Sports in society ch. 5&6

The author suggests that violence against women by male athletes is associated with at least five specific aspects of the culture of men's sports. Which of the following is not one of those aspects

A general failure to hold athletes accountable for violating community norms

Information from inside high performance sports suggests that doping is seen as

A normal part of the process of training recovery and competition

One of the reasons that it is difficult to study deviance in sports is that much of it involves actions grounded in

Accepting and over conforming to norms in sport cultures

Studying deviance in sports presents problems in that

Actions that are normal in sports may be deviant outside of sports

It has become difficult to determine what actions are deviant and what actions are accepted parts of athletic today because

All training involves surpassing limits that are accepted as normal in society

Understanding deviance in sports requires an understanding of the sport ethic. Which of the following beliefs is not one of the core norms of the sport ethic

An athlete accepts pain but avoids risks

Deviance may involve underconformity or overconformity to norms. The author explains that deviance involving underconformity consists of ideas traits or actions that

Are subnormal

Which of the following is not among the authors policy recommendations for controlling sport violence

Banning all block sales of tickets to large groups of people

Deviance may involve underconformity or overconformity to norms. The author explains that deviance involving overconformity is

Based on unquestioned acceptance of norms

The people most likely to agree with the war on doping as waged by the WADA and USDA are

Believers in the great sport myth

Some forms of violence are accepted widely by athletes and even used as a basis for gaining status among fellow athletes. These include

Borderline violence and brutal body contact

Sport participation may help people learn to control aggressive action in their lives. This has occurred in connection with some combat sports when the

Coaches promote norms emphasizing non violence and respect for self and others

Instead of saying that commercialization causes violence, the author states that it is more accurate to say that

Commercialization enables more people to play violent sports

The author describes a model of a professional athletes career to show that

Cyclists use drugs in order to do their jobs successfully

When athletes collectively dedicate themselves to a goal and willingly endure pain and make sacrifices to achieve it they often creat a social world in which

Deviant over-conformity becomes normalized

Research indicates that concussions as well as repetitive subconcussive head hits can cause brain injuries that may lead to CTE. CTE is neurodegenerative disease with symptoms similar to

Early onset dementia

Research shows that boys and men who play power and performance sports learn that they will be

Evaluated favorably for their ability to combine violence and skills

When violence occurs in connection with widespread rejection of norms it often is described as anarchy; when it occurs in connection with blind obedience to norms and autocratic leaders, it is described as

Fascism

When there is a collective sense of hubris on a team it is likely that some athletes will

Feel a sense of entitlement in the general community

According to the career model discussed in the chapter, when long time professional athletes retire from full time, year round training and competition and re-enter the "ordinary world," they

Find it difficult to become normal in that world

After reviewing research on academic cheating the author points out that the rates of cheating among athletes

Have not been studied adequately to make any definite conclusions

The author notes that the legal liability related to brain injuries is most likely to affect the future of

Heavy contact sports played by athletes under the legal age of consent

Preventing or minimizing CTE though the use of helmets and other head protection equipment has not been successful because helmets

Helmets cannot stop the brain from moving around in the skull

The most effective way to control deviant overconformity is to

Help athletes set limits when confirming to the norms of the sport ethic

When Lance Armstrong confessed to using performance enhancing substances, many of his fans condemned him as the embodiment of evil because they

His actions contradicted their belief in the great sport myth

The chapter is organized partly around a typology of violence developed by Mike Smith. Which of the following is NOT one of the categories in his typology?

Intentional violence

The person who plays the rim of enforcer in a contact sport team is expected to

Intimidate and use violence against opponents

When athletes collectively over-conform to the norms of the sport ethic that may develop hubris which leads them to see themselves as separate from and superior to the rest of the community. The author explains that hubris

Leads to a sense of entitlement and lack of concern for people outside their sport

Research that high rates of alcohol and binge drinking

Linked with a culture in which partying and drinking are expected

Data presented in the chapter indicate that felony rates among NFL players are

Lower than rates in the general population in the case of property crimes

Studies show that in comparison with sports today the tournaments and sport activities in medieval and early modern Europe were

More violent

It is difficult to reduce the injuries that occur in power and performance sports because

Most serious injuries occur within the rules of the game

The authors recommendations for controlling substance use in sports call for a policy that involves

Preventing athletes from competing unless they are certified as healthy

Research suggests that on the field deviance such as cheating and dirty play are

Probably less common today than in the past

Research on pain and injury in sports suggests that

Professional contact and collision sports are dangerous workplaces

Athletes may be marginalized or formally punished if they engage in

Quasi-criminal or criminal violence

According to a constructionist approach both norms and deviance are

Socially constructed through interaction

The author points out that the seemingly endless parade of cheating and social scandals in the big time NCAA sport programs and other sport governing bodies is four factors. Which of the following is not one of those factors

Sport leaders are so diverse that they cannot agree on social control strategies

Social historians suggest that violence remains an issue in sports because

Sports are designed to create tension and excitement

Deviant over conformity is associated with some forms of violence in sports. The roots of violence are grounded in

The desire to gain reaffirmation for ones identity as an athlete

Spectator violence varies with many factors. Which of the following is NOT one of those factors?

The personality profiles of regular spectators at an event

One of the reasons that it is difficult to study deviance in sports is that

The types and causes of deviance in sports are very diverse

Which of the following is not true about norms

They include both written laws and unwritten customs

Controlling deviant overconformity in sports presents a unique challenge because

Those who enforce team norms may not discourage overconformitiy

The model of a professional athletes career shows that when athletes move from the amateur level to the professional level in a sport they

Train so intensely that it causes physiological damage to their bodies

The author points out that the most effective way to control cheating, corruption, harassment, and abuse in sports is to

Turn all rule enforcement over to athletes

The goal of sociological research on violence among athletes is to

Understand violence in the context in which it occurs

As defined in the chapter, aggression refers to

Verbal or physical actions intended to control or do harm to another person

When two college basketball players turn their backs to the flag during the playing of the national anthem they

Violate an informal norm

When a basketball player dribbles the ball out of bounds during a game she has

Violated a formal norm

Rates of violence are higher in men's sports than in women's sports because

Violence is tied to issues of masculinity for many men in sports

Research has shown that spectators are most likely to be violent when they interpret the actions of the players on the field to be

Violent

It is difficult to say that playing violent sports causes people to be violent off the field because

Violent sports may attract people who already have records of being violent

According to the author winning is important to long time professional athletes because they

Want to remain in their sports

As defined in the chapter intimidation refers to

Words gestures or actions that threaten violence or aggression

An investigation of sexual assaults by high school and club coaches in the state of Washington found that

nearly all offenses involved male heterosexual coaches victimizing girls

Athletes today sometimes seem to engage in more sport related forms of deviance than athletes in the past because

sports and sport organizations have more rules today than in the past.

In the information on terrorism it is noted that

sports can't be separated from aspects of social life that inspire terrorism

The author suggests that doing control will not be successful until

the culture and structure of high performance sports are changed

As defined in the chapter violence refers to

using excessive physical force that can cause harm or destruction

In the culture of heavy contact sports, there is a general norm emphasizing that

violence is part of the game

Media coverage usually concludes that deviance in sports is the result of

weak character and greed

Anarchy is the social condition that exists when

widespread underconformity creates general lawlessness.