Stages of Sleep and Brain Mechanisms

For a normal person, about how long does a cycle of sleep (from stage 1 to stage 4 and back again) last?

90 minutes

What are the dreamlike experiences at the onset of sleep that are difficult to distinguish from reality?

Hypnagogic hallucinations

What is the best way to objectively determine if someone is asleep?

Monitor brain waves.

PGO waves are associated with which of the following?

REM sleep

What is narcolepsy?

Sudden periods of sleepiness during the day

After damage to the floor of the pons, what happens during a cat's REM sleep?

The cat's muscles are not relaxed.

An electroencephalograph displays:

a net average of all the neurons' potentials.

Cells in the basal forebrain increase arousal and wakefulness by releasing:

acetylcholine.

The relationship between sleep stage and dreaming is that dreams:

are more frequent and more vivid in REM sleep.

Stimulation of the pontomesencephalon:

awakens a sleeping individual.

Some drugs used to treat allergies may produce drowsiness if they:

block histamine.

Night terrors are most common in ____ during ____.

children; NREM sleep

After cutting each of the individual tracts that enter the medulla and spinal cord, depriving the brain of almost all sensory input, an animal:

continues to have periods of wakefulness and sleep.

What is a likely consequence if someone's temperature rhythm is phase-delayed?

difficulty falling asleep

After a cut through the midbrain separates the forebrain and part of the midbrain from all the lower structures, an animal:

enters a prolonged state of sleep.

Aside from the problems with failing to breathe at times during the night, people with sleep apnea are also found to have:

fewer neurons in certain brain areas.

Which of the following events would most likely activate the locus coeruleus?

hearing a bear growl in the woods

Research found that during REM sleep, activity:

increased in both the pons and the limbic system.

Huntington's disease may also affect orexin-containing neurons in the hypothalamus, leading to symptoms similar to:

narcolepsy.

Which of the following is more common during REM sleep than during NREM sleep?

nightmares

Repeated involuntary movements of the arms and legs that may prevent a person from falling asleep are known as:

periodic limb movement disorder.

Typically, a person who falls asleep enters:

stage 1 and slowly progresses through stages 2, 3 and 4 in order.