SSBB

TQM TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT - on steroids? = six sifma

Because of the inclusion of statistical and lean tools

Error made by top management, dealing with system variation, is:

Common cause (85% of total) NEEDS management intervention, such as machine or system changes, can correct. Special causes are problems that are exceptional to the process and can often be handled by the operators. Management tends to confuse common cause problems with special causes (answer A) and demands corrective action without investigation or understanding.

Experimental design can be effectively used to:

Choose between alternatives and reduce process variability

A dendogram

Classificiation tree

Robust design is the process of using experimental design, in which the designer attempts to minimize uncontrollable effects.

Concept is, if all effects are caused by known and controlled inputs, the unit or process will be superior.

The composition of a team for a typical six sigma project should:

Consist of qualified people with the expertise needed

The stage gate process is used by many companies to screen and pass projects. Many companies may fail to use the process properly. A common problem in the stage gate process that could negate its benefits would be:

Failure to kill a project

The balanced scorecard focuses the planning process on: Kaplan and Norton outlined a business planning process that gave consideration to factors other than financial ones. It provides more perspectives for stakeholder interests. This approach is referred to as:

Financial, internal business processes, learning and growth, and customer perspectives.

Organizational structures best choice for business goals to be disseminated both clearly and quickly?

Flat organizations are the best choice for clarity and speed in business goal dissemination.

List the following techniques in order of complexity, from least complex to most complex.

Gantt BAR , PERT NETWORK, CPM NEED THINK CRITICAL

Six sigma company, the most critical requirement calls for:

Cross functional collaboration A matrix organizational structure may or may not make sense, but certainly a matrix structure for specific projects is often necessary.

Ultimate recipient of lean six sigma project results?

Cusomter

Identify the secondary or consequential customer metrics from the list

Defects per unit (DPU) and average age of receivables

The critical path in a project means that:

Delays of events on this path delay the ending date of the project

A SWOT analysis is to evaluate itself and plan a strategy. A key concern is:

Goodstein and Bowman both raise the concern of management's objectivity.

American figure, earliest advocate of waste reduction?

Henry Ford's dramatic gains at his Highland Park and River Rouge plants could be seen as the earliest examples of waste reduction.

Note that a lessons learned or postmortem analysis is different than a project completion presentation to upper management.

Depending upon the project complexity, a lessons learned review team will vary considerably in size and composition.

The "next process is your customer" refers to:

Desire for better cooperation among departments 0 defecys

Develop initial control plan bY

Develop initial control plan balck belt

A leader would give step by step instructions in what situational role?

Directing : Step by step instructions and close follow-up are descriptive of the directive situational model.

Distributions like the normal, Poisson, chi-square, bivariate, exponential, lognormal, and Weibull require the use of natural logs.

Distributions like the binomial, F, student's t, and hypergeometric do not require the use of natural logs.

Which of the following statements is most applicable to trend analysis?

Experience is required for proper interpretation

Combat extneral threat:

Exploit external opportunities

The Latin square design will block 2 variables.

"

black belt training

4 weeks

If, in a t test, alpha is 0.05. Therefore:

5% of the time one will say that there is a real difference when there really is not a difference

hoshin kanri X-matrix targeted organizational improvements called?

AIMS

QCI has been in the Primer business since 1991. ASQ has produced Handbooks since 1995. Historically QCI revises products for students quicker than ASQ. What could possibly be a downside for the greater speed to market?

ASQ's products appear to be newer

If a project charter was found to lack a company impact measurement, what is missing in most situations?

According to Eckes (2001), the omission would generally be a financial one. For example, a measure of internal or external cost

who clearly identified as aof improvement breakthrough projects?

Juran's Trilogy consists of three processes: quality planning, quality control, and quality improvement.

The tool/technique most widely used by a number of automotive manufactures that supply products to Toyota is called:

Kanban

·

Kanban controls work flow

Which of the following concepts assists with the standardization of work?

Kanban, visual controls, and 5S

following authorities is most clearly identified with SWOT analysis?

M. Porter

Critical to quality (CTQ) improvement projects would be concerned with:

Meeting product technical requirements should not only contain a baseline metric, it should also contain the anticipated improvement in that metric (whenever possible). Other items like the business impact and/or current performance gap are often included.

considered the three most important team roles?

Member Leader Facilitator Recorder

The five forces of competitive strategy are related to

Michael Porter's work.

Who created the initial problem solving framework that become DMAIC?

Michel Harry along with Bill Smith developed a "MAIC" methodology that evolved to become DMAIC

In the design of many parts and products, it is best if the deviation from the target not exceed a certain amount. The best tolerance objective is termed:

Nominal-is-best

TPM machine availability calculations require information like:

Operating time, downtime, loading time

Pateto:

Other put last

Input variables also mean independent variables and predictor variables.

Output variables mean dependent variables.

In most cases, an improvement team receives the least control and direction during which of the following stages:

Performing

Plackett and Burman geometric designs are always run in multiples of 4 and are screening experiments.

Plackett and Burman non-geometric designs are not fractional factorials. They are main effect designs only.

An evaluation of an organization's improvement process closely resembles:

Plan-do-study-act shorthand for testing a change — by planning it, trying observing the results, and acting on what is learned.

Project management is the process of planning, scheduling and controlling projects.

Planning, scheduling, and controlling

A process is checked at random by inspection of samples of four shafts after a polishing operation, and X-bar and R charts are maintained. A person making a spot check measures two shafts accurately, and plots their range on the R chart. The point falls just outside the control limit. He advises the department foreman to stop the process. This decision indicates that:

Prcoess diepsoerison R is out of control ,, Process level X average not measured

The cost of beta testing a new software program is an example of:

Prevention costs are the costs of activities specifically designed to prevent poor quality in products or services, which is the purpose of beta testing.

Which group of employees in the organization has the most to lose by employee involvement efforts?

The decision-making process is shifted to the lowest possible level. This means that the middle manager loses considerable decision-making power.

Limit gages represent either the maximum or minimum size that is acceptable.

Ring gages, radius gages, and gage blocks all fall into the category of limit gages. Vernier height gages and micrometers can measure a full range of sizes and are variable gages.

Penetration tests are more accurate

The scratch hardness test can be accomplished by using the hardness of 10 minerals or a file. It is a quick, easy, inexpensive method for determining hardness. Penetration tests are much more complex and accurate.

Why should an experimenter plot data points and graph the least squares line if a probabilistic regression model exists?

To check for fit; there may be a calculation error. There may be a mathematical error. The second best answer is A. Prediction is always risky.

most important factor in establishing an effective company training effort

Top management support

The most valid reason for removing a team member from a team would be:

Training and other management priorities can be addressed. One member may not make team personality conflicts go away. Poor attendance is hard to ignore.

"

Transducers, test objects, coupling agents, electronic systems, and pattern screens are necessary. Laser beams are not used.

Keeping records of team meetings is important because:

Single meeting progress may be slow

When a team has a tendency to jump immediately to problem solutions, a facilitator should take which of the following actions?

Slow the process down and ask for alternate solution

WHO

Snee and Harry are six sigma authors. Feigenbaum is a quality management author. Michael Porter's two landmark books, Competitive Strategy and Competitive Advantage, promoted the use of SWOT analysis.

