Stage 2 Oral Exam

Must be able to list aircraft required to be legal to fly

ARROW Airworthiness Certification (Does not expire) Radio License - if international Registration - 24S - 36F Operators Hand Book Weight and Balance

Understand why motion sickness occurs

Confliction between senses, the inner ear is moving but the eyes project a static view.

How to submit a pilot report

Contact center/flight services station

Symptoms of hyperventilation

extreme cases could pass out, rapid breathing

How to determine what drugs are safe?

faa.gov Call AME (Flight doc)

Understand and explain banking tendencies

rudder usage could lead to over/under banking tendancies

Actions to take if you or your passenger experience hyperventilation

sing, breathe into a bag to regain Co2, talk loudly

When are spins most likely to occur?

skidding turn base to final uncoordinated low speed turn engine failure during takeoff climb out stretch glide path and stalls or uncoordinated turn back to runway at low airspeed engine failure on approach to landing tries to stretch Go around with full nose-up trim no rudder Go-around with improper flap retraction rapid sink then pull back to stall

Radar Summary Chart

-Issued hourly Graphically-depicted collection of radar weather reports. Displays areas of precipitation and information regarding the characteristics of the precipitation.

Surface Analysis Chart

-Updated every 3 hours, 8 times a day -Observed, AGL -Metar shown over a map, fronts, high/low pressure -Very cluttered

Alcohol Requirements

0.04 -> 8 hours bottle to throttle clear of effects

Oxygen Requirements

12,501-14,000 ->30 min max 14,001-15,000 (pilots) +15,001 All must be supplied

Emergency Frequency

121.5

Explain AD & SB's

AD - Airworthiness Directive -> From the FAA - requirement SB - Service Bulletin -> From the manufacture - not required but if severe enough it usually turns into an AD

Airplane Documents

ARROW Airworthiness Certification Registration 24s/36f Radio - international only Operators Handbook Weight and Balance

Magnetos - how many, what they are and what is their purpose?

2 - generate power for the spark plugs

Know to speed limits

200 under the bravo and 250 through the bravo under mach 1 above 10k msl Under 10k 250 knots 200knots within 4nm of C/D

Usable fuel vs unusable fuel

3 gallons are in the lines and reservoir that that unusable.

Prognostic charts

4x a day 12 & 24hr valid times Shows fronts

Outlook SIGWX

4x a day 12 & 24hr Valid times Red - IFR Blue- MVFR Orange - Moderate or greater turbulence Magenta - Freezing level

Understand and explain the fuel system

56 total 53 useable 3 non 13 dp

Fuel tank capacity

56 total gallons

Understand and explain lost procedures

5c's Climb, confess, comply, conserve, communicatea

Transponder codes

7500 hijack 7600 lost comm 7700 emergency 1200 VFR

Sparkplugs - how many, what they are and what is their purpose?

8 - ignite the fuel in the cylinder

Required inspections

A - Airwothiness Directive / Service Bulletics A - Annual Inspection (Require inspector authorization IA) V - VOR (if IFR) I - 100 hour (if for hire, A&P mechanic) A - Altimeter / Pitot static system 24CM T - Transponder 24 CM E - ELT 12 CM

Airspace Requirements

A - IFR, Mode C, IFR rated/clearance B - Mode C, two way comm, private pilot or student with endorsement C - Mode C, two way comm, 200kts 4nm of C D- Two way Comms

Where are transponders required

A,B,C airspace, and withing 30NM of class B

Airplane Required Inspections

A-AVIATE AD/SB Annual Inspection VOR - 30 days if flying IFR I00 hour if for hire Altimeter/pitot static system 24 CM Transponder 24 CM ELT 12CM not required unless 50 miles from base for flight schools Part 121\135 (airlines and charter) not required Aerobatic A/C

List and explain the exceptions to the ELT requirements

Aerobatic flight Within 50 miles of home base (flight schools) Charter 121/136 Single Seat design/testing AC delivery

Understand and explain how each control surface works

Ailerons Elevator Rudder Flaps

Location of aircraft documents

Airworthiness Certificate must be visible to all passengers.

Understand and explain an MEL and do we have one.

An MEL is a minimum equipment list that lines out if a plane can fly with or with out certain equipment. Lewis does not have one.

How to open and close flight plan

Call or radio flight services, or file using foreflight.

Drag vs Speed chart

As speed goes up parasitic drag goes up As speed goes down induced drag goes up

Understand and explain lift/drag ratio

As speed goes up parasitic drag goes up As speed goes down induced drag goes up

Name the gyroscopic instruments

Attitude Indicator Heading Indicator Turn Coordinator

In the event of a full electrical failure what equipment will be lost

Aux pump, Flaps, Coms, Gps, lights, Turn coordinator

Understand how the engine starts and functions

Battery gives power to the starter, pinion engages the flywheel attached to the crankshaft, pistons go up and down, magnetos generate power for spark plugs, plugs ignite fuel intake compression power exhaust

Sectional Chart Legend

Be able to read...

