Statistics CH 12

Which of the following null hypothesis statistical tests require calculating degrees of freedom? One-sample t-test Two-sample t-test All of these tests Chi-squared

All of these tests

What is the null hypothesis for the chi-squared test for independence? - Each group on the predictor variable (or IV) will have identical proportions in each category of the outcome variable (or DV) - Each group's frequencies will be distributed uniformly across all categories - The mean of group 1 is the same as the mean of group 2 - The distribution of frequencies on the outcome variable will match a hypothesized pattern

Each group on the predictor variable (or IV) will have identical proportions in each category of the outcome variable (or DV)

What is the null hypothesis for the chi-squared test for independence? - Each group on the predictor variable (or IV) will have identical proportions in each category of the outcome variable (or DV) - The mean of group 1 is the same as the mean of group 2 - Each group's frequencies will be distributed uniformly across all categories - The distribution of frequencies on the outcome variable will match a hypothesized pattern

Each group on the predictor variable (or IV) will have identical proportions in each category of the outcome variable (or DV)

If you want to see whether the distribution of declared majors for incoming freshman matches a school's historic distribution of majors, then which version of the chi-squared test should you use? You should use ANOVA for this question The chi-squared distribution test The chi-squared goodness of fit test The chi-squared test for independence

The chi-squared goodness of fit test

Which version of the chi-squared test is good for examining the relationship between two variables? The chi-squared test for independence The chi-squared correlational test The chi-squared goodness of fit test No version of chi-squared works for relationships

The chi-squared test for independence

What is the null hypothesis for the chi-squared goodness of fit test? The distribution of frequencies will be uniform across all categories The distribution of frequencies will be zero for all categories The distribution of frequencies will match a hypothesized pattern of expected scores or frequencies The distribution of frequencies will be the same for people in each predictor group

The distribution of frequencies will match a hypothesized pattern of expected scores or frequencies

A chi-squared test is conducted when... two sample means are being compared. the population mean and sample mean are known. three or more samples are being compared. both of the variables are nominal/ordinal data.

both of the variables are nominal/ordinal data.

order to understand exactly how strong the relationship is between two categorical variables in a chi-squared test for independence, a research should use... the standard error. a measure of effect size like the phi coefficient. the size of the observed p-value. the standardized mean difference.

a measure of effect size like the phi coefficient.

If a researcher conducts a chi-squared test for independence using an alpha of .05 and gets an observed p-value of .04, then she... should reject the null hypothesis. should retain (i.e., fail to reject) the null hypothesis. has proven that the alternative hypothesis is true. has proven that the null hypothesis is false.

should reject the null hypothesis.

If a researcher conducts a chi-squared goodness-of-fit test using an alpha of .05 and gets an observed p-value of .10, then she.. - should reject the null hypothesis. - has proven that the alternative hypothesis is true. - should retain (i.e., fail to reject) the null hypothesis. - has proven that the null hypothesis is false.

should retain (i.e., fail to reject) the null hypothesis.

If a researcher conducts a chi-squared test for independence using an alpha of .01 and gets an observed p-value of .04, then he... should reject the null hypothesis. needs to gather new data. has proven that the null hypothesis is true. should retain (i.e., fail to reject) the null hypothesis.

should retain (i.e., fail to reject) the null hypothesis.

Which of the following situations is appropriate for using a chi-squared test? To compare a sample's mean IQ scores with the known population mean IQ score To compare average heights of males and females To examine the relationship between height and weight To examine the relationship between major and graduation status at a university

To examine the relationship between major and graduation status at a university

In calculating a chi-squared tests, the observed frequencies in each category are compared to... uniform frequencies. the population mean. expected frequencies. standardized frequencies.

expected frequencies.

If you were to conduct a chi-squared test for independence using an alpha of .01 and you got an observed p-value of .02, then you... - have proven that the alternative hypothesis is true. - have proven that the null hypothesis is true. - should reject the null hypothesis. - should retain the null hypothesis.

should retain the null hypothesis.

In a study that looks at the relationship between gender and college major, a statistically significant chi-squared test for independence would mean... that post-hoc t-tests are needed to untangle the patterns. that the distribution of college major varied by gender and the distribution of genders varied by college major. only that the distribution of genders varied by college major. only that the distribution of college major varied by gender.

that the distribution of college major varied by gender and the distribution of genders varied by college major.

In a study that looks at the relationship between handedness and intellectual giftedness (which, by the way, are related), a statistically significant chi-squared goodness of fit test would mean... - that post-hoc t-tests are needed to untangle the patterns. - only that the distribution of giftedness varied by handedness. - only that the distribution of handedness varied by giftedness. - that the distribution of giftedness varied by handedness and the distribution of handedness varied by giftedness.

that the distribution of giftedness varied by handedness and the distribution of handedness varied by giftedness.

The word "independence" in the chi-squared test for independence means... - frequencies are distributed at random across categories of the outcome/dependent variable. - the distribution of frequencies on the outcome/dependent variable is unrelated to the categories of the predictor/independent variable. - the experimenter has control over which categories people are assigned to on the predictor/independent variable. - it is impossible to predict the distribution of scores on the outcome/dependent variable.

the distribution of frequencies on the outcome/dependent variable is unrelated to the categories of the predictor/independent variable.

The degrees of freedom for chi-squared tests are based on... the largest category in the variable(s). normally distributed data. the number of categories in the variable(s). the sample size.

the number of categories in the variable(s).

The most common measure of effect size for the chi-squared test for independence is... the square root of chi-squared. the phi coefficient. eta-squared. the multiple correlation.

the phi coefficient.

Which inferential test does NOT require a degrees of freedom calculation? t-test z-test ANOVA chi-squared

z-test

Which of the following does NOT require a degrees of freedom calculation? chi-squared ANOVA t-test z-test

z-test

What is the minimum level of measurement required for either of the chi-squared tests? Interval Ordinal Ratio Nominal

Nominal

A major advantage of the chi-squared tests is that they... are based on means. can be used with any level of measurement. do not use probability distributions. compensate for missing data.

can be used with any level of measurement.

One of the major advantages of the chi-squared tests is that they... compensate for missing data. can be used with nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio data. do not require probability values for inferential testing. transform the data into normal distributions.

can be used with nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio data.

The probability distribution that is used in the chi-squared test is the... F-distribution. z-distribution t-distribution chi-squared distribution.

chi-squared distribution.

The chi-squared tests are examples of... methods for overcoming sampling bias. inferential statistics. imputational methods. descriptive statistics.

inferential statistics.

The chi-squared tests are... used to impute/replace missing data. inferential statistics/procedures. methods of data transformation. descriptive statistics/procedures.

inferential statistics/procedures.

The chi-squared tests are called "non-parametric" tests because... they do not make assumptions about population parameters. they rely on unknown population parameters. they rely on orthogonal eigenvectors. they do not make inferences about populations.

they do not make assumptions about population parameters.

The chi-squared tests are called "non-parametric" tests because... - they rely on orthogonal eigenvectors. - they do not make assumptions about population parameters. - they do not make inferences about populations. - they rely on unknown population parameters.

they do not make assumptions about population parameters.