An experiment has 3 factors with 2 levels and 1 factor with 3 levels. What is the minimum number of trials necessary if all interactions are ignored?

Treatment =( 2-1 )X3 + (3-1)X1 =5 +1 FOR OVERAL MEAN -6

As the new experimenter for several six sigma projects, you have allocated budget funds for preliminary trial runs. The reason(s) for this would be:

Some practice trials are needed to test equipment and develop skills

When summing the variances of four components assembled together would find that:

Statistical tolerancing uses the square root of the sum of the variances to determine the tolerance required for an assembly. It will be less than the sum of the variances of all components.

The hybrid option on a $25,000 car costs $3,000. A gas mileage test found the hybrid averaged 39.1 mpg and the standard model averaged 34.7 mpg and a p-value of 0.024. At a level of significance of 5%, the difference is:

Statistically significant, but not practically significant

Which of the following are included in the principles of 5S?

Systematic arrangement, sorting out, and self discipline

Employees with high competence but variable commitment :

Support

RTY

TDPU defect =-ln (RTY)

The most important resource that upper management provide a natural work team

TIME

·

TPM controls machine maintenance

The attrition rate is also called the churn rate.

The customer retention rate equals 1 minus the attrition rate.

to determine standard deviation for use in calculating a capability index?"

The d2 factor works when the process is in control and most processes aren't

An experiment was conducted to determine the effectiveness of a new and improved feed for hogs. The exact amount (x) of feed was measured and the change in weight of the hogs becomes the response variable. If it was determined that the initial weight of the hogs was correlated to the weight gained, then the initial weight of the test hog could be termed:

Two variables are collinear if they are totally correlated. It should be obvious that there is some correlation of weight gain to initial weight. But this is not the best answer choice. The initial weight of the hogs could be termed a covariant, since it is related to weight gain. The heavier the initial weight of hogs, the more weight they gain.

If five or more factors are under consideration and the experimenter's objective is to construct a design response surface, what is the appropriate first action?

Ultimately the experimenter wants to conduct a Box-Behnken or central composite design. However, there are presently too many factors. First, a screening design must be conducted.

A company struggling with low performance in quality, profitability, and productivity is considering a six sigma initiative. A decision is

Unwise, they need to attend to basic activities first : Most authorities agree that the company in question should consider more fundamental building blocks first.

Larger organizations tend to be

more tall and narrow.

Send mailings based on changing 1 factor at a time

most EXPENSIVE

change agent for organizational changes is:

most likely person is the organization's CEO. This is especially true when a new CEO is appointed.

The elimination of non-value added activities in the process

muda

Page test run

n1+n2 nums

Plants

provide creativity, ideas, and imagination to teams.

To achieve desreid leve lof cotnrol after impovement need :

reevaluate tmeasurement system -after that training

The ability to distinguish a non-geometric design is that 4X 12 20 24

they are not in powers of 2.

Control chart advantage

they detect trends of statistical significnace

Replication in experimental design is used

to estimate the pure trial-to-trial experimental error so that further analysis of the experimental results can be made.

Initial phase of project

ABOUT 120 days 4MONTHSS ECKIS SAID

Out of control

Answer A Stop the process immediatelymight be appropriate depending upon the operator's authority and the critical nature of the process. Answer D is appropriate and required in this case.Investigate to determine what has changed

When evaluating data for goodness-of-fit to suspected distributions, which of the following statement is true?

Answer A is not true for a variety of reasons (even if the number of cells are the same). Data in all cases is divided into cells (answer C is true) for evaluation, using the X2 test (answer B is false). Answer D is also false. The normal, Poisson, or binomial might apply. In all cases, the data is divided into cells any univariate distribution for which you can calculate the cumulative distribution function. The chi-square goodness-of-fit test is applied to binned data (i.e., data put into classes). This is actually not a restriction since for non-binned data you can simply calculate a histogram or frequency table before generating the chi-square test. However, the value of the chi-square test statistic are dependent on how the data is binned. Another disadvantage of the chi-square test is that it requires a sufficient sample size in order for the chi-square approximation to be valid.

One of Dr. Deming's 14 points for management states, "Cease dependence upon inspection as a way to achieve quality." The underlying tenet

If quality is built into the product, then it doesn't matter if inspection misses a defect. The defect isn't there. Inspection to improve quality is too late, ineffective and costly. Harold F. Dodge said, "You cannot inspect quality into a product."

kanban method would be most closely associated with:

The control of material flow

A benchmarks company B for a particular process and then develops a breakthrough concept, what is c most ethical approach ?

then the only ethical recourse is to share the total results with company B.

A six sigma project requires $23,000 of initial investment and training costs of $6,000, spread over a 6 month period. The project is expected to save the company $3,000 per month, starting in the third month. Ignoring interest and taxes, what is the payback period?

" It should be noted that the payback will not start until the 3rd month. Therefore, the calculation becomes: +2

Flow charting is a tool frequently utilized in an audit. The question refers to activities and systems.

" flow chart can reveal wasted manpower or resources, excess handling, or extra processing. B. False. The question refers to activities and systems. The organizational chart is a better location for organizational deficiencies. The flow chart is a good tool to find holes, gaps, or weak areas in the control system. D.The flow chart does not identify improperly applied statistical methods. "

What three strategy elements does Harry include with the traditional DMAIC approach to six sigma?

"(R): Recognize the true state of your business. (S and I): Standardize the systems that prove to be best-in-class.

A randomized complete block design is used to reduce the residual error in an experiment. A special type of randomized complete block design will remove two sources of variability in the design by blocking in two directions.

"A Graeco-Latin design will control 3 sources of variability.

A supplier of cotton yarn claims their product has an average breaking strength of 90 pounds. To test this claim, one selects a random sample of 16 pieces of yarn. If the standard deviation of this process is unknown, and one uses the normal distribution instead of the t distribution theory to test the null hypothesis, one would:

"A type I risk is to reject a true hypothesis. A type II risk is to not reject a false hypothesis.

The delivery portion of the hoshin kanri X-matrix concentrates on:

"Aims:policies Results: effects Delivery: goals Projects: strategies"

The first step in portfolio analysis would be:

"B.Portfolio requirements and candidate analysis C. Define requirements and architecture D. Specify research and technology requirements A. pecify product portfolio to fulfill product requirements"

If the project internal rate of return is estimated to be 8%, the project will be approved when:

"Funds are unlimited and another project will yield 11%

When presenting materials to both adult and youthful students, many instructors have encountered a concept known as primacy and recency.

"Instructors have learned that students retain more from the beginning and end of training sessions (primacy and recency). They often develop strategies to emphasize (or re-emphasize) what is presented in the middle.

J. M. Juran often describes a parallel between this quality sequence and which of the following management processes?

"Quality Trilogy : Financial Quality planning Budgeting

What design methodology uses the IDEA process for product definition and development?

"Simplified, the IDEA process stands for: Identify markets and opportunities Define requirements and architectural alternatives Evaluate the alternatives and select the best Activate individual commercial projects

The establishment of a balanced scorecard for an organization almost always includes the need for:

"The balanced scorecard is a device for focusing a company's attention on four business measures.

Which of the following is most important when calibrating a piece of equipment?

