State of Consciousness

How is the hypothalamus involved in sleep? a. The hypothalamus triggers the pituitary gland in the endocrine system to produce the hormone thyroxin, which leads you to sleep. b. During sleep the hypothalamus stimulates the production of free radicals, molecules that are toxic to neurons, which weakens unused connections. c. The action of the hypothalamus suppresses immune cell production that fights off viral infections and cancer. d. In response to decreasing light the hypothalamus' suprachiasmatic nucleus causes the pineal gland to increase production of melatonin, leading you to sleep. e. Cell clusters in the hypothalamus stimulate the production of relatively slow alpha waves, signaling the transition from deep relaxation to sleep.

d

Although Max never experiences caffeine withdrawal symptoms, he feels that he needs coffee every morning as part of his daily routine. Max best illustrates a. psychological dependence. .b. narcolepsy. c. dissociation. d. the pop-out phenomenon. e. REM rebound.

a

Forty-year-old Lance insists that he never dreams. Research suggests that he probably a. would report a vivid dream if he were awakened during REM sleep. .b. experiences very little REM sleep. c. experiences more NREM-2 sleep than most people. d. passes through the sleep cycle much more rapidly than most people. e. dreams during NREM-3 rather than during REM sleep.

a

Layla has difficulty going to sleep and staying asleep. Layla is most likely suffering from a. insomnia. b. sleep apnea. c. night terrors. d. paradoxical sleep. e. hypnagogic sleep.

a

Three hours after going to sleep, Shoshanna's heart rate increases, her breathing becomes more rapid, and her eyes move rapidly under her closed lids. Research suggests that Shoshanna is a. dreaming. b. ready to sleepwalk. c. experiencing a night terror. d. exhibiting a sleep spindle. e. entering the third stage of sleep.

a

If Marty doesn't drink caffeinated sodas daily, he experiences severe headaches. Marty is most clearly showing signs of a. a hypnagogic state. b. dissociation. c. psychological dependence. d. physical dependence. .e. tolerance.

d

What do methamphetamine, caffeine, and cocaine have in common? a. They depress neural functioning and reduce pain. b. They relax the body, lead to disinhibition, and produce euphoria. c. They distort perceptions and evoke sensations without sensory input. d. They excite neural activity and arouse body functions. .e. They slow body functions and calm neural activity.

d

Which of the following is true of alcohol? a. In large doses, it is a hallucinogen; in small doses, it is a depressant. b. In large doses, it is a stimulant; in small doses, it is a stimulant. c. In large doses, it is a stimulant; in small doses, it is a depressant. d. In large doses, it is a depressant; in small doses, it is a depressant. e. In large doses, it is a depressant; in small doses, it is a stimulant.

d

After four years of working nights, Raymond now works days. His present difficulty in getting to sleep at night is most likely due to a disruption of his normal a. hypnagogic sensations. b. circadian rhythm. c. physical dependence. d. alpha wave pattern. e. sleep apnea.

b

Why is it dangerous to combine alcohol with a sleeping pill? a. Alcohol and sleeping pills cause hallucinations that feel so real the person can experience severe panic or harm himself or herself. b. Alcohol and sleeping pills are depressants; their combined action reduces nervous system activity and can lead to death. c. Alcohol and sleeping pills both disrupt immediate memory formation, leading to severe impairment. d. Alcohol and sleeping pills are stimulants; their combined action could lead to a heart attack. e. Alcohol and sleeping pills can both dehydrate the body, causing severe overheating, increased blood pressure, and death.

b

Which theory suggests that dreams are mental responses to random bursts of neural stimulation? a. Freud's dream theory b. dissociation theory c. paradoxical sleep theory d. activation-synthesis theory .e. social influence theory

d

Alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, and a wide variety of other chemical agents that alter perceptions and moods are called a. physiological dependents. b. narcotic agents. c. stimulants. d. hallucinogens. e. psychoactive drugs.

e

Drug tolerance refers to the a. loss of social inhibitions following drug use. b. discomfort and distress that follow the discontinued use of a drug. c. belief that drug use should be legalized. d. absence of pain or anxiety following the use of a drug. e. reduced effect of a drug resulting from its regular usage.

e

Nightmares are to ________ as night terrors are to ________. No answer provided a. delta waves; alpha waves b. narcolepsy; sleep apnea c. REM sleep; NREM-3 sleep d. NREM-3 sleep; NREM-2 sleep e. NREM-2 sleep; NREM-1 sleep

c

REM sleep is called paradoxical sleep because a. our heart rate is slow and steady, while our breathing is highly irregular. b. it leads to highly imaginative dreams that are perceived as colorless images. c. our nervous system is highly active, while our voluntary muscles hardly move. d. we are deeply asleep but can be awakened easily. e. our brain and nervous system are less active and our muscles are very active.

c

Shane, a straight-A student, remembers dreaming that he failed an important chemistry test. According to Freud, Shane's account represents the ________ content of his dream. a. delusional b. latent c. manifest d. dissociated e. paradoxical

c

Terry has not had a decent night of sleep in over a week. If this sleep deprivation continues, he will become increasingly susceptible to a. sleep apnea. b. dissociation. c. viral infections. d. insomnia. e. night terrors.

c

The human sleep cycle repeats itself about every a. 2 1/2 hours. b. 30 minutes. c. 90 minutes. .d. 4 hours. e. 1.5 days.

c

At 3 o'clock in the morning, John has already slept for 4 hours. As long as his sleep continues, we can expect an increasing occurrence of a. muscle tension. b. hypnagogic sensations. c. NREM-3 sleep. d. REM sleep. .e. sleep talking.

d

Josef, a high school student, tells his therapist that he has had a recurring dream in which he hunts and kills a ferocious tiger. The therapist explains that the dream reflects Josef's unresolved feelings of hostility toward his father. According to Freud, the therapist is revealing the possible ________ content of Josef's dream. a. circadian b. dissociated c. delta d. manifest e. latent

e

Mr. Dayton occasionally stops breathing while sleeping. He wakes up to snort air for a few seconds before falling back to sleep. Mrs. Dayton complains that her husband snores. Clearly, Mr. Dayton suffers from a. narcolepsy. b. insomnia. c. aphasia. d. night terrors. e. sleep apnea.

e

REM rebound involves the a. unusual symptoms of tiredness and irritability that follow periods of REM sleep deprivation. b. tendency for REM sleep periods to become increasingly longer and more frequent as a normal night of sleep progresses. c. replacement of REM sleep with NREM sleep. d. increase in REM sleep that characteristically follows intense learning episodes or stressful daytime experiences. e. tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation.

e

The large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep are called a. beta waves. b. sleep spindles. c. alpha waves. d. theta waves. e. delta waves.

e

Which of the following sleep disorders would have the most negative impact for a commercial bus driver? a. sleep apnea b. insomnia c. sleepwalking d. night terrors e. narcolepsy

e