Stats

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what is the name of the statistic that pertains to area "B" when none of the variables in the equation are standardized?

Beta

An effect size that is typically used when one variable is dichotomous

D

summary of regression results

In regression analysis, _________ was predicted using _________,_________ and __________. The three predictors explained a _____ portion of variance in ___________ (R^2 = ______, *F(p,n)*=______, p<______). Correlations and standardized betas are reported in Table ______. If correlation and SB are sig - There was a (small/medium/large) (positive/negative) correlation between ______________ and ___________, and _______________ explained unique variance in ____________ after controlling for the effects of the other variables in the equation. if just correlation is sig - although there was a (S/M/L) (p/n) correlation between ____________ and ________, the effect became non-significant after controlling for other variables. if neither is sig - Notably, _________ was not significantly related to ______________.

Two distributions of sampling error that are skewed in shape

L & X^2

The assumption that the population parameter for a statistic is equal to zero

Null hypothesis

The probability of making a correct decision if the null hypothesis is false

Power

An effect size that is typically used with two numerically scaled variables

R

what is the name of the statistic that is equal to srt(B+C+D)/(A+B+C+D)

R

what is the name of the statistic that is equal to (B+C+D)/(A+B+C+D)

R^2

three biased statistics

R^2, R, r^2

A word that means "if the null hypothesis is true, then the results from the sample are extremely unusual"

Significant

what is the name of the statistic that pertains to area "B" when all of the variables are standardized prior to analysis?

Standardized beta

A distribution of sampling error that is almost normal in shape

T

Written summary for cronbach's alpha

The satisfaction has a _______ reliability (cronbach's alpha = ____) these results suggest that ___% of the variance was measurement error and that on average, a participants observed score *is likely to deviate* from their true score by _____ unites

summary of post hoc comparisons

There was a significant difference between groups (n^2 = ____, F(p-1, n) = ______, p =_____). Means and standard deviations for each group are reported in table 1. Participants in teh control group were significantly more/less _____ than people in the ________ group (d = _______). This represents a small/medium/large effect. Control couples were also significantly more/less ________ than people in _______ group (d = _____), and this represents a ______ effect.

A persons average score on a test if he were assessed an infinite number of times

True score

A regression parameter estimate for which a value of .8 could indicate a smaller effect than a value of .2

Unstandardized beta

What value is X(hat) equal to?

X (bar)

what are two things that increase the size of the standard error?

a large standard deviation, a small sample

equation for intercept

b0 = Y(bar) - b1*X(bar)

equation for standardized beta

b1* (sd(x)/sd(y))

equation for t value for the beta weight

b1/sderror

Bruno computed a standard deviation, but he accidentally used "n" rather than the degrees of freedom in his formula. This means that the value he obtains will be ____________________ .

bias

The term used when the expected value is not equal to the parameter.

bias

a high correlation between two predictor variables in a regression equation

collinearity

A type of research that involves observing that which occurs naturally without manipulation

correlational research

equation for beta weight

cov/var(x)

a statistic that indicates how much additional variance is explained when one set of predictors is added to another set

delta R^2

A numerical value based on data from a sample that indicates something about the sample.

descriptive statistic

what is a paired sample correlation for?

determine if the rank order of cases show stability across different assessment points.

`standard error of the mean reflects

deviations around a population parameter

what are two assumptions of an independent samples t-test?

equality of variances and independence of observation

The average of all the values for a population of values from which a single value can be randomly sampled.

expected value

A type of research that involves manipulation and random assignment.

experimental research

what is the standard error of measure?

if you test me many times my scores will change and stray from true. the standard error of measure says just how far they do

A numerical value based on data from a sample that indicates something about a population.

interential statistic

types of sampling error

mean, mean diff, correlation, beta

standard error of measure pertains to

observation of a single case

a numerical value based on data from all the cases in a population that describes something about the population

parameter

A parameter estimate in multiple regression that is a correlation

partial correlation

the resulting beta when all the variables are residuals that have been turned into Z scores

partial correlation

what is the name of the statistic that is equal to srt(B+C)/(A+B+C+D)

r

what is the name of the statistic that is equal to srt(B)/(A+B)

r partial

what is the name of the statistic that is equal to srt(B)/(A+B+C+D)

r semipartial

what is the name of the statistic that is equal to (B+C)/(A+B+C+D)

r^2

what is the name of the statistic that is equal to B/(A+B)?