"The calibration sticker (A) indicates when the next calibration is due. The maintenance history card (B) gives all of the pertinent information about calibration of the instrument. The calibration interval (D) indicates how often the instrument is to be calibrated. The standard used (C) is the most important when calibrating a piece of equipment. "

American company which has a VAE (value added per employee) of $20,000 is not likely to survive. Why is this statement true?

"The employee's pay and benefits exceed this amount

If one were to characterize the ground breaking work of Womack, in introducing the term lean production to the Western world, in one word,

"The word is value. Womack (1996) offered five guiding principles for consideration: Specify value by product

"improve quality, decrease costs, improve productivity, capture the market with better quality and price, stay in business, and provide jobs,"

"This is basically a definition question. The question frames Deming's chain reaction philosophy.

"

"binominal distribution - distribution for defects defective probability of an individual item being found defective

computer software project management

"what if" scenarios, the ease of presenting the same information in a variety of formats, the project information displayed at different levels of detail, and a determination of critical path, slack times, resource usage, and automatically calculated schedules. When the project is in process, actual data replaces planned data, so effects of delays or early completions are known in virtual real time. The learning curve for the user of the software program is longer, so training costs are usually lower for manual methods.

"

"· Poka-yoke helps control mistakes

reliability risk assessment

. The two key measures of risk assessment are the severity and probability of failure.

Repeatability is determined by examining the variation between the individual inspectors and within their measurement readings. reproduciblity Examining the variation between the average of the individual inspectors for all parts measured

1.重复性（Repeatability ）：当同一零件的同一种特征由同一个人进行多次测量时变异的总和。 ... 2.再现性（Reproducibility ）：当同一零件的同一种特征由不同的人使用同一量具进行测量时，在测量平均值方面的变异的总和。

A one-half fractional factorial design for three factors at two levels would be considered:

1/2 2^3 =4

·

5S controls organization

What lean technique is most widely used to make problems visible?

5S is called a visual control concept and is widely used as a management tool. It is the best choice of the options presented.

The Weibull scale parameter is the point at which

63.21% of all values fall below.

A histogram is also known as: A relative frequency graph

A relative frequency graph how often something happens

Aviliablity

=loading time -downtime / loading time

In a nutshell, lean six sigma is considered:

A business improvement approach

a major disadvantage or draw-back that large organizations ?

A case for time. Changing the course of an ocean liner takes more planning and time than does a row boat. The ability to respond rapidly is often the principal advantage of a small organization.

EVOP is designed to be run by the process operators.

A chalkboard on the plant floor could be used to mark the data.

If experimental design objective is to model a response as a mathematical function of a few continuous factors, then the design objective:

A comparative objective is to determine if a factor is significant. A screening objective is to sort out the less important factors. A response surface objective is to find the shape of the response geometry. The optimal fitting of a regression model fits the factors to a response model.

Appropriate application of a Pareto chart?

A criticality weighted ranking of categories

Cycle time reduction would often consider:

A cycle time review would consider data on changeover time, work in process inventory, and cycle time. It does not usually provide data on supplier's finished goods inventory or customer's inventory. Information on internal inventories can be displayed.

Jidohka

A jidohka is defined as a device that stops a machine whenever a defective product is produced.

A commonly problem associated with six sigma projects deals with:

A lack of business impact for the company

If the means of two populations are close in value, then:

A large sample is necessary to reject the null hypothesis

The market value of a house is to be determined by 2 input factors. The input factors are the square feet of living space and the number of bedrooms. If the input factors are highly correlated with each other, this would indicate which of the following to be true?

A multicollinearity condition exists

Residuals are estimates of experimental error obtained by subtracting the predicted responses from the observed responses. The residuals should be checked for behavior.

A normal probability plot of the residuals can be used to check the normality of the residuals. In addition, histograms and dot plots are commonly used.

A Latin square design, consisting of the following factors: 5 cars, 5 carburetors, and 5 drivers, would be considered what type of experiment?

A one-fifth fractional factorial experiment

The communications plan will identify the level of resistance of the stakeholders. -- to solve prob of resistance to change

A plan will then be developed to move or change the stakeholders' positions where necessary. The PERT chart and Gantt charts are not applicable answers to this question.

A method of improving the performance in any functional area of a company, including product or service quality, would be:

A specific functional area would be more directly served by using the Benchmark. FMECA and design review procedures are utilized in product driven companies. Baldrige criteria is an excellent guideline for systems improvement. However,

A work schematic that details the relationship between inputs, processes, outputs, customers and related feedback is descriptive of:

A system diagram TREE

A small positive change truly exists between a test trial and the current process. However, the sample from the test trial happens to demonstrate a radical improvement. What type of decision would probably be made?

A=B No error has occurred. A correct decision has been made for the wrong reason. In this case, a false null hypothesis was probably rejected for the wrong reason. This is called a 1-beta correct decision.

Team success is most dependent on which of the following?

Active support by mid-managers

A team has undertaken a project to reduce scrap for a particular defect from 6% to 2%. a small amount of recent data indicates that the scrap rate is really closer to 7.5%. What action step must the team now take?

Advise the project sponsor of any proposed problem statement changes

A project has been completed and the final report has been written. The next activity relevant to the project is:

After the final report, the next project step is the postmortem analysis, also called lessons learned, autopsy or post-project appraisal.

Identify the most difficult limitation to overcome in achieving continuous flow.

All answer choices except existing equipment can be changed by training and management improvement to obtain continuous flow. However, replacement of dated equipment requires capital, management support, and planning.

Training methods using lectures, books, and homework:

Allows for instructor adjustment to meet class specific needs

An assumption that is made regarding experimental residuals is that:

Although item B is highly desirable, it is one of the reasons why people conduct experiments (to find out).There is an assumption with experiments that the residual or error be normally distributed, independent, and homoscedastic.

In addition to Pareto analysis by defect occurrence, other Pareto assessments can be made. Which of the following is most likely?

An arrangement based on financial impact Pareto analysis based on cost, criticality, and comparisons over time are common treatments.

The short term effect of dramtic incerase in prevention cost would

An increase in toaly quality cost as the short temr impact of prevention effort will not be felt downstream

Basic familiarity with measuring equipment is required to answer this question. Depth gages are used to measure the depth of holes, slots, and the distance from a plane surface to a projection, etc. They come in various shapes and sizes with English and metric rules or vernier graduations.

An indicating gage shows the amount of variation in size from the specification. dial gauge, or probe indicator A master or reference gage is used for the purpose of checking the working gage for accuracy prior to measuring the product.

What measurements should management make to ensure current controls and look for additional ways to improve their six sigma process?

An ongoing evaluation of corporate improvement activities should incorporate a balanced mix of measurements. The exact blend will depend upon the nature of a company's business, the competitive environment, and many other factors.

In a fault tree diagram which of the following conditions is true?

And gates will always multiply. Or gates will add. Answer B is correct and answer C is false. There can be two and gates in a schematic. Answer A is false. And gates represent series events. Answer D is false.

The power of efficiency in designed experiments lies in the:Hidden replications

Answer B The sequential and cyclical procedure of conjecture to design, to analysis and back to conjecture ) describes the experimental cycle. Answer A (Random order of performance)defines how an experimental plan should be conducted. Answer D is filler relative to this question, but may be used to describe a complex full factorial design. Hidden replications the proper choice. Even with highly fractional factorial experiments, there is replication of the results of one factor (against all others) in a balanced design. DOE has a tremendous advantage over trial and error methods.

