forms including statistics, analogies, facts, examples and testimony.

face

is what you are saying consistent with how you are saying it? facial expressions should complement message as opposed to contradicting it. varying facial expressions and making sure they match your verbal messages will enhance credibility practice w/ friend or mirror

importance of delivery

it is the means by which you communicate your credibility as a speaker. one central tenet of nonverbal communication -- we cannot NOT communicate nonverbally

meeting in groups

john dewey came up with a reflective process for making group decisions. 6 steps

characteristics of language

language is symbolic, meaning that words stand for or symbolize things. they are not the actual things they represent. therefore, words can have several different meanings. language is also arbitrary, meaning that words have no meaning in and of themselves. people assign meaning to words. the triangle of meaning includes the symbol (the word), the thought (the meaning you give the word) and the referent (the actual thing itself)

the golden rule

listen to others as you would have them listen to you

accuracy

make sure your presentation is grammatically and structurally correct, understand a denotative meaning (literal) from a connotative meaning (emotional response).

movement

making use of available space. meaningful movement, should be well planned, use it for emphasis or to show transition, support or enhance message

critical listening

most complicated form of listening, asks you to do something with the information you hear. involves making judgements about the messages you receive. use this as you consume message from speakers. ex: listening to make decisions such as who to vote for.

objects

most concrete visual aid, your audience can see first hand exactly what you are talking about.

advantages to considering diverse perspectives

most successful programs are those in which "divergent views are aggressively sought". diversity education promotes several skills taught in this course including self-awareness, critical thinking, ethical communication and citizenship in a democracy

inductive reasoning

moves from the particular to the general. ex: my cousin has no interest in politics. my sister has no interest in politics, my friends have no interest in politics. therefore young people have no interest in politics hasty generalization -- a fallacy of reasoning that occurs when the conclusion offered is base don insufficient evidence

norms

norms are expectations of behavior for how each member participates within the group. they are IMPLICIT because they are not directly stated by indirectly observed. however, if the expectations are communicated to the members of the group, the norms become EXPLICIT. roles are positions within the group that each member may take. they can either be formal or informal, and include task roles, relationship roles and disruptive roles. become rules for group interaction. directly communicated to and agreed upon by all group members

ethical standards

not limited to just legal / moral, richard argues that we should formulate meaningful ethical guidelines, not inflexible riles, for our communication behavior and for evaluating communication of others. aka consider our ethical practices or guidelines to use in making ethical communication decisions -- vary by culture and individuals in culture

rebuttal

not only states the other sides to your position, but also attacks them head on.

disruptive roles

occur when individuals put their needs above the group's. while task and relationship roles help accomplish purpose, disruptive roles hinder progress. - blocker: opposes ideas but offers no solutions - avoider: refuses to participate - credit seeker: tries to take credit for others work or groups work - distractor: gets group off track by acting silly, etc - dominator: monopolizes discussion, wants to make sure its done "right"

unintentional plagiarism

occurs because of carelessness. neglect to take careful notes or failure to cite sources deciding to collaborate on a project

cultural relativism

occurs if we are able to judge another persons culture by its own values and beliefs.

fallacy

occurs when an argument is based on unsound reasoning or evidence.

groupthink

occurs when members of the group are more concerned with getting the task done as opposed to getting it done right.

interdependence

occurs when one group member influenced the entire group.

group synergy

occurs when the whole group is more successful than each member within it

comprehensive listening

occurs when we are attempting to understand a message for a particular reason — to gain knowledge or complete a task. we still might be able to discriminate between verbal and non-verbal messages, but we need to not only understand the message but also retain the information or future use. ex: directions or a lecture in class

ethnocentric

occurs when we place value judgements on people because they are different than us. in doing so, we evaluate other cultures based on what we know about our own values and beliefs.

plagiarism

occurs when you use someone else's words or ideas as if they were your own. can be intentional or unintentional

differences between oral and written language

oral style uses shorter sentences — it is easier for speakers to use shorter sentences so they do not loose their breath. oral style is less formal — we tend to use more personal pronouns and slang when speaking. - positive slang = informal language used to signal identification with listeners negative slang = bad, may be offensive - contractions = "I'm, you're, can't, doesn't" oral style is more repetitive — includes the oral strategies that help your audience to better follow and comprehend your presentation. - preview and review (signposts)

status quo bias

people are generally predisposed to favor what they currently believe as well as what currently exists. as a result, you face the burden of providing solid reasons for changing the status quo.

frame of reference

personal experiences, goals, values, attitudes, knowledge, beliefs, age, gender, physical characteristics and abilities, social background, etc.

why should you study persuasion

persuasion is a part of our everyday lives and we are exposed to persuasive communication on a daily basis. it is important to study persuasive communication because we have been and will continue to be bombarded with attempts to influence our decisions. persuasive public speaking occurs any time someone is trying to persuade audience members. a basic example of this would be a speaker trying to persuade an audience. the goal of the speaker is to essential make your thoughts line up with theirs, whether that is done by helping them form an opinion, or changing one they previously had .

how is persuasive speaking different from informative speaking and how does the role of the audience change?

persuasive speaking differs from informative speaking in that it aims to aid in forming opinions or changing attitudes, rather than just providing information. in this case, the speaker plays the role of an advocate. the audience, rather than just listening to the information, is trying to be persuaded by the speaker to agree with the speaker's argument. the audience is known as the target audience, meaning they are the audience the speaker wants to influence.

