SS Plains Wars

What happened after the 14th Amendment ?

- 14th Amendment passed in 1868 did not give Native Americans the right to vote ( just like women )

Which were other ways that Native Americans got American citizenship ?

- By marriage to white Americans, - through treaties - through special laws

How did Reformers try to help ? Give examples

- Reformers believed if Native Americans would give up tribal traditions and adopt ways of the white people, they would prosper ( which means they would get more money and do well ) - 1877 - New Federal Policy took tribal lands of reservations and divided into farms for individuals ( Dawes Severalty Act, 1877 ) - Native Americans believed that land belonged to the tribe as a group and not to individual people in the tribe. The 1877 New Federal Policy did the opposite by taking land away from tribe and giving it to individuals. - As a result, many farms belonging to NAtive americans failed ( but so did lands that belonged to white people in the late 1800s ) - Natives lost land

Give examples of how Reformers had Gone Wrong

- The reformers believed that Native American ( also called Indian ) children should learn the ways of the white people. They wanted them to change their culture and dress up etc .. like the white people - Native American children were taken away from their families and sent to boarding schools ( example: Carlisle School in PA ) - They were taught to behave like white children, dress like them and speak english - They were made to wear military style uniforms - They were taught academics half day and trade ( which means work ) second half of the day

Give examples of how "Policies towards Native Americans changed in response to growing land hunger of whites"

1. Colonial times to mid 1800s were to drive inland as whites moved westward 2. Indian Removal Act of 1830s ( Trail of Tears ) pushed across Mississippi River to Indian Territory (Oklahoma )

Describe the 1890 Wounded Knee Massacre ( or the last battle of Plains War )

1. On the day before the massacre, chief Sitting Bull had been shot because he refused to surrender to soldiers 2. Sioux Chief Big Foot and 350 of his followers ( 250 were women and children and only 100 were men ) camped on the banks of Wounded Knee Creek 3. Surrounding their camp, 500 US troops charged with responsibility of arresting Big Foot and disarming his warriors ( disarming means taking arms / guns away from ) 4. Scene was tense - trouble was brewing for months 5. In desperate attempt to return to days of glory, many sought salvation in new mysticism preached by Paiute shaman called Wovoka 6. Wovoka called himself Messiah and prohesized ( which means to tell what will happen in the future ) that dead would soon join the living. He also said that the Indians ( or Native Americans ) could live in their old way surrounded by plentiful game ( game in this sentence means animals to hunt for example: deer or buffalo ) 7. To hasten event ( hasten means to speed things up ) in # 6 above, Indians had to dance a special dance called the "Ghost Dance". This is what Wovoka told them 8. Dancers wore bright colored shirts emblazoned with images of eagles and buffalo. These shirts were called "Ghost shirts". They believed that Ghost shirts would protect them from bullets fired by the US army ( they called them bluecoats ) 9. During the fall of 1890, Ghost Dance spread through Sioux villages of Dakota reservations, revitalizing ( which means giving energy again ) Indians and bringing fear to the white people 10. Soldiers massacred men, women and children as they attempted to give up their weapons 11. Native American resistance ( which means not agreeing to or going against ) to reservation policy was now over

Give examples of how Promises were Broken in the 1890 Plains War ?

1. Plains Indians were forced from their tribal homelands ( which means they were driven out of their homes ) to much less desirable lands to which culture was not adapted 2. Plains Indians ( their culture was centered or focussed on hunting bison ) could no longer provide food for their families 3. Government promised to supply food but that did not happen. This was because Bureau of Indian Affairs was corrupt ( which means Government people who worked in the Bureau were greedy and took money and food for themselves ) 4. Poverty, starvation and despondency were prevalent on reservations

What was the CAUSE for the EFFECT where "Some tribes went to war against settlers & the army that supported them" ?

1. Transcontinental Railroads (RR) 2. Discovery of rich mineral deposits on some reservations 3. Continued movement west of white settlers 4. Destruction of bison by sharpshooters hired by RR 5. Pushed onto smaller and smaller reservations

What happened in the Last Battle of Plains War

1890 Wounded Knee Massacre

When did Congress pass the Voting Rights Act ?

1965

What did states do ?

Even though the Congress act gave Native Americans voting rights, the states had their own voting requirements and often passed laws that limited this right

What caused the Plains Wars ?

Federal Policy Change; Policies towards Native Americans changed in response to growing land hunger of whites

What does federal law govern ?

Federal law governs ( which means says as a rule ) WHO is or can become a citizen

Broken promises lead to ....

Gold found in Black hills on reservation - Lakota Sioux under leadership of Sitting Bull forced off land against their will - 1876-Battle of Little Bighorn or Custer's Last Stand: between Native Americans & US Army created public support for a much larger military force that crushed Native American resistance in the area - 1877-Nez Perce led by chief Joseph: fled to Canada rather than be moved off their traditional lands to Idaho in order to make way for white settlers; surrounded by army; promised to be allowed to return to Oregon; surrendered' tribe taken to reservation in Oklahoma instead

What happens in the absence of a federal law or constitutional amendment ?

If they federal law or constitutional amendment is not there, then each state can make the rules. States can given considerable discretion to establish qualifications for suffrage and candidacy within its own jurisdiction

When was the 14th Amendment passed ?

In 1868

What happened in 1877-Nez Perce led by chief Joseph

In 1877-Nez Perce led by chief Joseph, fled to Canada rather than be moved off their traditional lands to Idaho in order to make way for white settlers; surrounded by army; promised to be allowed to return to Oregon; surrendered' tribe taken to reservation in Oklahoma instead

What happened in 1924 ?

In 1924 Congress granted Citizenship to all all American Indians and gave them the right to vote

What was the 1965 Voting Rights Act?

It prohibited states from using discriminatory ( which means being unfair ) voting practices ( further enforcing the 15th Amendment )

Why did Congress grant American citizenship to Native Americans in 1924 ?

Mostly because they served in World War 1

Which was the LAST state to allows Native Americans the right to vote ? And when ?

New Mexico .. in 1962

Describe the 1876-Battle of Little Bighorn or Custer's Last Stand

The 1876 Battle of Little Bighorn or Custer's Last Stand was between Native Americans & US Army created public support for a much larger military force that crushed Native American resistance in the area

With dual citizenship, what could Native Americans do ?

They could vote in both American (local, state, federal elections) and tribal elections

Were Native Americans granted citizenship when they returned from war of WWI ?

Yes because of military service

Did Native Americans fight overseas in World War I ( WWI ) ?

Yes.. thousands of them

By early 1920s, how many Native Americans did not have citizenship?

one-third of American Indians did not yet have citizenship by early 1920s