An X-bar chart has been in control for a long time. However, the points for the last 50 samples are all very near the center line on the chart. In fact, they are all within one sigma of the center line. This probably indicates that:

Answer B is the least likely choice because the process standard deviation (sample range) may have decreased. Answer A may be correct, but it's not known if X-bar is at the desired target. Answer D The control limits are incorrectly computed could be correct, but it is unlikely since the chart has been maintained for a long time. Answer C is the best choice.C The process standard deviation has decreased recently

A review of purchase orders for quality requirements falls into which one of the following quality cost segments?

Apprasal

approximately 70% to 80% of all quality problems are design related.

Approximately 70% to 80%

An engineer at an automotive supplier was conducting a routine gage R&R study. Surprisingly, the gage R&R contribution of the total variation was determined to constitute 25%. Previous results placed the R&R component at 12%. The same instruments were being used. What is the most likely explanation for this event?

Assuming that the engineer has been routinely conducting gage R&R studies. In the automotive supplier environment, a reduction in the process variation immediately places improvement pressure on the measurement system.

The nominal scale is a very low level statistic and only the mode highest bar in a bar chart or histogramcan be used to describe the central location.

Average and arithmetic mean are one and the same.

If a team discovers that additional resources from other areas must be included to solve a problem, an adjustment to the charter:

Boundaries

reduce cycle time ---

CTP PROCESS

The calibration of measuring instruments is necessary to maintain accuracy. How does calibration affect precision?

Calibration has a minimal impact on precision

A project has more than one critical path. This means that:

Carshing a event may shorten the project

SMART is a project management outline. It has also been adopted to personal development usage by some.

Cartiera for Setting goals and objectives, namely that these goals are: Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Relevant, and Time-bound. ime boxed results are one aspect of the 5 step approach.

Input and output variables can be effectively evaluated using which of the following techniques?

Cause-and-effect matrices can be used to evaluate and document relationships between input and output variables.

Identify the project decision risk that would most clearly be insurable:

Certainly a company or improvement team can insure against property damage.

After the successful implementation of an "improve" stage, a DMAIC team is considering control charts to monitor the new gains for a process.

Chart the most important variables associated to the CTQs

Most modern computer programs will perform an analysis of experimental residuals. What other techniques can be employed?

Control charts and line charts aren't applicable for this situation. Normal probability and dot plots are widely used. Histograms can be used in some cases.

Quality control

Cost and expense control Quality improvement Cost reduction, profit improvement"

investigate their customer base by moving from general to more specific customer needs, what technique would be employed?

Critical-to-quality tree, where customer needs translate into critical drivers, and in turn to more defined critical-to-quality elements.

DMAIC is a problem solving approach.

DFX knowledgfed based is a product or system design approach. They can operate independently or together.

Many tools can be used in either lean or six sigma projects. A problem solving approach that unifies project follow-up is:

DMAIC (define, measure, analyze, improve, control) seen as an improved version of PDCA (plan, do, check, act) Notice that PDCA is not an answer option and SIPOC, DOE, and TPM are specific techniques for specific purposes. DMAIC has become the preferred problem solving approach for lean six sigma projects.

The initiation of action occurs in which Shewhart cycle step?

DO

The identification of key process input and output variables can come from:

DOE results and customer surveys Variations in KPOV can result in a significant impact on the performance, efficiency, manufacturability, reliability or assembly of the system or objects

Modifying or redesigning a product would most likely occur during which two PDCA phases?

Do actThe question suggests that actual work on the design is taking place. The check phase can be eliminated. , but the actual redesign itself would occur during the do and act stages.

Control charts.

Dr. Walter Shewhart. Shewhart

The ultimate responsibility for training is vested with:

EMPLOYEE

Define and measurement stages.

Eckes (2001) suggests that approximately 50% of project time should be spent in the

For organizing information, facts, or data into a systematic, logical manner, which of the following new quality tools would be used?

Either an affinity or cause-and-effect diagram can be used to establish a tree diagram to organize details into a logical sequence. This tree diagram is referred to as a systematic diagram and allows the completion of a given objective.

Employee quality benefits resulting from a business enterprise would include which of the following?

Employees benefit from prestige and self-fulfillment (answer C). Society benefits from safe products (A), taxes (B), and job expansion (D).

portfolio analysis methodology seeks to improve on traditional DMAIC by:

Enhancing technical processes to prevent design issues Correcting design problems and increasing flow rates

Some enumerative studies are descriptive and are actions taken on the universe. As a general rule, analytical studies are inferential and are actions taken on a process to improve performance in the future. Enumerative data can be counted.

Enumerative studies are descriptive 描述性用来总结大型数据集的特征。如果一个数据集有很多重要的面，可以总结并描述其特征，并不深入了解其内部规律。and inferential studies are analytical推断统计是研究如何根据样本数据去推断总体数量特征的方法。从大的数据集中抽一个小的样本，可以预测、推断和估计大数据集。

ANOVA is the usual test for experiments involving several treatments at various levels. A reason for the use of ANOVA for significance testing is:

Equality of sample means can be tested by comparing sample variances more than two vairables

A consultant has defined certain acceptance criteria for cities to be classified as either progressive or non-progressive. There are ten acceptance criteria. A survey of the cities of interest is conducted and the number and degree of match to the criteria will determine the progressive status. This multivariate technique is known as:

Factor analysis and principal component analysis search for the primary factors that account for most of the sources of variance in a study. Cluster analysis is the second best answer choice. Cluster analysis is used as a data reduction method. The question states that criteria has been established for a progressive city grouping. Surveys will determine if the city has enough of the attributes or criteria to fit into a progressive city category. This technique is called discriminant analysis 利用已知类别的样本建立判别模型，为未知类别的样本判别的一种统计方法.

In order for a team to understand and anticipate the resistance that other members of the organization may have for a proposed recommendation, ?

Force -field The key question words are "resistance" and "most useful". The question indicates that this is a situation where driving and restraining forces should be examined.

Randomized block designs are ideal for comparative experimental testing of 2 or more factors.

Full or fractional factorial designs (including Plackett-Burman) are best for screening objectives. Response surface objectives require central composite or Box-Behnken designs.

The basic dimensions of quality as outlined by a number of quality authorities would include:

Garvin and Besterfield list performance, features, conformance, reliability, durability, service, response, aesthetics, and reputation as the 9 dimensions of quality.

Accuracy is:

Getting consistent results repeatedly is precision. Reading to one decimal greater than the reported dimension has to do with the sensitivity of the device. Using the best measuring device available can be costly and unnecessary. The correct , getting an unbiased true value.

The main objection to designed experimentation in an industrial environment

Getting excessive scrap as a result of choosing factor levels that are too extreme

The SIPOC business model helps everyone in the company see the business from an overall process perspective. benefit of SIPOC?

Helping maintain the big business picture

All answer choices have something to do with lean production.

However, spaghetti diagrams tra ce components like employee movements, information and material. The best choice is answer C. Information and material flow Value stream mapping

Latent requirements are also known as delighters. These features or services go beyond the immediate expectations of the customer.

However, what is considered a delighter today may become a basic requirement over time.

