States of Consciousness

dependence

As drug use increases, the user may develop a need to use a drug or other substance regularly. This is known as ________.

methadone

Carla began injecting heroin as a young age and is now in her early 20s. She's tried to get off of the drug a few times, but the flu-like symptoms and intense pain have been too much to handle. She's hopefully now that doses of ________ will help her finally overcome her addiction.

hypothalamus

Sleep-wake cycles are controlled by several areas of the brain, but the thalamus, ________, and the pons play important roles.

deep sleep

Slow-wave sleep is characterized by which of the following?

threat simulation theory

The ________ holds that dreams enable people to prepare for dangerous or anxiety-inducing events. events.

circadian

The ________ rhythm is the biological rhythm that occurs over approximately 24 hours.

evolutionary

The belief that our sleep patterns evolved as an adaptive response to predatory risks, which increase in darkness, is consistent with ________ theories about sleep.

somnambulism

What disorder is characterized by an individual leaving his or her bed while still asleep?

depressants

What drug class can be defined as a psychoactive drug that reduces the activity of the CNS?

caffeine

Which stimulant is a bitter psychoactive drug commonly used around the world and found in the beans, leaves, and fruits of many plants?

homeostasis

Which term describes the tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system?

hypnosis, meditation

While ________ is generally achieved through the interaction of a therapist and the person being treated, an individual can perform ________ alone.

heroin

________ causes euphoria followed by agitation, and is the major opioid drug of abuse.

depressants; agonists

________ have a quieting effect on the brain and are ________ of the neurotransmitter GABA.

hallucinogenic

Mescaline is considered a ________ drug because it results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences.

melatonin

hormone pineal gland releases

2

in what stage do sleep spindles appear

obstructive sleep apnea

individual's airway becomes blocked during sleep

REM

quick fast eye movements and dreaming

jet lag

Jarren spent Christmas break in Hawaii, but is having a hard time readjusting to normal life back in Virginia. Jarren's fatigue and irritability can be attributed to his

alcohol

Because it suppresses central nervous activity ________ is considered a depressant.

spend more time in REN

Jayla hasn't slept well for several nights, due to some unruly parties happening next to her dorm. When she finally does get to sleep again, it is likely that she will

substance use disorder

David knows he should quit drinking but feels like simply cannot stop, despite several attempts to give up alcohol altogether. He always drinks more than he plans to and can't resist stopping by the bar every night. His use is damaging his family life and making concentrating at work difficult. David could be diagnosed with

varies

Hallucinogens affect which neurotransmitters in the brain?

more

children need ___ sleep than adults