Understand and explain how middle ear and sinus problems occur

Blocked Eustachian tube, this tube allows pressure to equalize in the middle ear, but if this tube is block the pressure difference at altitude will cause the ear to still have the pressure at take off level causing a pressure build up.

Hydraulic system emergencies and what action should be taken.

Brake failure - taxis as slow as possible Use aerodynamic braking

Who administers the flight review?

CFI 1 hour ground / 1 hour air

The wing and its components

Chordline Leading edge Trailing edge Camber WashWing root has a higher Angle of incidence (higher AOA so it stalls first to keep controllability on the ailerons). Wing tip

Angle of Attack and it's components

Chordline & Relative Wind Angle between the relative wind and the chord line.

Understand electrical system and it's components

Comprised of 5 busses Two primary 1 crossed buss

Controlled vs Uncontrolled

Controlled A,B,C,D,E Uncontrolled G

Types of airspace

Controlled, uncontrolled, special use, other

If fuel appears clear what does that mean and what action should be taken.

Could be that all fuels were mixed together. Could be water sediment at the bottom of the tank. Some how could be jet fuel added into tank. Drain clear liquid before flying.

Lift and how it's created

Created by an airfoil flying through the air. Lift is based off of Bernouli's priciple and Newton's 3rd law. Air flowing over the top of the wing is moving faster and at a lower pressure vs bottom of the wing is at a higher pressure and lower speed. Combining in Newton's 3rd law, for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction, the wing generates lift.

Currency to carry passengers Day & Night

Day - 3 touch and go landings same category/class Night - 3 full stop same category/class

What could a rough running engine indicate and what should be taken?

Detonation - affects whole engine too lean climbing at a too low of airspeed causing whole engine to over heat too low of fuel grade Preignition - affects 1-2 cyliners fouled spark plugs hotspots

Understand and name types of notams

FDC - Flight Data Center Noram- changes to apporach/charts P - Pointer Notams - points another critical notam D - Distant Notams - information about taxi way/runway closing or obscuration S - Special airspace is active outside normal times M - Military notams pertain to military nav aids

Night VFR equipment

FLAPS F - fuses L - Landing light if for hire A - Anticollision lights P- Position lights (nav lights) S- Source of power

Where can you find NOTAMS?

FSS, Web, ATIS, Foreflight

ELT Testing

First 5 minutes of the hour (3 sweeps)

Purpose of flaps and how aerodynamically they affect lift

Greater camber, meaning higher CL More lift for a given AOA.

Symptoms and action to be taken if you or your passenger experience carbon monoxide poisoning

Headache, nasuea, light headed/ dizzy, impeared judgement turn off heat, land as soon as possible, seem medical attention

How and why does an airplane turn

Horizontal component of lift

Understand and explain why dehydration and heatstroke occur

Hot cabins with inadequate ac

Name and understand hypoxia

Hypoxic hypoxia - Altitude based, less oxygen at high altitude Hypemic Hypoxia - Oxygen does not bind / carry with the red blood cells, caused from blood disease Stagnant Hypoxia - G-force based blood not being pumped up/out to extremities. Histotoxic - Alcohol based, alcohol takes the place of the oxygen cells in the blood.

Pilot acronyms

IM SAFE MPGS PAX Day/Night requirements

Phases of a spin

Incipient -> Developed -> Recovery incipient - entry into the spin, aggravated stall occurs, normally consist of 2 rotation developed - Airspeed and rotation stabilize recovery - Pilot inputs opposite ruder to break the spin / applied PARE

Types of Drag and how are they created

Induced Drag -Direct by product of lift Parasitic Drag -Form - Shape of aircraft ie jet vs cessna -Skin - rivets on the aircraft skin causing drag -Interference - parts of the aircraft meeting

When is a flight review required?

It is required for every pilot every 24 CM, expect for those that have passed a portion of the wings programs.

Understand and explain Ground Effect

Lift always point perpendicular to relative wind In ground effect, less downwash so more vertical lift *Less induced drag in ground effect.