"

IDOV is a four-phase process that consists of Identify, Design, Optimize and Verify. These four phases parallel the four phases of the traditional Six Sigma improvement methodology, MAIC - Measure, Analyze, Improve and Control.

If the specification limits are wider than the control limits, then

If the specification limits are wider than the control limits, no conclusions can be drawn unless the sample size is known. For example, if the plotted points are based on a sample of 100, then the standard deviation of the process is 10 times as great as the standard deviation of the sampling distribution being plotted on the control chart

Benchmarking of performance is:

Ignored because of the perceived barriers to sharing internal company information

What table value is normally used to place a confidence interval on the slope of a line in simple linear regression? （n is small）

In almost all experimentation, one works with relatively small samples, therefore a t value is used. However, it would not be inappropriate to use a t value for fairly large samples.

The test used for testing significance in an analysis of variance table is the:The t and F tests are used for single sample means. The chi square test evaluates sample variances.

In an ANOVA table, the variation between groups is compared to the variation within the group. The appropriate ANOVA test is the F test. ANOVA is a test of the equality of means. F test. ANOVA is a test of the equality of means.

When constructing a power curve, 1-b is plotted against alternate values of mu. Answer A doesn't make sense in this context.

In general, as alpha increases, beta decreases and the power of 1-beta increases. Increasing the sample size decreases both alpha and beta risks and increases the power of the 1-beta test.

The advantage of the Latin square design, compared to the factorial design :

In most circumstances, it requires less data

Who are most closely"total quality control" and "total quality management?"

In the USA, Feigenbaum "total quality control" (including quality management). From1981, Ishikawa is the Japanese guru that emphasized companywide quality control.

One advantage to employees, rather than consultants, initiating change within the organization is:

Internal consultants have a greater knowledge about the company, its operation, and functions.

tendency highly cohesive groups to lose their critical evaluative capability

Irving janis called groupthink

For attribute data, process capability:

Is defined as the average proportion of nonconforming product

In selecting a base for measuring quality costs, primary consideration?

Is it affected by lower direct labor costs?

he team charter describes the team subject boundaries.

It establishes the team's mission, scope, and objectives.

What is the major advantage of the A3 report?

It is a concise problem presentation format

Project management ontains a phase known as statement of work.

It is an expansion of the project objectives including project outputs and deliverables

When considering EVOP as a statistical tool:

It may be extended beyond the two level factorial case

An incomplete block design may be especially suitable when:

It may not be possible to apply all treatments in every block

Weekness of SWOT

Lack of diversity of management thinking

Tool suitable for startup company

Lean tools because they provide stability and repeatability for future projects

What primary activities take place during a typical team meeting?

Learning the team process and improving the work process

Accuracy level of an instrument when compared to a standard can only:

Less than or equal to the standard to which it is compared

Production and schedule boards could display which of the following?

Machine downtime, productivity trends, quality trends, safety records, etc. can be displayed. A jidohka device stops a machine whenever a defective product is produced. A kanban card helps regulate production and material flow.

The smallest run number possible to examine the main effects of 22 factors at 2 levels is:

Main effects, a screening experiment is warranted. The most economical choice is a form of Plackett - Burman design. In these designs, the number of runs must be divisible by 4 and there must be at least one more run than there are factors. In this case, 22 factors requires 24 tests. 21 or 23 factors would also require 24 tests. The question writer would throw in another "fake" factor such as the experimenter standing on one foot versus two feet and hope that it doesn't show up as an important factor in the analysis. The unassigned factors are so-called estimators of zero, which provide degrees of freedom for error.

No black belt assistance to an improvement team?

Management may choose to apply black belt resources in a targeted approach.

An improvement in quality costs is most clearly indicated when:

Management objectives are met

the most important element

Management support

Which of the following statements, experimental interactions, is factual?

Moderate interactions occur quite often in experimentation. Most of the CSSBB Primer examples deal with main effects, but variation reduction experimentation also yields interactions. (Answer A is not true). Many randomized block designs and screening experiments can't analyze interactions.

frequently is a hoshin kanri X-matrix reviewed in an organization?

Montly

Which of the following training statements is considered to be true?

Most companies spend less than the optimal time on employee training

The responsibility for floor level employee instruction typically rests with which of the following?

Most job related instruction comes from a peer or co-worker.

The defect levels, six sigma program, are higher than standard normal table or traditional capability calculations. Why

Motorola allowed for a potential process shift or drift of 1.5 standard deviations in order to "safely" report defect levels or process improvements.

A one tail F test (95% confidence) with ten samples, yielded a variance of nine, and nine samples, yielded a variance of four. What F critical value

N 9 N 2 8

DF for the error variance and a comparison to the answers. The word "fixed" means that the three machines (A, B, & C) are the only ones of concern. When the three machines are looked upon as treatments, the following determination is true:

N = total number and t = number of treatments (machines in this case) 15-3

Techniques useful for team facilitators, when narrowing a list of potential problem areas to investigate, include which of the following?

NGT, multivoting, and voting are useful in narrowing a list of candidates to work on. PDCA and PDSA are complete problem solving approaches.

PDCA:

Natural way

nonparametric tests?non-pararmetric则不然，不对总体分布做假设， 只排序，比较mediam

Nonparametric tests such as the Spearman rank correlation coefficient can be used to evaluate correlation. Answer A is false. Nonparametric methods tend to waste information because exact numerical data are sometimes reduced to a qualitative form. They have 63% - 95% of the efficiency of comparable parametric tests. In most cases, nonparametric tests involve computations that are simple and easy to understand.

If shop floor employees are exposed to new assembly techniques, the best instructional proficiency evaluation would be:

Observation of performance results

A histogram is used to plot the number of voids found versus the weight of a plastic injection mold part.

One would expect the shape of the distribution to be:A decreasing slope 越重气泡越少

SVOP

Only for satified process

The probability of a train arriving on time and leaving on time is 0.8. The probability of the same train arriving on time is 0.84. The probability of this train leaving on time is 0.86. Given the train arrived on time, what is the probability it will leave on time?

P(A U B)=0.8 P(A)=0.84 P(B)-=0.86 P(B/A)= p(AUB)/P(A)

Using a PDCA process to design a customer survey, while implementing a customer feedback and improvement process, is an example of:

PDCA process within a bigger PDCA process.

quality cost categories would be increased as the result of an effective operator training effort?

PREVENTION COSTS

improve a painting operation by comparing and contrasting their techniques with best model. undertaking what form of benchmarking?

Process benchmarking is the best selection. The comparison is not sufficiently advanced to know if an improvement project is required.

from overall perspective, the activities of a company are tied together by:

Process management

What role is most likely to define the objectives for a six sigma team?

Process owner, sponsor

Identify the best argument for using EVOP experimentation:

Product runs will be conducted with very little scrap

An essential technique in making training programs more effective is to:

Provide feedback to the employee as to his/her performance

Lean enterprise, but goes a step further by integrating all aspects of product cycle time, is called:

QRM Quick Response Manufacturing is an integral approach that includes capacity planning, resource utilization, lot sizing, and other concepts to reduce lead times by 80% to 95%.

Time is not a part of the calculation for

ROA and ROI. Time is directly considered for NPV (net present value) and IRR (internal rate of return). It's also a monthly concern in the payback period method.

