Stage 2 Oral Exam
Must be able to list aircraft required to be legal to fly
ARROW Airworthiness Certification (Does not expire) Radio License - if international Registration - 24S - 36F Operators Hand Book Weight and Balance
Understand why motion sickness occurs
Confliction between senses, the inner ear is moving but the eyes project a static view.
How to submit a pilot report
Contact center/flight services station
Symptoms of hyperventilation
extreme cases could pass out, rapid breathing
How to determine what drugs are safe?
faa.gov Call AME (Flight doc)
Understand and explain banking tendencies
rudder usage could lead to over/under banking tendancies
Actions to take if you or your passenger experience hyperventilation
sing, breathe into a bag to regain Co2, talk loudly
When are spins most likely to occur?
skidding turn base to final uncoordinated low speed turn engine failure during takeoff climb out stretch glide path and stalls or uncoordinated turn back to runway at low airspeed engine failure on approach to landing tries to stretch Go around with full nose-up trim no rudder Go-around with improper flap retraction rapid sink then pull back to stall
Radar Summary Chart
-Issued hourly Graphically-depicted collection of radar weather reports. Displays areas of precipitation and information regarding the characteristics of the precipitation.
Surface Analysis Chart
-Updated every 3 hours, 8 times a day -Observed, AGL -Metar shown over a map, fronts, high/low pressure -Very cluttered
Alcohol Requirements
0.04 -> 8 hours bottle to throttle clear of effects
Oxygen Requirements
12,501-14,000 ->30 min max 14,001-15,000 (pilots) +15,001 All must be supplied
Emergency Frequency
121.5
Explain AD & SB's
AD - Airworthiness Directive -> From the FAA - requirement SB - Service Bulletin -> From the manufacture - not required but if severe enough it usually turns into an AD
Airplane Documents
ARROW Airworthiness Certification Registration 24s/36f Radio - international only Operators Handbook Weight and Balance
Magnetos - how many, what they are and what is their purpose?
2 - generate power for the spark plugs
Know to speed limits
200 under the bravo and 250 through the bravo under mach 1 above 10k msl Under 10k 250 knots 200knots within 4nm of C/D
Usable fuel vs unusable fuel
3 gallons are in the lines and reservoir that that unusable.
Prognostic charts
4x a day 12 & 24hr valid times Shows fronts
Outlook SIGWX
4x a day 12 & 24hr Valid times Red - IFR Blue- MVFR Orange - Moderate or greater turbulence Magenta - Freezing level
Understand and explain the fuel system
56 total 53 useable 3 non 13 dp
Fuel tank capacity
56 total gallons
Understand and explain lost procedures
5c's Climb, confess, comply, conserve, communicatea
Transponder codes
7500 hijack 7600 lost comm 7700 emergency 1200 VFR
Sparkplugs - how many, what they are and what is their purpose?
8 - ignite the fuel in the cylinder
Required inspections
A - Airwothiness Directive / Service Bulletics A - Annual Inspection (Require inspector authorization IA) V - VOR (if IFR) I - 100 hour (if for hire, A&P mechanic) A - Altimeter / Pitot static system 24CM T - Transponder 24 CM E - ELT 12 CM
Airspace Requirements
A - IFR, Mode C, IFR rated/clearance B - Mode C, two way comm, private pilot or student with endorsement C - Mode C, two way comm, 200kts 4nm of C D- Two way Comms
Where are transponders required
A,B,C airspace, and withing 30NM of class B
Airplane Required Inspections
A-AVIATE AD/SB Annual Inspection VOR - 30 days if flying IFR I00 hour if for hire Altimeter/pitot static system 24 CM Transponder 24 CM ELT 12CM not required unless 50 miles from base for flight schools Part 121\135 (airlines and charter) not required Aerobatic A/C
List and explain the exceptions to the ELT requirements
Aerobatic flight Within 50 miles of home base (flight schools) Charter 121/136 Single Seat design/testing AC delivery
Understand and explain how each control surface works
Ailerons Elevator Rudder Flaps
Location of aircraft documents
Airworthiness Certificate must be visible to all passengers.
Understand and explain an MEL and do we have one.
An MEL is a minimum equipment list that lines out if a plane can fly with or with out certain equipment. Lewis does not have one.
How to open and close flight plan
Call or radio flight services, or file using foreflight.
Drag vs Speed chart
As speed goes up parasitic drag goes up As speed goes down induced drag goes up
Understand and explain lift/drag ratio
As speed goes up parasitic drag goes up As speed goes down induced drag goes up
Name the gyroscopic instruments
Attitude Indicator Heading Indicator Turn Coordinator
In the event of a full electrical failure what equipment will be lost
Aux pump, Flaps, Coms, Gps, lights, Turn coordinator
Understand how the engine starts and functions
Battery gives power to the starter, pinion engages the flywheel attached to the crankshaft, pistons go up and down, magnetos generate power for spark plugs, plugs ignite fuel intake compression power exhaust
Sectional Chart Legend
Be able to read...