Lift and how it's changed

Lift can be changed by increasing the aircraft's AOA which will create a greater downward deflection of air particles. Thrust can be increased, which will increase the airspeed over the top of the wing creating an even lower pressure. Increase wing surface area - deploy flaps

Axis of an airplane

Longitudinal Axis -> Ailerons provide lateral stability along the longitudinal axis Lateral Axis -> elevator provides longitudinal stability along the lateral axis Vertical Axis -> Rudder provides directional stability along the vertical axis

Understand and explain Hyperventilation

Low levels of Co2 from breathing so rapidly

Understand everything in the LHAND Acronymn

Lycoming io360-l2a 360 cubic inches Horizontally Opposed Aircooled Naturally Aspirated Direct drive

TYPES OF SPECIAL USE AIRSPACE

MCPRAWN MOA Controlled firing Prohibited - can not enter Restricted - can enter with approval from controller Alert - training area, parajumping, gliders Warning - hazards to non participating aircraft National security - president / games

Be able to list all items required to fly legally

MPGS Medical Certificate Pilot License / Student Certificate Government Issued ID Student on solo - log book endorsement

Valid times of personal documents

Medical Under 40 Over 40 1 12 6 2 12 12 3 60 24 Pilot license does not expire, will need to keep up with biannual flight review - 1 hr ground 1 hour in air with a cfi or complete the wings program

Meaning of Mode C, ident, Squawk VFR

Mode C Transponder - shows ALT Ident - button used to flash ATC radar Squak VFR - 1200 general use VFR code

Required Equipment not installed on your aircraft?

TBD

Understand and explain why carbon monoxide poisoning occurs

Most common - exhaust is cracked and the cabin heat is bleeding in carbon monoxide from the exhaust

Special VFR

Must request a special VFR from atc, which gives you 1 mile visibility and clear of clouds. Day: 1sm CoC - Night: ifr rated, ifr rated aircraft

Know light gun signals

On Ground Green-> Clear for take off Flashing Green-> Cleared for taxi Red-> Stop Flashing Red -> Taxi clear of runway Red/Green -> Use extreme caution White -> Return to starting point In Air Green -> Cleared for landing Flashing Green -> Return for landing Red -> Give way continue circle Flashing Red-> Do not land unsafe Green/Red -> Extreme Cautioni White -> NA

Understand and explain turning tendencies.

P-Factor - the propeller is an airfoil, and the downward swinging blade in a climb is a higher angle of attach to relative wind, therefor putting out more thrust than the left side of the aircraft. Torque - the prop is rotating clockwise, the reaction is turning the aircraft to the left. Slipstream - clockwise rotating air pass around the fuselage hitting the vertical stabilizer causing the plane to yaw to the left. Gyroscopic Procession - Left turning, input is felt 90* ahead of actual input. (Prevalent in tail daggers.)

Spin Recovery

PARE P- Power Idle A- Ailerons Neutral R- Rudder full opposite E - Quick forward pressure to reduce AOA

Terms of Weight and Balance

PG 1-11 Reference Datum - Vertical plane from which distance are measured for balancing purpose Station - location along he airplane fuselage given in terms of distance from the reference datum. Arm - horizontal distance from the reference datum to the CG of an item Moment - is the product of weight * Arm

Understand the PAVE acronym

Pilot, Aircraft, enVironment, External Pressures

Pilotage vs Dead Reckoning

Pilotage -> knowing where you are via map and comparing it outside. Dead Reckoning -> knowing where you are initially are then using your compass, a clock and ground speed to calculate where you are.

Understand and explain types of flaps and their purpose

Plain - drop down Split - split from the bottom of the wing Slotted - what the 172 has, drops down but creates a . . slot for high pressure air to pass thru Slotted Fowler - drop down but also extend backwards Slow, steeper approach

Understand and apply the 5 p's

Plan, plane, pilot, program, passengers

Lost Comms Procedures

Power cycle, troubleshoot, try previous frequency, try VOR, squawk 7600, if towered air port do a go around to try and establish a link with tower, wait for light gun signals

Types of stalls

Power off - coming in or landing Power on - simulating take off Accelerated Uncoordinated - spin

Stall awareness, recognition, and recovery procedure

RLI Warning signs: Stall horn, buffeting, mushy controls,stall drop Recover: Reduce AOA Level off Increase power as needed

Valid times of aircraft documents

TBD

Grades of fuel and their colors

Red 80/87 Blue 100LL Green 100 Jet - clear/yellow

What color is hydraulic fluid

Red Milspec 5606

Understand and explain what action to take when inoperative equipment exist.

Refer to chart

When is a flight review not required and what can take the place of a flight review

Renewal of a CFI certificate Student pilot undergoing training w/current solo endorsement Any new certificate or rating - resets to 24CM.

Autokinesis

Results when a static light appears to move when it is stared at for several seconds. Uncontrolled eye movement may possibly cause the illusion of movement as the eye attempts to find some other visual reference points

Label and name flight instruments

See chart

VFR wx mins

See chart.