The expected (theoretical) value for a cell in a contingency table

RXC/GRAND

If it is suspected that a process requiring a process capability determination is not a normal process, but appears to be stable, the most desirable action to take, at this point, would be to:

Reduce variation to the point that it doesn't matter

The key phrase is "degree of interdependence."

Regression analysis determines the best mathematical expression that describes the relationship between two or more variables, normally to make a projection into an untested region. Hypothesis testing is a procedure which supports a decision to accept or reject the hypothesis concerning a population. Sampling is selecting products from a population. Correlation analysis determines the interdependence between two random variables.

No change exists between a test trial and a current process. A sample size, that was too small for the change (delta) of interest, was then collected. What type of decision would most likely be made?

Relity A=B n too small Fail to reject A=B Conclusion is truth but 1- Alpha A 1-alpha decision

How should the value of a customer best be measured?

Retention of a customer can mean more net income to the company. It is less expensive to retain customers than to find new ones. The key question word is "value." A current volume contribution (answer A) is an inadequate answer. This could change dramatically. Loyalty (answer B) and retention length (answer D) are good indicators, but lifetime worth (answer C) is the best value measurement.

What is required for SMED?

Reviewing internal and external setup tasks are more critical than the other answer choices.

CEO to understand the need to control variation instead of the process average as a way to significantly improve quality?

Robert Galvin was Motorola's CEO when Bill Smith first developed the concept of six sigma quality levels. Many CEOs would have rejected the concept as being too technical.

A designed experiment of three factors (A, B, & C) at two levels was conducted. The eight runs were analyzed, suggesting that one level of factor A showed significant improvement. The plant manager stated that no additional runs are needed. The experimenter's response should be:

Running an EVOP is not appropriate at this time. The process may not be stable yet. The experiment itself may require additional replications to verify the results. Experimental budgets should be sufficient to allow for additional runs.

As a major step in the analysis, the degree of freedom for the error sum of squares is calculated to be:

SSE N-k (level) SSTeatment k-1 SS N-1

For a linear correlation the total sum of squares equals 1,600 and the total sum of squared errors equals 1,000. What is r2?

SST-SSE/SST

lean thinkers was never officially on Toyota's payroll?

Shigeo Shingo trained and consulted for Toyota 2. he was never an actual employee of the company

Project benefits which should be included in a cost-benefit analysis are:

Some project benefits are easily expressed in dollar amounts, for example: increased sales, increased profits, reduced defects, reduced scrap, fewer warranty claims, improved process capability, increased up time, reduced spare parts inventories, fewer customer cancellations or returned product. Other project benefits are worthwhile, but harder to equate to dollars: improved employee morale, increased skill levels through training, lower employee turnover, increased customer satisfaction, more aesthetically appealing product, organization's reputation enhanced, pride from a job well done, friendships, or political power. Of the four answer choices, only reduced warranty claims would be a project benefit.

First to market does not necessarily produce a winner. Cooper notes that speed is good, but sound management practices should be maintained.

Sound management practices should be maintained.

Consider the following statement: "The best combination of machines and people working together to produce a product or service at a particular point in time." What lean concept is being described?

Standard work

The accuracy of a measuring instrument is linked to the U. S. National Standards by:

Standardization reduces the number of characteristics or features of a system. Capability is the long-term performance level after a process has attained statistical control. Conformance is an affirmative indication that a product or service has met the requirements. Traceability is the accuracy of a measuring instrument linked to the U.S. National Standards.

Standard work as visualized by the Japanese means:Working safer and productively

Standardized work, in Japan, means that the process is being controlled not the workers. To them, a standard defines the process methods that are the safest and easiest for the workers and the most cost effective and productive for the company.

A company operates on all three shifts, including days, evenings and nights. Which of the following is the optimal choice for time of training?

Start classes at one-half hour after the start of each regular shift

How are strategic goals determined?

Strategic goals flow from the strategic business goals.The general procedure is to collect information, form critical business measures, and translate those findings (items), determined to be of strategic value, into strategic goals (answer D).

A team would be operating in which phase of the Shewhart cycle if they were in the process of conducting a pilot program test activity?

Studying the results of the pilot test to determine the next action would take place in the act phase. Carrying out a small-scale (or pilot) test of an idea takes place within the do phase.

What guru is most widely associated with DOE?

Taguchi presented a cookbook approach for Japanese (and later American) engineers to use DOE.

After the product is consumed, the purchaserrecycle the box by storing personal items in it. the hinges of the box soon fail.

Taguchi statement "quality is related to the financial loss to society caused by a product during its life cycle",

Taiichi Ohno?

Taiichi Ohno is the main contributor to the Toyota Production System (TPS).

bad experience to a customer. The customer can turn on you.

Terrorist

The regression coefficients for logistic regression models are based on which of the following techniques? maximum likelihood estimatio

The correct answer is B, maximum likelihood estimation. This technique is not fully explained in the CSSBB Primer. However, it is the method most suited for use in logistic regression methods. The least squares approach is used for linear regression. Answers C and D are distracter choices.

Why is the term X-matrix used to describe a hoshin kanri diagram? The core of the diagram contains an X

The X-matrix core is divided into 4 elements separated by a large X.

The basic statistical principle in EVOP is:

The ability to recognize small differences through large sample sizes

management tools is most similar to the cause-and-effect diagram?

The affinity diagram is similar to the cause-and-effect diagram in that brainstormed ideas are segregated into categories.

If a control chart has UCL = 45.1 and USL = 45.6, and the last sample has values of 44.6, 45.7 and 44.8, one can conclude:

The average of the sample is 45.03, and is less than UCL, and is therefore, in control. However, the individual value of 45.7 exceeds the USL, and is out of specification.

main disadvantage of presenting a team with an initial project > 160 days?

The biggest risk, according to Eckes, is a lowered success rate for a variety of reasons; one of which might be answer D.

, are used in situations that have only two possible outcomes.

The binomial, hypergeometric, and geometric distribution, as well as the negative binomial distribution

A process has been performing satisfactorily for some time. An improvement is required. Your response is to:

The common causes (answer D), in the system, have to be reduced in order to improve the system.

Which of the following is a reason why a company would choose to benchmark another company?

The company has a growing market share and loyal customers If another company is not world class or has lower customer approval ratings, they might not be worthy of benchmarking.

which would most likely improve product quality?

The elimination of unnecessary storage, transport, and handling has a positive influence on quality. Parts of standard work will tend to improve quality but not necessarily standard work sheets. Setup reduction tends to support productivity and efficiency. Takt times is a distracter choice.

The ideal setting for training:

The employee is often tired at the end of a shift and the work station may be too cramped or noisy. outdoor instruction (dependent upon the subject) can be disastrous. There are numerous distractions, (wind, flies, glare, noise etc.) with outdoor instruction.

Define step, the critical to quality tree is used by a project team. Which of the following levels of the tree would be determined last?

The exact metrics for the customer

A constant failure rate distribution must always have the same shape parameter.

The failure rate for the lognormal distribution takes on different shapes depending upon the mean and standard deviation. The Weibull distribution assumes many shapes dependent upon the shape, scale, and location parameters. The gamma distribution also contains variable shape and scale parameters. The exponential distribution is the only option with a constant failure rate.

who believed the best approach to understanding the purpose of a quality system would be the four absolutes of quality management.