Understand and explain how middle ear and sinus problems occur
Blocked Eustachian tube, this tube allows pressure to equalize in the middle ear, but if this tube is block the pressure difference at altitude will cause the ear to still have the pressure at take off level causing a pressure build up.
Hydraulic system emergencies and what action should be taken.
Brake failure - taxis as slow as possible Use aerodynamic braking
Who administers the flight review?
CFI 1 hour ground / 1 hour air
The wing and its components
Chordline Leading edge Trailing edge Camber WashWing root has a higher Angle of incidence (higher AOA so it stalls first to keep controllability on the ailerons). Wing tip
Angle of Attack and it's components
Chordline & Relative Wind Angle between the relative wind and the chord line.
Understand electrical system and it's components
Comprised of 5 busses Two primary 1 crossed buss
Controlled vs Uncontrolled
Controlled A,B,C,D,E Uncontrolled G
Types of airspace
Controlled, uncontrolled, special use, other
If fuel appears clear what does that mean and what action should be taken.
Could be that all fuels were mixed together. Could be water sediment at the bottom of the tank. Some how could be jet fuel added into tank. Drain clear liquid before flying.
Lift and how it's created
Created by an airfoil flying through the air. Lift is based off of Bernouli's priciple and Newton's 3rd law. Air flowing over the top of the wing is moving faster and at a lower pressure vs bottom of the wing is at a higher pressure and lower speed. Combining in Newton's 3rd law, for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction, the wing generates lift.
Currency to carry passengers Day & Night
Day - 3 touch and go landings same category/class Night - 3 full stop same category/class
What could a rough running engine indicate and what should be taken?
Detonation - affects whole engine too lean climbing at a too low of airspeed causing whole engine to over heat too low of fuel grade Preignition - affects 1-2 cyliners fouled spark plugs hotspots
Understand and name types of notams
FDC - Flight Data Center Noram- changes to apporach/charts P - Pointer Notams - points another critical notam D - Distant Notams - information about taxi way/runway closing or obscuration S - Special airspace is active outside normal times M - Military notams pertain to military nav aids
Night VFR equipment
FLAPS F - fuses L - Landing light if for hire A - Anticollision lights P- Position lights (nav lights) S- Source of power
Where can you find NOTAMS?
FSS, Web, ATIS, Foreflight
ELT Testing
First 5 minutes of the hour (3 sweeps)
Purpose of flaps and how aerodynamically they affect lift
Greater camber, meaning higher CL More lift for a given AOA.
Symptoms and action to be taken if you or your passenger experience carbon monoxide poisoning
Headache, nasuea, light headed/ dizzy, impeared judgement turn off heat, land as soon as possible, seem medical attention
How and why does an airplane turn
Horizontal component of lift
Understand and explain why dehydration and heatstroke occur
Hot cabins with inadequate ac
Name and understand hypoxia
Hypoxic hypoxia - Altitude based, less oxygen at high altitude Hypemic Hypoxia - Oxygen does not bind / carry with the red blood cells, caused from blood disease Stagnant Hypoxia - G-force based blood not being pumped up/out to extremities. Histotoxic - Alcohol based, alcohol takes the place of the oxygen cells in the blood.
Pilot acronyms
IM SAFE MPGS PAX Day/Night requirements
Phases of a spin
Incipient -> Developed -> Recovery incipient - entry into the spin, aggravated stall occurs, normally consist of 2 rotation developed - Airspeed and rotation stabilize recovery - Pilot inputs opposite ruder to break the spin / applied PARE
Types of Drag and how are they created
Induced Drag -Direct by product of lift Parasitic Drag -Form - Shape of aircraft ie jet vs cessna -Skin - rivets on the aircraft skin causing drag -Interference - parts of the aircraft meeting
When is a flight review required?
It is required for every pilot every 24 CM, expect for those that have passed a portion of the wings programs.
Understand and explain Ground Effect
Lift always point perpendicular to relative wind In ground effect, less downwash so more vertical lift *Less induced drag in ground effect.