illustrations / paintings

pictures of nouns, can be humorous, nostalgic, or dark and threatening, visuals that resemble what they represent. clip art is very common, used to illustrate ideas.

photographs

pictures of nouns, photos enhance credibility photos can be easily manipulated, important to let your audience know if your pics have been photo illustrations

perspectives of ethics

political, dialogical, human, situational

situational perspective

takes into account the communication event. this is where audience analysis comes in. contextual factors that would guide communication decision making are: - role of communicator for audience - what is reasonable or appropriate for audience - awareness of audience on communicators techniques - audiences goals and values - audiences standards for ethical communication

empathetic listening

the ability to feel for another person, putting ourselves in their shoes. occurs when we want to support of help another person. our sole purpose is to listen and not talk. ex: your friend needs to vent to you about something.

competence

the audiences perception the speakers intelligence and overall knowledge on the topic

goodwill

the extent to which an audience perceives that the speaker is concerned about them

leader

the leader is a formal role, and it is someone who has strong organizational skills and who has a particle expertise with the topic or task. a good leader is defined by the ability to direct and influence others. an affective leader will be able to identify the unique qualities of all members and assign various tasks to them.

media literacy

the learned ability to access, interpret, and evaluate media products

discriminative listening

the most basic type of listening and occurs when we distinguish between verbal and non-verbal messages. ex: a friend tells you that she is fine, but her actions tell you otherwise.

burdens of proof

the obligation a persuasive speaker faces to provide sufficient reasons for changing what already exists and is accepted in the status quo

argument

the process of advancing claims supported by evidence and reasoning

visual literacy

the production and consumption of visual messages. it is the learned ability to interpret visual messages accurately and to create such messages. one side of visual literacy describes what happens when we consume information such as reading, listening and interpreting, while the other side describes what happens when we produce information by writing, speaking and creating. create: produce interpret: consume

paper

while some do not think of paper as a "technology", it has a long history of use and well established design principles. the visuals you create to support your presentation can be printed as handouts and distributed to the audience, or you can choose to make larger posters to support your speech.

guidelines for integrating your presentation if into your speech

there are several guidelines for integrating your presentation aid into your speech. before the presentation, you should inspect the room for lighting and general set up, assemble everything needed to display the presentation aid, and determine your position and the placement of your presentation aid. in addition, you should practice your presentation so that you are comfortable when presenting during class. you should maintain eye contact with the audience, and not rely too much on your visual aid. lastly, always be prepared incase something does not work, and you can not sue your visual aid or notes. when presenting, we are able to use the projector and computer to pull up our visual aids for the class to see. this is effective because we can refer back to it while still engaging out audience with our eye contact, and the whole audience is able to see each slide at the same time.

vocal variety

they way you vary the last for vocal qualities (volume, rate, pauses and pitch) will enhance your overall vocal variety. allows speakers to become more conversational and expressive. will provide evidence of your communication competence.

verbal delivery

to be perceived as credible, you will want to have clear articulation and pronunciation. to sound conversational, you will want to vary your volume, rate and pitch

information literacy

understanding the basic architecture of information and the need for critical evaluation

clarity

use specific words: make explanations as concrete as possible. - concrete language = specific, detailed and tangible, listeners picture what speaker is saying correctly. - abstract language = general and vague, audience may not share same interpretation with speaker use familiar words: avoid jargon (language that is specific to a group). can be acronyms. use active voice: subject performs action, whereas in passive the subject is acted upon avoid clutter: long sentences, vocalized pauses (like, um, you know), can distract listener

appropriateness

using appropriate language by considering implications word choices have on the way the audience receives a presentation. inclusive language = considers and respects all types of people regardless of gender, race, sexual orientation, etc. avoids making assumptions about who can and cannot engage in certain activities, respects listeners and helps speakers accomplish goals

vividness

vivid language used to appeal to the audiences senses. use of: - analogies (simile / metaphor, extended analogies - furter explain metaphors in detail) - personification (human qualities to inanimate onjects, ideas or animals, helps audience visualize and imagine) - alliteration (uses a repetition of sounds that are near each other) - antithesis (describing what something isn't) onomatopoeia (appeals to sense of sound, sounds that mimic the meaning of the words such as tick tock or snap) repetition (at the beginning or end of sentences to call attention to a particular point)

critical thinking & listening relationship

we cannot listen critically without having the ability to think critically. however, we use critical thinking in connecters other than just listening. critical listening involves making judgements about messages we are being presented, while critical thinking is the ability to make reasonable decisions about what to believe or of based on careful evaluation of available evidence and arguments.

human perspective

we have a responsibility both to ourselves and to others to be open, gentle, compassionate and critically reflective in our choices. requires us to consider the implications of our message making and to weigh the costs and benefits of excreting our right to free speech

pause

well timed moment of silence, can be used for emphasis, transitions, and to collect thoughts

claims of fact

when speakers address claims of fact, they are concerned with what is or isn't true, what does or does not exist, and what did or did not happen. They also deal with things that did or did not happen in the past, as well as in the present or future. — burdens of proof: proving that the facts support his or her position. the speaker must define key terms. ex: elvis died of drug overdose, hate crimes are not cleat identified and prosecuted on university campuses