The four absolutes of quality management are parts of Philip Crosby's message.

It is noted that the involvement and participation of which of the following team roles expands and increases over time?

The involvement and participation of team members increases over time. The opposite is true for facilitators and leaders (where they both exist). Sponsors maintain a steady or decreasing involvement.

The iterative approach to DOE refers to:

The iterative approach to DOE is the recognition that sequential experimentation will often yield more satisfactory results than "one big experiment." refer to traditional experimental assumptions that must not be taken for granted (they should be checked).

There is a five stage life cycle for the ideal customer.

The li acquisition (answer A), retention, attrition (answer B), defection and reacquisition (answer C). Innovation (answer D) is not in the life cycle of a customer.

Since many variables are important in control charting, what is the risk in having an operator plot a large number of characteristics?

The major risk is distraction from the actual work process (answer C). It's unlikely that a CTQ (critical to quality) characteristic will be overlooked (answer B is incorrect). Control charting a small number of key items (if it can be done automatically) might be value added work. At least this can prevent non-value added work (scrap and rework).

Organizational structure places conflicting demands upon middle management and other specialists?

The matrix organization is an attempt to create a hybrid product/project approach. As such, there is a sharing of functional specialists. This approach can lower costs, but can also create competing priorities.

There are several different varieties of median control charts. If median values and ranges are plotted, what would be expected to be different than experienced with an X bar and R chart for the same sample size?

The median value might be circled in the data, but would not be circled on the median chart. The range chart would be identical to an X-bar and R chart of the same sample size (answers B and D are eliminated). The control limit factors for the median chart are slightly larger than for a traditional X-bar chart, making the control limits wider.

What is the best definition of takt time?

The name takt is German for baton, implying a rhythm, pace or heartbeat for the system.

If a process is truly in control, what is the probability of observing a run violation of seven or more consecutive points on either side of the X-bar chart center line?

The odds of observing seven consecutive readings on the upper side of an X-bar chart is (1/2)7 or 1/128. However, there is a similar probability of getting such a run on the lower side of an X-bar chart. Therefore, 1/128 + 1/128 = 1/64. This is why some quality texts suggest that the run rule be extended to 8 or 9 consecutive points.

A PFMEA should be in place before manufacturing commences.

The process FMEA is initiated before or after the feasibility stage, prior to production tooling, and accounts for all manufacturing operations. Answers A and C are partially correct, in that, a PFMEA is usually started after the DFMEA, but it could be some time before production activities start up. Answer D should lead the process owner to review the FMEA to check if another failure mode has occurred. A PFMEA should be in place before manufacturing commences.

FTA is preferred over FMEA when:

The product is not repairable when in use

A process capability index has been calculated for a stable, non-automated process. Then, the operator is told to check samples at random and make centering adjustments to the process based on the sample readings. Based on this information, one would expect to find:

The question describes a situation in which an operator would be "tweaking" a stable process. Simulation (described by the question conditions) have yielded variation increases of 40% or so.

Understanding, controlling, and improving an organization's processes to create value for all stakeholders would be called:

The question is describing business process management (C). The other answers are tools and techniques that could be used to support BPM.

A six sigma improvement team is required to analyze customer data in order to define the results of an improvement in a number of defect areas.

The question mentions defect areas, which suggests tools like Pareto analysis and matrix diagrams. Answer C would require graphs or charts for all or most defects.

When considering qualitative and quantitative input factors in the same designed experiment:

The sum of squares for the qualitative factors can still be calculated even though no numerical scale can be attached to the levels

A project charter is essential for the team to develop because:

The team will be focused on the appropriate problem The solution should be aligned with the organization's goals (not the customer's goals).

At what robust design stage would the use of more expensive components or processes be considered?

The three key principles of robust design are: concept, parameter, and tolerance. In the concept step, lowest cost components and manufacturing techniques are used. If the design doesn't meet requirements then more expensive components or processes are considered in the tolerance design phase.

The tree diagram is a systematic method used to outline all of the details needed to complete a given objective.

The tree diagram can also be referred to as a systematic diagram.

Random selection of a sample:

Theoretically means that each item in the lot had an equal chance to be selected

As with the seven quality management tools, the Japanese concept of workplace organization, 5S, has been "Americanized." Of the five original tools, which is the hardest to find in the American system?

There are several versions of the American 5S system. They can include sort, straighten, scrub, shine, systematize, standardize, and safety (and others). The items in the American version appear to be directed mainly at the system with implications of operator responsibility. The Japanese version includes Shitsuke (personal discipline) that is directed at the individual. This concept has been modified in the American version.

Mult ivariate analysis is applicable for which of the following situations?

There are two or more independent(preditaotr ) variables and two or more response (dependet)variables Answers A and B deal with univariate statistics, which involves one or more independent variables and only one dependent variable. Answer D is a distracter choice. A predictor variable is the same as an independent variable. Note, in answer C, a dependent variable and a response variable refer to the same thing

A statistics professor has developed a design for a company. From a practical standpoint, the design should be reviewed because:

There may be undesirable combinations of variable control levelsThe professor can provide the design, but plant personnel will be conducting the experiment. Montgomery & Coleman (1993) provide a list of items that the statistician may be lacking. These items include: 1) unwarranted assumptions of the process, 2) undesirable combinations of the factors, 3) violation of known laws of physics, 4) too large or small design sizes, 5) inappropriate confounding, 6) imprecise measurement, 7) unacceptable prediction error, and 8) undesirable run order.

Why are pilot runs, simulations, demonstrations, and prototype testing important to six sigma teams?

They are important techniques to evaluate potential improvements

technological driven training tools?

They can simulate real events for training purposes

Scenario planning and hoshin planning are related management techniques. They share in common what key ingredient?

They must all be monitored and continuously improved

What is the best rationale for training only selected departmental crews instead of the entire shift?

This addresses a problem unique to these crews or equipment

An experiment was conducted on five different extruders of polymer, with readings from 4 die positions, marked A, B, C, and D. Each die position is unique for each extruder. There were 4 replications per die position. Each extruder had its own die, and the 4 positions were marked for testing. This is a type of:

This design is not completely randomized and thus does not have all trials fully randomized (such as the die positions). It is not a true fractional factorial experiment, since the die positions are not randomized during the experiment. This is a nested experiment.

A project team very well for about two months. One member has suggested a different approach. The other members strongly reject.

This is an example of groupthink. Groupthink is characterized by a group that has become very cohesive. However, as a group they are not receptive to other views.

Plackett and Burman designs are used for screening experiments. They are two level designs with run multiples of four instead of powers of two. Certain designs with runs of 4X 12, 20, 24, 28, and 36 are considered non-geometric:The ability to distinguish a non-geometric design is that they are not in powers of 2.

This question pertains to the issue of what makes a Plackett and Burman (PB) design non-geometric. The Plackett and Burman designs are used for screening experiments and are economical. PB geometric designs have each interaction effect confounded with exactly one main effect. Thus, answer B is correct. They cannot be represented as cubes. Non-geometric designs are essentially ("main effect designs," when there is reason to believe that any interactions are of little significance

The distribution of a characteristic is negatively skewed. The sampling distribution of the mean for large samples

This question requires a review of the answers in light of the central limit theorem. The central limit theorem states that sample means (s) will be more normally distributed around µ than individual readings (Xs). As n increases, then the X means approach a normal distribution with mean µ.