r^2 partial

what is the name of the statistic that is equal to (B)/(A+B+C+D)

r^2 semipartial

The set of cases from which a researcher collects data.

sample

a regression parameter estimate that can be interpreted as having a scale that is similar to a correlation

standardized beta

the resulting beta when all the variables are turned into Z-scores prior to analysis

standardized beta

when a bivariate correlation between two variables is smaller than the partial correlation between those variables

suppressor effect

summary of regression results w/ multiple steps

the the first step of a regression analysis, _________ was predicted using ______ and ________. These two preictors explained a significant portion of variance in ___________ (R^2 = ___, F(p,n) = _____, p < .001). If correlation and SB are sig - There was a (small/medium/large) (positive/negative) correlation between ______________ and ___________, and _______________ explained unique variance in ____________ after controlling for the effects of the other variables in the equation. if just correlation is sig - although there was a (S/M/L) (p/n) correlation between ____________ and ________, the effect became non-significant after controlling for other variables. if neither is sig - Notably, _________ was not significantly related to ______________. in the second step, *ratings of ________, ________, and _____* were added to the equation. These variables explianed a significant portion of additional variance in _________ (delta R^2 = ______, delta F (p,n) = _______, p< _____), and *all 5 variables taken together explained ______% of the variance*. Correlations and standardized betas are reported in Table 3. If correlation and SB are sig - There was a (small/medium/large) (positive/negative) correlation between ______________ and ___________, and _______________ explained unique variance in ____________ after controlling for the effects of the other variables in the equation. if just correlation is sig - although there was a (S/M/L) (p/n) correlation between ____________ and ________, the effect became non-significant after controlling for other variables. if neither is sig - Notably, _________ was not significantly related to ______________.

written summary for independent T-test

there was a significant difference between _________ and _____ (D=___, t(n,n)=______, p<_______) with _______ reporting more/less _____ (M=____, SD=______) than _______ (M=______,SD=_________). This is a _____ effect.

The extent to which a scale measures what it is supposed to measure.

validity

what is significance?

when p is less than 0.05

In the process of computing a standard deviation, Zelda lost one degree of freedom. What did Zelda do that caused her to lose one degree of freedom?

when we calculate the mean we lose one degree of freedom because it means that one variable cannot vary

equation for predicted score when r=0

y (hat) = y (bar)

equation for residual scores

y - y(hat)

equation for predicted score when r=1

y(hat) = y

3 equations to calculate b1

y=b0 + b2x2 +e(y.x2) x1 = b0 + b2x2 +e(x1.x2) e(y.x2) = b0 + b1e(x1.x2) + e

What is a limitation of correlational research?

you can't determine causes

What is a limitation of experimental research?

you cant explain natural phenomena

cutoffs for correlation

< .1 = trivial > .1 = small > .3 = medium > .5 = large

cut offs for d-statistic

< .2 = trivial > .2 = small > .5 = medium > .8 = large

cut offs for cronbach's alpha

.8 = good .7 = adequate < .7 = poor

This statistic describes a distribution that becomes almost perfectly normal in shape as the sample size increases beyond 30

Sd x

This will become smaller as the sample size increases

Sd x

This is equal to true variance

Sd^2 - sd^2 measure

This is estimated by a correlation between two alternative forms

Sd^2 true / sd^2

This is estimated by a test retest correlation

Sd^2 true / sd^2

In class, we discussed two key questions that could be addressed if Moniz had conducted a clinical trial. What are those questions?

how big is the effect? and could it be random chance?

what is the standard error of a statistic?

how much *change* do you typically find if a study is repeated many times? each statistic we declare will have its own standard error

what is a d-statistic?

it says how far 2 means are split, measured with sd

standard deviation pertains to

observations of different cases

standard error of estimate pertains to

observations of different cases

standard error of the correlation pertains to

observations of different samples

standard error of the mean difference pertains to

observations of different samples

standard error of the mean pertains to

observations of different samples

All of the cases in which a researcher is interested.

population

equation for mean square regression

regression sum of squares / p

equation for R^2

regression sum of squares/ total sum of squares

The extent to which a measured value stays the same regardless of how, when, or where it is measured.

reliability

sd of residual scores when r=o

sd of y

equation for total sum of squares

(sd^2)(df)

The probability of committing a type 1 error if the null hypothesis is true

Alpha

The probability of committing a type 2 error if the null hypothesis is fals

Beta

What are the lyrics for the mean?