Symptoms and action to be taken if you or your passenger experience middle ear or sinus problems

Shallow decent 500fpm or less, valsalva maneuver

Understand what is hydraulic on the aircraft

Shimmy Dampener Oleo Strut Brake system

Location of ELT Antenna

Tail Cone

Types of flaps on your aircraft

Slotted

Understand and explain a spin and aerodynamically why it occurs.

Spin is a aggravated stall in a yawed state that follows a downward cork screw pattern. Aerodynamically in a stall one wing is stalled greater than the other, the Higher wing that is generating more lift in combination of the low more stalled wing roll the airplane into a downward roll.

Understand and explain wind shear

Strong cold downdrafts. Miroburst.

Critical angle of attack

The angle of attack at which an airfoil stalls (loses lift) regardless of the aircraft's airspeed, attitude, or weight.

How to tell if SVFR is allowed

The section will show "No SVFR".

Understand and explain action to be taken if you fly into a cloud or if less than vfr conditions exist

Trust gauges, turn back, execute a 180 - 3* per second, 1 minute times turn

Action to be taken if passenger becomes hypoxic

Use supplemental oxygen Decent

Understand the battery, it's voltage / amperage and what it's purpose is

Used for starting the aircraft, and as a backup source of power if the alternator fails 24v 12.75 amp

Understand the alternator, it's voltage / amperage and what it's purpose is

Used to power in flight electronics and charge up the batter. 28v 60amp

IFR, MVFR, and VFR definitions

VFR +3000 ceiling +5sm vis MVFR 1-3000 ceiling 3 to 5sm vis IFR 500 to 1000 ceiling 1 to >3sm vis LIFR less than 500 ceiling less than 1sm vis

What is an Airmet

WA Valid for 6 hours Tango- Moderate turbulence, surface winds of 30 knots+, low level wind shear Zulu- Moderate Icing, provides freezing level Sierra- IFR conditions and mountain obscurations

What is a Sigmet

WS Valid for 4 hours Severe icing not associated with tstorm Severe or extreme turbulence, CAT not associated with Tstorm Dust/sand storm reducing visible to less than 3sm Volcanic ash

What is a Convective Sigment

WST Issued 55 min past hour Valid 2 hours Sheats acronym S- Surface winds great than 50 knots H- Hail 3/4 inch or larger E- Embedded Thunderstorms A- A line of thunderstorms atleast 60 miles in length with 40% active T- Tornados A- Storms producing heavy precip. or greater over 70% of 3000 sq miles -severe icing, turbulence expected, low level wind shear

Fuel we use vs fuel we can use

We use 100LL blue but we can use 100 Green

Understand situations leading to diversions

Weather drop below minimums, mechanical issues

Factors Affecting Stalls / Stall Speed

Weight, CG, Configuration, Power setting Stall speed increases as weight increases. With an increase in weight the aircraft will require more lift, which will in turn increase the stall speed.

Stalls - What occurs, when it occurs, where it occurs, and how it occurs

What: The airfoil is no longer generating enough lift to sustain flight. When: 17*/ Critical angle of attack is passed How: The air over the airfoil is no longer rejoined at the trailing edge, and turbulent eddies are formed Inner part of the wing stalls first due to washout - higher AOA

Intentional Spins and when are they allowed

When the aircraft w/b is in the utility category No rear seat, baggage empty PG 2-9

Empty Field Myopia

When there are very few references to go off of. Causes you to focus on things closer than you think (dirty windshield, dash, etc.) usually 2m in front of the aircraft.

Can inspections be over flown.

Yes by 10 hours only if in route to repair facility.

Private Pilot Privileges

You can not profit off flying You can equally share cost You can demo aircraft for sale if you have at-least 200 hours

Emergencies associated with the electrical system, how to troubleshoot, and what actions to be taken

You can reset a fuse/circuit one time in flight Power cycle, if all else fails kill all non-essential electronics and land as soon as possible.

Day VFR equipment

a tomato flames A - Airspeed T - tachometer O - oil pressure M- manifold pressure (172r does not have this) A- altimeter T- temp gauge (liquid - 172r does not have this) O - oil temp gauge F - Fuel gauge L- landing gear pos indc (172r does not have this) A- Anticollision light M- Magnetic Compass E- Elt S- Safety harness

Radio Navigation

any method of navigation using radio signals IE VOR

Symptoms and action to be taken if you or your passenger experience dehydration or heatstroke

land asap, cool cabin, offer liquids

The Four Forces

lift, weight, thrust, and drag

Symptoms and action to take if your passenger experiences motion sickness.

look at the horizon, get cooled, use ac / vents

Understand what system runs each instrument

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