Stat exam 1

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maximum positive correlation

+1.00

minimum negative correlation

-1.00

Q3

75th percentile

Q2

= observation at the 50th percentile

Numerical / Quantitative (Quantity

Discrete and Continuous

Ordinal

Has a natural ordering, economic status, with three categories (low, medium and high), educational experience (with values such as elementary school graduate, high school graduate, some college and college graduate)

skewed left

Mean < Median

skewed right

Mean > Median

symmetric

Mean ≈ Median

Median

Middle number

5 number summary

Min, Q1, Median, Q3, Max

nominal

Name of category, Gender (female/male), hair color (blonde, brunette, red

Categorical(category)

Nominal and ordinal

IQR

Q3 - Q1

opperational definition

a universally accepted meaning that is clear to all associated with the analysis

Population

all items/individuals about which you want to reach conclusions (described by PARAMETERS

mean

average

Judgment

collect a sample that an "expert" thinks is representative of the population

Convenience

collect the sample that is easiest to access

Discrete

distinct cutoffs between values, Number of friends, number of children, number of courses

Cluster

divide N items in the frame into clusters and take a random sample of the clusters. Study all items in the cluster

Stratified

divide frame into groups (strata). Take a simple random sample from each strata

coefficient correlation

https://www.socscistatistics.com/tests/pearson/default2.aspx

z-score

is equal to the difference between a value and the mean, divided by the standard deviation

Sample

items/individuals (from the population) which are selected for analysis (items/individuals about which you collect data) (described by STATISTICS

RANGE

largest value - smallest value = maximum - minimum

Q1

observation at the 25th percentile

Continuous

on a continuum, Height, weight, time

y ̂=b0+b1x

regression line

Probability Samp

select items/individuals/units for the sample based on known probabilities (GOOD!)

Non-Probability Sample

select items/individuals/units for the sample without knowing their probabilities of selection (BAD!)

b1

slope

standard deviation

square root of the variance

Volunteer

subjects choose to participate in the study

Systematic

uses a systematic method k=N/n (i.e. n groups of k items such as, every 10th person) to select the sample

Mode

values that occur most often

b0

y-intercept

•Z is a UNIT OF MEASURE of the number of standard deviations

•If positive, ABOVE the mean •If negative, BELOW the mean

•Z helps identify outliers

•In general, Z < -3.00 or Z > 3.00 indicates an outlier value

Ordered array

•arranges the values of a numerical variable in rank order (smallest value to largest value) Array è Ordered Array

POPULATION mean (μ

•is the sum of values in a POPULATION divided by the number of values in the POPULATION:

Variation

•measures the amount of dispersion, or scattering from a central value. That is, how spread out are the data values


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