Lift and how it's changed
Lift can be changed by increasing the aircraft's AOA which will create a greater downward deflection of air particles. Thrust can be increased, which will increase the airspeed over the top of the wing creating an even lower pressure. Increase wing surface area - deploy flaps
Axis of an airplane
Longitudinal Axis -> Ailerons provide lateral stability along the longitudinal axis Lateral Axis -> elevator provides longitudinal stability along the lateral axis Vertical Axis -> Rudder provides directional stability along the vertical axis
Understand and explain Hyperventilation
Low levels of Co2 from breathing so rapidly
Understand everything in the LHAND Acronymn
Lycoming io360-l2a 360 cubic inches Horizontally Opposed Aircooled Naturally Aspirated Direct drive
TYPES OF SPECIAL USE AIRSPACE
MCPRAWN MOA Controlled firing Prohibited - can not enter Restricted - can enter with approval from controller Alert - training area, parajumping, gliders Warning - hazards to non participating aircraft National security - president / games
Be able to list all items required to fly legally
MPGS Medical Certificate Pilot License / Student Certificate Government Issued ID Student on solo - log book endorsement
Valid times of personal documents
Medical Under 40 Over 40 1 12 6 2 12 12 3 60 24 Pilot license does not expire, will need to keep up with biannual flight review - 1 hr ground 1 hour in air with a cfi or complete the wings program
Meaning of Mode C, ident, Squawk VFR
Mode C Transponder - shows ALT Ident - button used to flash ATC radar Squak VFR - 1200 general use VFR code
Required Equipment not installed on your aircraft?
TBD
Understand and explain why carbon monoxide poisoning occurs
Most common - exhaust is cracked and the cabin heat is bleeding in carbon monoxide from the exhaust
Special VFR
Must request a special VFR from atc, which gives you 1 mile visibility and clear of clouds. Day: 1sm CoC - Night: ifr rated, ifr rated aircraft
Know light gun signals
On Ground Green-> Clear for take off Flashing Green-> Cleared for taxi Red-> Stop Flashing Red -> Taxi clear of runway Red/Green -> Use extreme caution White -> Return to starting point In Air Green -> Cleared for landing Flashing Green -> Return for landing Red -> Give way continue circle Flashing Red-> Do not land unsafe Green/Red -> Extreme Cautioni White -> NA
Understand and explain turning tendencies.
P-Factor - the propeller is an airfoil, and the downward swinging blade in a climb is a higher angle of attach to relative wind, therefor putting out more thrust than the left side of the aircraft. Torque - the prop is rotating clockwise, the reaction is turning the aircraft to the left. Slipstream - clockwise rotating air pass around the fuselage hitting the vertical stabilizer causing the plane to yaw to the left. Gyroscopic Procession - Left turning, input is felt 90* ahead of actual input. (Prevalent in tail daggers.)
Spin Recovery
PARE P- Power Idle A- Ailerons Neutral R- Rudder full opposite E - Quick forward pressure to reduce AOA
Terms of Weight and Balance
PG 1-11 Reference Datum - Vertical plane from which distance are measured for balancing purpose Station - location along he airplane fuselage given in terms of distance from the reference datum. Arm - horizontal distance from the reference datum to the CG of an item Moment - is the product of weight * Arm
Understand the PAVE acronym
Pilot, Aircraft, enVironment, External Pressures
Pilotage vs Dead Reckoning
Pilotage -> knowing where you are via map and comparing it outside. Dead Reckoning -> knowing where you are initially are then using your compass, a clock and ground speed to calculate where you are.
Understand and explain types of flaps and their purpose
Plain - drop down Split - split from the bottom of the wing Slotted - what the 172 has, drops down but creates a . . slot for high pressure air to pass thru Slotted Fowler - drop down but also extend backwards Slow, steeper approach
Understand and apply the 5 p's
Plan, plane, pilot, program, passengers
Lost Comms Procedures
Power cycle, troubleshoot, try previous frequency, try VOR, squawk 7600, if towered air port do a go around to try and establish a link with tower, wait for light gun signals
Types of stalls
Power off - coming in or landing Power on - simulating take off Accelerated Uncoordinated - spin
Stall awareness, recognition, and recovery procedure
RLI Warning signs: Stall horn, buffeting, mushy controls,stall drop Recover: Reduce AOA Level off Increase power as needed
Valid times of aircraft documents
TBD
Grades of fuel and their colors
Red 80/87 Blue 100LL Green 100 Jet - clear/yellow
What color is hydraulic fluid
Red Milspec 5606
Understand and explain what action to take when inoperative equipment exist.
Refer to chart
When is a flight review not required and what can take the place of a flight review
Renewal of a CFI certificate Student pilot undergoing training w/current solo endorsement Any new certificate or rating - resets to 24CM.
Autokinesis
Results when a static light appears to move when it is stared at for several seconds. Uncontrolled eye movement may possibly cause the illusion of movement as the eye attempts to find some other visual reference points
Label and name flight instruments
See chart
VFR wx mins
See chart.