The measurement and recording of the length of a product in centimeters would reflect the application of which measurement scale?

This question requires some familiarity with the four basic measurement scales. The data is high level variable data. There is an inherent zero starting point. Both differences and ratios are meaningful.

Spread of 10 units is assumed to be 6 sigma.

Thus, 3 sigma in the calculation is 5.

When plotting a regression chart on graph paper, what metric is used for the horizontal scale?

Time

An operator is plotting a control chart and the last two of three points are greater than 2 sigma, four out of the last five points are beyond 1 sigma, and eight successive points are on one side of the center line. Based on this information, the operator should:

Using any set of interpretation rules, there has been a significant change in the process. If an X-bar chart or an attribute chart are being plotted, there is evidence of a shift, trend, or drift in the process. If an R chart is being charted, the variability has changed significantly.

organization's customer service program can be enhanced in many ways.

Utilize employee involvement

Sampling plans are routinely selected based on their

Validity, applicability, and known risks.

which of the following organizations would be most repressive to the decision-making ability of their employees?

Vertical

The responsibility portion of the hoshin kanri X-matrix identifies:

WHO

An experiment is being run with 8 factors. Two of the factors are temperature and pressure. The levels for temperature are 25, 50, and 75. The levels for pressure are 14, 28, 42, and 56. How many degrees of freedom are required for this experiment to determine the effect of the interaction between temperature and pressure? ( A-1)(B-1)

When experimenting, 1 degree of freedom is required to compute the overall mean, and n-1 degree of freedom is required for each factor, where n is the number of levels for the factor. The degrees of freedom required for interactions is the product of the interactions for the factors involved in the interactions. For this problem, temperature has 3 levels and pressure has 4 levels. The interaction requires (3-1)(4-1) = 6 degrees of freedom.

An analysis of variance for a single factor experiment, a fundamental assumption which is made is that the factor: Variances are equal

Whether testing the values of a single or multiple factor means, the underlying assumption is that variation within each factor treatment or factor treatment combination is the same. This is referred to as homogeneity of variance.

The Hawthorne studies conducted by Elton Mayo concluded that:

Workers responded favorably to humane treatment

S- chart

X 13 PAGE The subgroup standard deviations are plotted on this chart.

When comparing short-term machine capability indexes to long-term process capability indexes, one would expect to find:

a higher number indicates greater capability. The long-term process capability would be expected to be a lower number that short-term machine capability.

The variance, which is equal to the standard deviation squared,

and the range are measures of dispersion.

Benchmarking of project activities is easier than other business processes

because of the opportunity for selection outside of the group of direct competitors.

Management focus on:

bootm line results for lean six sigma

Natual work team :

cellular teams -Seld directed team- suppoted by dedeciated cross-functional teams

Quality function deployment, also known as the house of quality, is used in the design process. It has various benefits, the most critical being:

charting of customer wants and technical "hows," which will provide for a better understanding of design relationships. A competitive analysis is also possible. charting of all of these capabilities will enable people to think and act together.

Down time setup loss, is the operation cannot be done when the tool is running==

cjamhomgh dies Downtime = Breakdowns + Setup + Tool Change + Stops Single-minute Digit exchange of die (SMED) is one of the many lean production methods for reducing waste in a manufacturing process. It provides a rapid and efficient way of converting a manufacturing process from running the current product to running the next product. This rapid changeover is key to reducing production lot sizes and thereby reducing uneven flow (Mura), production loss and output variability.

The activity network diagram is similar in applications to

concurrent engineering and the PERT and CPM techniques of project management.

Logistic regression is unsuitable for In statistics, the logistic model is used to model the probability of a certain class or event existing such as pass/fail, win/lose, alive/dead or healthy/sick逻辑回归

continuous data (answer D). linearity between the dependent variable and the independent variables

The development of a future state process stream map

cycle time reduction

Value stream mapping

means: A graphical flow charting technique that shows material and information flows

Metrics referr to a

evulation method

disadvantage:

hard to interptret

the best reason for a quality cost system (of those choices presented) is to

help identify potential improvement areas.A quality cost system can be used as a means of showing the return on investments in improving quality (i.e. quality is free, according to Crosby). into prevention, appraisal, external failure, and internal failure cost categories

Identifying high severity failure modes followed by

high RPN numbers likelihood of occurrence, likelihood of detection, and severity of impact

Quality function deployment is sometimes referred to as the

house of quality.

Single minute exchange of dies (SMED) and set-up reduction (SUR) would

internal business process consideration.

Which of the following best describes machine capability?

it is the number of times the spread of the machine fits into the tolerance width. The higher the value of Cm, the better the machine.Example: if Cm = 2.5, the spread fits 2½ times into the tolerance width,

According to Robert Cooper, a noted new product development specialist, it takes 7 new product ideas to generate 1 new successful product.

it takes 7 new product ideas to generate 1 new successful product.

Social portion of PEST analysis

items like birth rates, death rates, education levels, and life styles are social issues.

Benchmark Pro:

just copy process Benchmarking is not about copying or imitating, rather it is about. adapting ... Benchmarking is about comparing processes, practices or procedures.

Dessign for x --knowledgfed based

knowledgfed based

postmortem

lssons learned, autopsy, or

manual is highest level

manual

Market segmentation achieves:

marketing to different segments of the marketplace. A homogenous marketplace (answer A) does not refer to different segments. targeting of subsets of the market (answer D) is the best choice.

What is considered an ideal batch size in a continuous flow operation?

material should always be moved one piece at a time (at a rate determined by the needs of the customer).

lesson learned committee-

partcipants by company policy

Six sigma executive sponsors:

process owners or champions.

the process capability sigma comes from a control chart and the

process performance sigma comes from a calculator or computer.

Consider the steps in a product life cycle. Which of the following most closely aligns with the study or check element?

roduct life cycle: introduction, growth, maturity, and decline.

The expected (theoretical) value for a cell in a contingency table is

row x column /grand

In the binomial equation:The sum of the exponents of each term after expansion is equal to the sample size

sample size

The distracter choices of inventory rotation (FIFO - first in, first out) and takt time determination are fairly weak options. Total productive maintenance (TPM) could have some videotape applications. However, the best option is setup reduction (SUR) or single minute exchange of dies (SMED).

setup reduction (SUR) or single minute exchange of dies (SMED). some videotape applications

A team sponsor or champion typically:

team sponsor or champion is responsible for defining objectives for the team, assists in securing resources the team requires, and acts as a liaison between the team and upper management.

ISO 10012 requires calibrations to be traceable to national standards. If no national standard is available,

the method of establishing and maintaining the standard must be documented.

To determine if there is a difference between treatment means, there is a breakpoint between using an analysis of variance or a t test. The analysis of variance test can be used:

variance test With two or more treatment means

Making problems visible in a process, thus clarifying targets for improvement

visual factory

Stratified sampling.

随机抽样，又称类型随机抽样，它是先将总体各单位按一定标准分成各种类型（或层）；然后根据各类型单位数与总体单位数的比例，确定从各类型中抽取样本单位的数量；最后，按照随机原则从各类型中抽取样本。