If you pick someone at random and you want to bet, the mean is the score you expect to get

The standard error of measure.....

Indicates the typical deviations for eai from the linear equation Xai = truei + eai where the subscripts A and I stand for *assessment occasion* and individual

A standard deviation...

Indicates the typical deviations for eis from the linear equation Xis= Xs + eis where the subscripts i and S stand for individual and sample

A standard error of estimate.....

Indicates the typical deviations for eis from the linear equation Yis = (predicted, based on Xis) + eis where the subscripts i and S stand for individual and sample

The standard error of a mean difference .....

Indicates the typical deviations for esp from the linear equation (y-y)sp = (m-m)p +esp where the subscripts s and p stand for sample and population

A standard error of the correlation....

Indicates the typical deviations for esp from the linear equation Rsp = Pp + esp where the subscripts s and p stand for sample and population

Written summary if z- score

Score was ___ sd below the mean. If the score is normally distributed, the score is between ____th and ____th percentile

This is the standard error of measure

Sd (srt 1 - reliability)

This is estimated by cronvach's alpha

Sd ^2 true / sd^2

Written summary of mean and sd

On a scale that ranged from ____ to _____ the average score was ____. On average, people deviated from this score by _____ units

This value will become smaller as the effect size increases

Sd est

what is the difference between a variable and a parameter estimate?

The difference between a variable and a parameter is that variable describe a sample. A parameter describes an entire population.

What is xi?

The score on x for case i

write the two linear equations associated with a paired sample estimate for mean difference score

Xdiff is = X(bar)diff s + ediff is X(bar)diff sp = mdiff p +ediff sp

write the two linear equations associated with a single sample estimate for a single mean

Xis = X(bar)s + eis Xsp = mp +esp

The probability of committing a type 1 error if the null hypothesis is false

Zero

what is t-value?

a statistic divided by its standard error

whats a point biserial correlation for?

determine if the t-test for mean differences was significant, determine if there was a difference between means

what is the levene's test for?

determine if there is a difference between standard deviations, and determine if any assumptions are violated

standard error of the correlation reflects

deviations around a population parameter

standard error of the mean difference reflects

deviations around a population parameter

standard error of estimate reflects

deviations around a predicted value

standard deviation reflects

deviations around a sample mean

standard error of measure reflects

deviations around a true score

what are two different and unrelated types of effects that can be tested in a paired samples analysis?

difference between means, correlation between pairs

Bert and Ernie each conducted a research study and they they both used the Beck Depression Inventory as an outcome variable. Although the mean and standard deviation was the same in both studies, the standard error of the mean was larger in Bert's study. What did Bert do that caused the standard error to be larger in his study?

smaller sample size

Kanga conducted a study and every participant completed two different measures of deprrestion. The standard error of one was larger than the other. What caused one to be larger?

smaller sample size

equation for standard error of estimate using an ANOVA table

sqrt (residual sum of squares /n-p-1)

Write the formula for a standard deviation.

square root of (Xi-X)^2/n-1)

What commonly calculated statistic is essentially the mean of |ei| ?

standard deviation

The general term for a numerical value based on data from a sample (that may indicate something about the sample or something about the population).

statistic

What are the lyrics for the standard deviation?

the standard deviation is used to measure things, its how far the average person strays form the mean

what is the standard error estimate?

the standard error of estimate, tell me what its for. Got people in a sample and you guess their score. Its your typical mistake, no less no more

equation for variance of a dependent variable

total sum of squares / n-1

equation for the sum of squares for the explained variance

y(hat)- y (bar)

equation for the sum of squares for the error variance

y-y(hat)

write the three equations associated with an independent sample test for a difference between two means

yis =y(bar)0s +(y(bar)1s - y(bar)0s)xis + eis y(bar)0sp = m0p + e0sp (y(bar)1sp - y(bar)0sp) = (m1p - m0p) e1-0sp


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