Symptoms and action to be taken if you or your passenger experience middle ear or sinus problems
Shallow decent 500fpm or less, valsalva maneuver
Understand what is hydraulic on the aircraft
Shimmy Dampener Oleo Strut Brake system
Location of ELT Antenna
Tail Cone
Types of flaps on your aircraft
Slotted
Understand and explain a spin and aerodynamically why it occurs.
Spin is a aggravated stall in a yawed state that follows a downward cork screw pattern. Aerodynamically in a stall one wing is stalled greater than the other, the Higher wing that is generating more lift in combination of the low more stalled wing roll the airplane into a downward roll.
Understand and explain wind shear
Strong cold downdrafts. Miroburst.
Critical angle of attack
The angle of attack at which an airfoil stalls (loses lift) regardless of the aircraft's airspeed, attitude, or weight.
How to tell if SVFR is allowed
The section will show "No SVFR".
Understand and explain action to be taken if you fly into a cloud or if less than vfr conditions exist
Trust gauges, turn back, execute a 180 - 3* per second, 1 minute times turn
Action to be taken if passenger becomes hypoxic
Use supplemental oxygen Decent
Understand the battery, it's voltage / amperage and what it's purpose is
Used for starting the aircraft, and as a backup source of power if the alternator fails 24v 12.75 amp
Understand the alternator, it's voltage / amperage and what it's purpose is
Used to power in flight electronics and charge up the batter. 28v 60amp
IFR, MVFR, and VFR definitions
VFR +3000 ceiling +5sm vis MVFR 1-3000 ceiling 3 to 5sm vis IFR 500 to 1000 ceiling 1 to >3sm vis LIFR less than 500 ceiling less than 1sm vis
What is an Airmet
WA Valid for 6 hours Tango- Moderate turbulence, surface winds of 30 knots+, low level wind shear Zulu- Moderate Icing, provides freezing level Sierra- IFR conditions and mountain obscurations
What is a Sigmet
WS Valid for 4 hours Severe icing not associated with tstorm Severe or extreme turbulence, CAT not associated with Tstorm Dust/sand storm reducing visible to less than 3sm Volcanic ash
What is a Convective Sigment
WST Issued 55 min past hour Valid 2 hours Sheats acronym S- Surface winds great than 50 knots H- Hail 3/4 inch or larger E- Embedded Thunderstorms A- A line of thunderstorms atleast 60 miles in length with 40% active T- Tornados A- Storms producing heavy precip. or greater over 70% of 3000 sq miles -severe icing, turbulence expected, low level wind shear
Fuel we use vs fuel we can use
We use 100LL blue but we can use 100 Green
Understand situations leading to diversions
Weather drop below minimums, mechanical issues
Factors Affecting Stalls / Stall Speed
Weight, CG, Configuration, Power setting Stall speed increases as weight increases. With an increase in weight the aircraft will require more lift, which will in turn increase the stall speed.
Stalls - What occurs, when it occurs, where it occurs, and how it occurs
What: The airfoil is no longer generating enough lift to sustain flight. When: 17*/ Critical angle of attack is passed How: The air over the airfoil is no longer rejoined at the trailing edge, and turbulent eddies are formed Inner part of the wing stalls first due to washout - higher AOA
Intentional Spins and when are they allowed
When the aircraft w/b is in the utility category No rear seat, baggage empty PG 2-9
Empty Field Myopia
When there are very few references to go off of. Causes you to focus on things closer than you think (dirty windshield, dash, etc.) usually 2m in front of the aircraft.
Can inspections be over flown.
Yes by 10 hours only if in route to repair facility.
Private Pilot Privileges
You can not profit off flying You can equally share cost You can demo aircraft for sale if you have at-least 200 hours
Emergencies associated with the electrical system, how to troubleshoot, and what actions to be taken
You can reset a fuse/circuit one time in flight Power cycle, if all else fails kill all non-essential electronics and land as soon as possible.
Day VFR equipment
a tomato flames A - Airspeed T - tachometer O - oil pressure M- manifold pressure (172r does not have this) A- altimeter T- temp gauge (liquid - 172r does not have this) O - oil temp gauge F - Fuel gauge L- landing gear pos indc (172r does not have this) A- Anticollision light M- Magnetic Compass E- Elt S- Safety harness
Radio Navigation
any method of navigation using radio signals IE VOR
Symptoms and action to be taken if you or your passenger experience dehydration or heatstroke
land asap, cool cabin, offer liquids
The Four Forces
lift, weight, thrust, and drag
Symptoms and action to take if your passenger experiences motion sickness.
look at the horizon, get cooled, use ac / vents
Understand what system runs each instrument
✅